SEEA Intro 30SEP16 · Environmental Resources and their Use 3. Emissions, Residuals and Waste 4....

Michael Bordt

Regional Adviser on Environment Statistics

ESCAP Statistics Division

[email protected]

Highlights of Presentation

Integrated decision making requires integrated data

Environmental statistics are:

Interdisciplinary and inter‐institutional therefore fragmented

Official statisticians are more than “number crunchers”

SEEA provides a coherent measurement frameworkfor integrating data

Observation on accounting:If we managed our economy the way we manage our environment, we’d still be hunter‐gatherers.

‐Michael Bordt, 2015

Why national statistics offices (NSOs)?

Official statistics Bound by principles of quality, impartiality, confidentiality and relevance

Trusted by government, business and civil society

See “Fundamental principles of official statistics”

Tools and expertise to collect, organize, analyse, integrate and disseminate complex data

Confidential data collection processes (surveys, accounts, administrative data) in place that can be adapted for environment statistics

Often custodians of the National Statistical System

Environment statistics are interdisciplinary and inter‐institutional

2. Environmental Resources and

their Use

3. Emissions,

Residuals and Waste

4. Disasters and Extreme Events

6. Environment Protection,

Management and Engagement

5. Human Habitat

and Environmental

Health

1.Environmental Conditions and

Quality

2. Environmental Resources and

their Use

3. Emissions,

Residuals and Waste

4. Disasters and Extreme Events

6. Environment Protection,

Management and Engagement

5. Human Habitat

and Environmental

Health

1.Environmental Conditions and

Quality

FDES: Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics

Environment statistics are about:

the state of the environment,

our dependence on it,

our impact on it,

it’s impact on us (even negative ones), and

how we protect and manage it.

This information comes from many institutions using different methods, concepts and classifications.

Some observations

Economic information has: Basis in macro‐economic theory

Coherent, integrated and comprehensive measurement framework (System of National Accounts = SNA)

Accepted indicators (GDP), interpretations (up is good) and functional relationships (e.g., GDP = Consumption + Investment + Government spending + (eXports – iMports))

Sustainable statistical infrastructure for regular measurement and reporting (classifications, methods, standards, prices, methodology, surveys, accounts, indicators)

Economic Data

Accounts

Indicators

More observations

Environmental information has:

Many resource and ecological theories

Data collected for specific purposes (e.g., one policy, one regulation or one indicator)

Few accepted indicators, interpretations or functional relationships

Little “sustainable” statistical infrastructure (many indicators, different classifications & concepts…)

The need for integration

People need water, food and energy

While limiting climate change

Viable energy options may limit equitableaccess to water and food while contributing to unBearable climate change

Local optimization doesn’t work any more!

New statistical tools enable us to quantify these linkages and understand the trade‐offs.

Another example Deputy Minister: “We need an indicator of GHG emissions!”

Staff: “We’ll take fuel sales in $, convert to volume…”

Deputy Minister (2 years later): “Where are the GHGs coming from?” Staff: “Ummm, energy production, transportation and heating.”

Deputy Minister: “No! For policies to reduce GHGS we need to know what’s driving it! What industries? Staff: “Maybe we need to ask the NSO for data.”

NSO (1 year later): “What do you want?” Staff: “What do you have?”

NSO: “We have fuel expenditures by industry. We can make bridge tables to link activities with industries. We’ll create an energy account!” Staff (3 years later): “Thanks, with the energy account, we can allocate GHG

emissions to final consumption (households, exports, government and inventory. Wow! 42% of GHG emissions go into creating exports!”

Different Deputy Minister: “We need an indicator of water use.” Staff: “Let’s talk to the NSO.”

