Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly...

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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

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Transcript of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly...

Page 1: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

Page 2: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Significance for Climate and CCS

Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Provide reservoir and seal lithologies

Page 3: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

The Rock Cycle

Page 4: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Major Sediment/ Sedimentary Rock Types

Clastics • Particles of preexisting rock

Chemical and biochemical • Precipitated from solution

Page 5: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Clastics

• Particles of preexisting rock

• Effect of weathering

• Dominantly silicate minerals

Page 6: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Gravel and conglomerate/breccia

• > 30% of grains > 2mm

• Conglomerate if rounded, breccia if angular

• Need strong currents

Page 7: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 8: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 9: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 10: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Sand and sandstone

• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

Page 11: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 12: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 13: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 14: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Sand and sandstone

• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites

Page 15: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Quartz arenite

Page 16: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 17: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Sand and sandstone

• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites• Arkoses

Page 18: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Arkose

Page 19: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Sand and sandstone

• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites• Arkoses• Lithic arenites

• Graywacke (wacke)

Page 20: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Graywacke

Page 21: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Mud and mudrock

• Particles dominantly (<0.062)

• Silt and siltstone (0.062 - 0.004 mm)

• Clay and claystone (<0.004 mm)

• Weak to no currents

Page 22: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 23: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Shale(Mudrock)

Page 24: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Chemical and biochemical

• Precipitated from solution• Formed at or near place of deposition• Dominantly carbonates & evaporites• Classified by chemical composition

Page 25: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Carbonates

• Limestone (CaCO3)

• Dolostone (CaMg(CO3)2)

Page 26: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 27: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 28: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

The White Cliffs of Dover

Page 29: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Evaporites

Halite (NaCl)

Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)

Page 30: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 31: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 32: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Bonneville salt flats, Utah

Page 33: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Siliceous

Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate

Page 34: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 35: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Jasper

Page 36: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Agate

Page 37: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Siliceous

Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate

Siliceous sediment Microfossils

Radiolarians

Page 38: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Bedded Chert

Page 39: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Siliceous

Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate

Siliceous sediment Microfossils

Diagenetic

Page 40: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Chert nodules in Permian Kaibab Limestone. Grand Canyon, Arizona

Page 41: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Phosphorite

Rich in phosphorous Ca10(PO4,CO3)6F2-3

Phosphatic sediment (e.g., fish bones)

Diagenetic

Page 42: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Bat guano, Slaughter Canyon Cave, NM

Why is this geology student so happy?

Page 43: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 44: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Transportation and deposition

Page 45: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Currents

• Air and water

• The faster the current the larger the particles

Page 46: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Settling velocity

Page 47: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Sorting

Page 48: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 49: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 50: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Rounding

Page 51: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Sedimentary Structures

• Depositional• Erosional • Deformational• Chemical (diagenetic)

Large-scale features of sedimentary rocks that result from physical and/or chemical processes

Page 52: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Stratification•Bedding•Lamination

Page 53: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 54: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Laminated shale

Page 55: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 56: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 57: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 58: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 59: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 60: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 61: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 62: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

1957, Charles Herbert

Page 63: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 64: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Depositional (Sedimentary) Environments

A geographic location characterized by a particular combination of geological processes and environmental conditions

Page 65: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 66: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 67: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 68: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 69: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 70: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 71: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 72: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 73: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 74: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 75: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 76: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Diagenesis

All the changes sediment undergoes subsequent to deposition and prior to metamorphism

Page 77: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Physical (mechanical) diagenesis

• Compaction

• Fracturing

• Ductile deformation

• Grain rearrangement

Page 78: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 79: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Chemical diagenesis

• Mineral precipitation (cementation)

• Dissolution• Grain• Cement

Page 80: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 81: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 82: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 83: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 84: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.
Page 85: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record.

Lithification

The processes by which sediment is transformed into sedimentary rock


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