Statistical tools for integration

High quality indicators

Integrated accounts

Harmonized data (standards & processes)

Fragmented environmental, economic and social data

SEEA: System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting Standards for measuring interactions between environment and economy

FDES: Framework for the Development of Environmental Statistics Core statistics

GSBPM: Generic Statistical Business Process Model Integrated statistical processes

DQAF: Data Quality Assessment Framework Quality guidelines

NSDS: National Strategies for the Development of Statistics

Diagnostic Tool, Inventory Template Strategic planning and assessment

SNA: System of National AccountsStandards for measuring the economy

Indicators with

Quality

Comparability

(Dis)aggregation

International Statistical Standards

Agreed among NSOs

Aligned definitions and classifications

Comparable statistics from different sectors

Coherent and comprehensive data sets

The SEEA and SNA

11

SEEA Features

A coherent measurement framework linked to SNA: Aligned concepts, classifications and methods

Based on accounting principles & systems theory: Stock/flow asset, supply, use

Double/quadruple entry supply = use

Time of recording

Consistent units of measure & valuation rules

Flexible and modular Select and adapt components to country needs

Don’t need to be complete to be useful

International platforms for integration

Agenda 21, Rio +20, SDGs: Integrate nature into decision making!!!

OECD Green Growth

World Bank WAVES

IPBES, IPCC

UNDP BiofinUNEP, FAO, UNDP: REDD+

UNEP Green Economy, SCP

CBD Aichi Targets

The SEEA Is accepted as a contributing measurement framework to most international environmental platforms:

CBD, SDGs, World Bank WAVES, BioFin, TEEB, REDD+, IPBES, OECD Green Growth, EU Beyond GDP

Since 1992, has been implemented, in part, by over 90 countries

NSOs, natural resource, finance, planning and environment departments

Supports a sustainable statistical infrastructure to regularly produce relevant accounts and indicators

Is NOT: a model, database or analytical framework

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Australia

Bhutan

China

Federated States of Micronesia

Fiji

India

Indonesia

Japan

Republic of Korea

Kyrgyzstan

Malaysia

Maldives

Mongolia

Nepal

Palau

Philippines

Russia

Samoa

Thailand

Vanuatu

Vietnam

Number of accounts (max = 33)

Asia and the Pacific SEEA Progress (preliminary)

Ongoing

Planned

Initiatives on environment statistics

Stage Countries

Requested Myanmar, Kiribati, Vietnam, Philippines

Planned Sub‐regional assessment/training

Assessment FSM, Malaysia, Maldives, Palau, Samoa, Vanuatu

Training Malaysia (with UNSD); Pacific Sub‐region

Implementation Fiji, Nepal

UNSD Pilots Bhutan, Indonesia, Vietnam

The details

Back to accounting principles

Stock/flow assets, supply, use

Asset tables: opening balances, additions, removals, closing balance

Supply/Use tables: Supplier to user

Double/quadruple entry

Monetary and physical transaction between supplier and user

Time of recording: When transaction occurred

Consistent units of measure, concepts, classifications, methods & valuation rules

The SEEA and the SNA

The SNA measures national economic activity, production and assets (wealth): In monetary terms

By tracking transactions between economic units(businesses, households, governments)

The SEEA measures environment/economy links: Expands the asset boundary (includes natural assets)

Distinguishes expenditures on environmental protection

Records physical quantities of inputs to economy

Records residuals produced and consumed (by whom)

Records changes in private and public natural assets

Sect

ors

Sect

ors

Res

idua

lsPr

oduc

ts

Industries Final demand Assets

Industrial output of goods and services

Industrial intermediate demand

Final demandGross fixed capital formation

Financial and produced assets, opening balance

Other changes in volume & holding gains/losses on financial & produced assets

Financial and produced assets, closing balance

SNA view of the world

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Sect

ors

Sect

ors

Res

idua

lsPr

oduc

tsIndustries Final demand Assets

Industrial output of goods and services

Industrial intermediate demand

Environmental protection expenditures

Final demand


Gross fixed capital formation

Capital expenditures for environmental protection

Financial and produced assets, opening balance

Natural resource assets, opening balance

Natural resource assets, opening balance

Changes in natural resource assets

Natural resource assets, closing balance

Other changes in volume & holding gains/losses on financial & produced assets

Changes in and holding gains/losses on natural resource assets

Financial and produced assets, closing balance

Natural resource assets, closing balance

Resource production by industries

Resource use by industries

Resource production by households/gov’t

Resource use by households/gov’t

Waste consumption by industries

Waste output by industries

Waste output by households/gov’t

Waste consumption by households/gov’t

SEEA View of the world Private Public1

2

3

45

SEEA – Two sides of the coin

Central Framework (SEEA‐CF)

Focus on natural resources as commodities

At national level, reports on:

Asset (stock) accounts

Physical flows (including residuals)

Monetary flows

Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA‐EEA)

Regards ecosystems as integrated assets that support monetary and non‐monetary benefits

At detailed spatial level

Environment statistics componentsSEEA‐CF (Central Framework)

•Assets

•Physical flows

•Monetary flows

•Minerals & Energy, Land, Timber, Soil,Water, Aquatic

•Materials, Energy, Water, Emissions, Effluents, Wastes

• Protection expenditures, taxes & subsidies

SEEA Water;SEEA Energy;SEEA Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Add sector detail As above for Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries sectors

SEEA‐EEA(Experimental Ecosystem Accounting)

Adds spatial detail and ecosystem perspective

Extent, Condition, Ecosystem Services, Carbon, Water, Biodiversity

FDES (Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics)

Basic statistics for above plus…

• Extreme events and disasters•Human settlements and health• Protection, management & engagement

SEEA‐CF – The Accounts

Assets (stocks; physical and monetary):

Mineral and energy resources

Land

Soil

Timber

Aquatic resources

Other biological resources

Water


Physical flows Supply/use for materials(extract consume)

Material flows (through economy) to final demand (e.g., GHGs)

Water supply/use

Energy supply/use

Residuals Air emissions

Water emissions

Wastes (generated and used/recycled)


Monetary flows Environmental protection expenditures

Resource use and management

Environmental goods and services sector (supply side)

Environmentally‐related payments by & to government (fines, fees, taxes, subsidies, concession payments)

SEEA‐EEA (Ecosystem Accounting)

“Experimental” = in progress

Spatial framework of ecosystem units (30‐100m)

Extent of ecosystem types

Condition of ecosystem asset

Classification and valuation of ecosystem services

Links to SEEA‐CF and SNA

Tested in Canada, Netherlands, Australia, Mauritius, pilot countries (Bhutan, Chile, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, Vietnam)

SEEA‐EEA Overview

SEEA‐EEA Accounts and tools

Extent account

‐ Ecosystem type+ ownership and use

‐ Changes over time

land cover change


Condition account‐ “Quality” and biophysical measures important to ecosystem services

Overall condition, changes, location of changes

Future flows of ES


Thematic accounts‐ Land (cover)

‐ Water (spatial detail, quality, ecosystems as beneficiaries)

‐ Biodiversity (species ranges, characteristics, populations)

‐ Carbon (focus on biocarbon)

Contribute to Condition Accounts

Focus on specific issues


Ecosystem Services supply/use‐ Physical measures

‐ Use by beneficiaries

‐ Valuation to estimate monetary values

Contribute to monetary Asset Account & links to SNA


Monetary Asset

‐ Net Present Value of future flow of services

Trade‐offs

Contribute to Balance Sheets


Links to SNA

‐ Ecosystem services in economic production functions

‐ Degradation and depletion‐adjusted aggregates (e.g., value added minus depreciation)

Trade‐offs


Tools‐ Classifications (land cover, ecosystem services)

‐ Methods (Spatial units, scaling & aggregation)

‐ Biophysical modelling (future flows & filling gaps)

Other tools

Diagnostic Tool

‐ Guide conversation strategic planning

Training modules

90 minutes each (about every 2 weeks)

Content

Rationale (What is? Why?)

Basic concepts (4 things you need to know)

Group exercise (Combine your expertise!)

Data sources

Country examples

Choose priority modules by filling in the form

Training modules

SEEA‐EEA Spatial Units, Scaling and

Aggregation Extent Account Classifications Service Supply Account Condition Account Water Account Biodiversity Accounting Carbon Accounting Biophysical modelling Implementation and

Diagnostic Tool

SEEA‐CF

Minerals and Energy Assets

Energy supply and use


Air emissions

Wastewater

Physical supply and use

Solid Waste

FDES

Overview

Take home messages

“Good statistics are cheaper than bad decisions.”

The SEEA is a very useful measurement framework to “disentangle” environment data

Many countries are implementing it as a way of harmonizing, prioritizing, estimating data

It is linked to many SDGs

ESCAP would be happy to schedule ongoing training courses

References ESCAP: http://www.unescap.org/

IMF‐DQAF: http://dsbb.imf.org/Pages/DQRS/DQAF.aspx

Paris 21. NSDS: http://www.paris21.org/

Saner, M. and Bordt M. 2016. Building the consensus: The moral space of Earth measurement systems. Ecological Economics 130 (2016): 74‐81.

Statistics Canada, 2013. Human Activity and the Environment 2013: Measuring Ecosystem Goods and Services: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16‐201‐x/2013000/aftertoc‐aprestdm1‐eng.htm

UNSD. 2013. Fundamental principles of official statistics. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/dnss/gp/fundprinciples.aspx

UNSD. 2013. FDES: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/fdes.htm

UNSD. 2014. SEEA: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seea.asp

Training materials: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/workshops.asp?fType=2

World Bank. WAVES: https://www.wavespartnership.org/

Thank you

Michael Bordt

Regional Adviser on Environment Statistics

ESCAP Statistics Division

[email protected]

ESCAP Vision

…to be the most comprehensive multilateral platform for promoting cooperation among member States to achieve inclusive and sustainable economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific

ESCAP: Statistics Division Coordinates the ESCAP Committee on Statistics

Key trends ESCAP Statistical Database Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific Did You Know?

Data requirements and international standards for analysis Capacity building / Advisory services on

Economic Environment, Agriculture and Disaster Population, Social and Gender Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Modernization of statistical production and services Statistical governance

Co‐manage Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific (SIAP)

Advisory services

Assessment

Strategic planning

Training

Work planning

Data collection

Surveys

Integration

Statistical processes

Quality assurance

Analysis

Implementation

Initiatives on environment statistics

Stage Countries

Requested Myanmar, Kiribati, Vietnam, Philippines

Planned Sub‐regional assessment/training

Assessment FSM, Malaysia, Maldives, Palau, Samoa, Vanuatu

Training Malaysia (with UNSD); Pacific Sub‐region

Implementation Fiji, Nepal

UNSD Pilot Bhutan, Indonesia, Vietnam

Basic toolsInventory template for environment statistics

‐ To document external statistical “supply chain”

NeedsDesignBuild

Collect

Validate

ProcessAnalyse

Output

Evaluate

Statistical activity 1 (Primary)

Statistical activity 2 (Primary)

Statistical activity 3 (Secondary)

NeedsDesignBuild

Collect

Validate

ProcessAnalyse

Output

Evaluate

NeedsDesignBuild

Collect

Validate

ProcessAnalyse

Output

Evaluate

Statistical and institutional mechanisms

Leadership

Funding

Monitoring

Implementation plan

Basic tools

Advanced tools Indicators, reporting, communications

Surveys, administrative data

SEEA Accounts

Statistical processes (GSBPM)

Data exchange (SDMX)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Modelling

“Big data” & alternative data sources

Advisory approach

1. Letter of introduction all NSOs and ACPR (Advisory Committee of Permanent Representatives)

Informal request for services

Teleconference to focus on requirements

Formal request for services

2. Scoping/Assessment Diagnostic Tool: Vision, stakeholders, policy priorities, available

data/knowledge, technical capacity, constraints, opportunities priority statistics

Inventory Template: Metadata for environmental databases

3. Training/Work Planning High‐level stakeholder meeting Work Plan

Focussed training (country & sub‐regional)

Regional* SEEA implementation

Globally, 54/85 countries have ongoing SEEA accounts 15/85 are planning SEEA accounts

Asia/Pacific region (23 responses) 14 with ongoing SEEA accounts (+5 planning)

Regional initiatives to advance SEEA implementation ESCAP

Committee on Statistics encouraged implementation Member country requests

UN DA programme on statistics and data UNEP/SCBD/UNSD project (2014‐15) in 3 regional pilots World Bank WAVES

*UNSD 2015 Global Assessment; 85 countries responding (44% response rate).

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Australia

Bhutan

China

Federated States of Micronesia

Fiji

India

Indonesia

Japan

Republic of Korea

Kyrgyzstan

Malaysia

Maldives

Mongolia

Nepal

Palau

Philippines

Russia

Samoa

Thailand

Vanuatu

Vietnam

Number of accounts (max = 33)

Asia and the Pacific SEEA Progress (preliminary)

Ongoing

Planned

Conclusions

ESCAP is here to help in improving environment statistics

Start with self‐assessment (Diagnostic Tool)

Request services

Work on basic tools & capacity building

We can

assist with assessment, inventory, work planning, training & implementation

work with you and partners to develop proposals for funding

Highlights of Presentation

Environmental statistics are interdisciplinary andinter‐institutional

Environmental statistics are being transformed by the need for integrated decision making

This transformation requires well‐functioning and integrated National Statistical Systems

We have (some of) the technology!

There is a demand for support. How can we collaborate?

Constraints and opportunities

Constraints

1. No statistical standards for many social and environmental SDG indicators SNA, SEEA and FDES don’t cover

all SDGs Indicators don’t use international

standards (use sectoral standards)

2. Countries overwhelmed by demands for statistics from ESCAP and other international organizations

3. General lack of data (from NSO perspective)

Opportunities1. Develop statistical standards

across SDGs International Statistical System

2. Coordinate knowledge about & demands on target countries ESCAP focal points Internal training program

3. Focus on statistical development (2‐3 year programs) to build environmental statistics capacity of National Statistical Systems with NSO as focal point

Implementing the measurement framework

4 stages

1. Strategic planning (Diagnostic Tool): Iterative understanding of priorities and capacities

National vision

Engage NSS

1. Strategic planning

2. Build statistical and institutional mechanisms

3. Strengthen National Statistical

Systems

4. Produce accounts

2. Build statistical and institutional mechanisms

Leadership

Funding

Monitoring

Implementation plan


3. Strengthen National Statistical Systems

International guidance on statistical production

Share data

Centralize processes

Quality guidelines


Generic Statistical Business Process Model (GSBPM)

4. Produce accounts

Partnerships

Get started

Learn by doing

Incremental improvement


History (1970s‐1990s)

NSOs engaged to provide objective source for environment and natural resource information Supply driven (e.g., mapping population by drainage area)

Indicator driven (e.g., pollution indices)

Environment or Economy

Disjoint, opportunistic (many indicators, many processes)

Organizing frameworks: State of Environment (OECD), Pressure/State/Response, FDES (UNSD)

Opportunities for new surveys (expenditures, households)

Many countries are still in this mode of multiple disjoint indicators and statistical processes

History (1990s‐present)

Integrated decisions (SDGs, biodiversity, green economy, climate change) Demand driven (e.g., contribution to national wealth; trade‐offs) Account driven (e.g., asset, stock/flow, link to National Accounts) Environment and Economy trade‐offs Integrated and coherent: Common concepts and classifications;

ongoing statistical processes; links to national policies Measurement frameworks: SEEA* (Central Framework), SEEA‐

EEA (Ecosystems), SEEA‐Energy, SEEA‐Water, SEEA‐Agriculture More focussed surveys (water use, activities, wastes) & maps At least 54 countries are producing ongoing SEEA accounts

Accepted by most international SD platforms (TEEB, WAVES, CBD)

*SEEA: System of Environmental Economic Accounting (UN, EC, FAO, IMF, OECD, WB)

EU = 6

Ongoing SEEA Accounts

Source: Author compilation

Heat map of countries by account

Source

Account type

Capacity

Account / Country

Full set of supply and

use tables for materials

Economy‐wide material flow

accounts (MFA

)

Physical supply and use tables for water (PSU

T water)

Physical supply and use tables for energy (PSU

T energy)

Air emissions accounts

Water em

ission

accounts

Waste accounts

Mineral and energy resources

Land

Soil resources

Tim

ber resources

Aquatic resources

Other biological resources

Water resources

Environmental Protection

Expenditure Accounts (EPEA)

Resource Use and

Management Expenditure Accounts

Environmental Goods and Services Sector (EGSS)

Environmentally related payments by government

Environmentally related payments to government

Permits and licenses to use environm

ental assets

Emissions perm

its

Costs related to term

ination of fixed assets

Ecosystem Extent Account

Ecosystem Condition Account

Water Account

Carbon Account

Biodiversity Account

Ecosystem Services Supply Account

Ecosystem Services Use Account

Ecosystem Capacity

Augmented

I‐O

Tables

Integrated Sector Accounts and Balance Sheet

NA Canada 6 7 10 10 8 10 10 8 10 9 10 7 9 6 6

AP Austra l ia 10 10 6 6 6 6 10 7 8 6 6

EU Netherlands** 6 10 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 6

AP Phi l ippines 5 6 5 5 5 5 6 5 6

LAC Mexico 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 3 3 3 3 3 3

AP China** 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

EU EU** 6 6 3 3 6 8 7 7

Afr Mauri tius 5 5 5 5 5 3 3

AP Austra l ia (Victoria) 8 8 6 6

EU France 8 8 8 6

LAC Guatemala* 5 5 5 5

AP Korea 7 7 7 6

Afr Madagascar 5 5 5 5

AP Russ ia 7 7 7 6

Afr South Africa 6 7 7 7 3 3 3 3

LAC Colombia 5 5 5

LAC Costa Rica 5 5 5

LAC Chi le 5 5

EU Germany 6 7

AP Indones ia 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 1

EU UK 8 9 3 3 3 3

AP Vietnam 6 3 3 3 6

LAC Brazi l 6

AP Japan 7

AP Malays ia 5

AP Bhutan 3 3 1 1 1

Afr Botswana 4 3 3 4 3

AP Fi ji /SIDS*** 1 1 1

AP India 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3

AP Maldives*** 1 1 1

AP Nepa l 1 1

Afr Rwanda 3 3 3

NA US 4

SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting

Phys ica l flow Asset Monetary flow

Ecosystem

Asset

Thematic

Supply/U

se

Monetary

flow

Region

SEEA Pilot

WAVES

ESCAP

SEEA Central Framework

Source: Author compilation

AP Fi ji /SIDS*** 1 1 1

AP India 3 4

AP Maldives*** 1 1

AP Mongol ia 4 4

AP Nepal

Afr Rwanda 3 3

NA US

References ESCAP: http://www.unescap.org/

FDES: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/fdes.htm

GSBPM: http://www1.unece.org/stat/platform/display/metis/The+Generic+Statistical+Business+Process+Model

Gleeson‐White, Jane. 2015. Six Capitals: The revolution capitalism has to have –or can accountants save the planet? https://janegleesonwhite.com/six‐capitals/

Holling, C.S., Two Cultures of Ecology. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol2/iss2/art4/

IMF‐DQAF: http://dsbb.imf.org/Pages/DQRS/DQAF.aspx

NSDS (Paris21): http://www.paris21.org/

SEEA: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seea.asp

Training materials: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/workshops.asp?fType=2

World Bank WAVES: https://www.wavespartnership.org/

SEEA Intro 30SEP16 · Environmental Resources and their Use 3. Emissions, Residuals and Waste 4....

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