Sedimentary GeologySedimentary GeologyGeos 240 Camosun College Geos 240 Camosun College

Dr. Tark HamiltonDr. Tark Hamilton

Text: Text: Sediments & BasinsSediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, : Andrew D. Miall, 20062006

Lab: Lab: Ancient Environments & the Ancient Environments & the Interpretation of Geologic HistoryInterpretation of Geologic History , Lynn S. , Lynn S.

Fichter & David J. Poche, 3Fichter & David J. Poche, 3rdrd ed. 2001 ed. 2001

Sedimentary Sedimentary GeologyGeology

Geos 240 – Geos 240 – IntroductionIntroduction

Chapter 1Chapter 1Dr. Tark HamiltonDr. Tark Hamilton

Camosun CollegeCamosun College

SEDIMENTS = CSI SEDIMENTS = CSI EARTH!EARTH!

Sedimentary GeologySedimentary GeologyGeos 240: Geos 240:

Dr. Tark HamiltonDr. Tark Hamilton

Sediments & BasinsSediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006: Andrew D. Miall, 2006

Introduction: Why Study Sediments?Introduction: Why Study Sediments?

Record of Earth History: environments, orbits, Record of Earth History: environments, orbits, climate, atmosphere, sea level, physical climate, atmosphere, sea level, physical processesprocesses

Natural Resources: Building Stone; Aggregate; Natural Resources: Building Stone; Aggregate; Hydrocarbons: Coal, Oil, Gas; Salts: Halite, Hydrocarbons: Coal, Oil, Gas; Salts: Halite, Gypsum, Nitrates; SMS: Pb-Zn, Ground Water…Gypsum, Nitrates; SMS: Pb-Zn, Ground Water…

Folded & Faulted Upper Jurassic Coal-bearing SedimentsFoothills, Canadian Rockies: Canmore Alberta

Sedimentary GeologySedimentary GeologyGeos 240: Geos 240:

Dr. Tark HamiltonDr. Tark Hamilton

Sediments & BasinsSediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006: Andrew D. Miall, 2006

Introduction: Where to Sediments Occur?Introduction: Where to Sediments Occur?

BasinsBasins: low lying areas for tectonic or erosional : low lying areas for tectonic or erosional causescauses

Under WaterUnder Water : Seas, Lakes, Rivers: Seas, Lakes, Rivers On LandOn Land: Deserts, By Glaciers, By Mountains: Deserts, By Glaciers, By Mountains From WeatheringFrom Weathering : Chemical, Mechanical : Chemical, Mechanical FromTransportFromTransport : By Ice, Water, Wind, Mass : By Ice, Water, Wind, Mass

WastingWasting

ISOPACH MAPISOPACH MAP

Sediment Thickness in Km: 60% of Earth Sediment Thickness in Km: 60% of Earth > 500m, 13% > 10 km> 500m, 13% > 10 km

Sedimentary Sedimentary Basins:Basins:

Mackenzie-BeaufortMackenzie-BeaufortWestern Canada (Alberta - NE BC)Western Canada (Alberta - NE BC)

Williston (Sask – Man – Mont -Dakotas)Williston (Sask – Man – Mont -Dakotas)Appalachain, Michigan, West Texas, Green Appalachain, Michigan, West Texas, Green

RiverRiverNorth SeaNorth Sea

BalticBalticDeep Marine: Pacific, Indian, AtlanticDeep Marine: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic……

NORTH NORTH AMERICANAMERICAN

SEDIMENTARSEDIMENTARY BASINSY BASINS

What can various sediments What can various sediments reveal?reveal?

Earth’s Oldest Rocks are FeCOEarth’s Oldest Rocks are FeCO33 ~ 3.75 Ga ~ 3.75 Ga from Eastern Hudson’s Bay/Ungava Peninsula from Eastern Hudson’s Bay/Ungava Peninsula (N. Dauphas, S. Mojzsis & N. Cates 2007. (N. Dauphas, S. Mojzsis & N. Cates 2007. Oldest Rocks Show How Earth May Have Oldest Rocks Show How Earth May Have Dodged Frozen Fate Of Mars, E.P.S. L.)Dodged Frozen Fate Of Mars, E.P.S. L.)

Seasonal Occupation of a Late Middle Seasonal Occupation of a Late Middle Woodland Archeological Site (D.S. Brose Woodland Archeological Site (D.S. Brose 1994. The South Park Village Site and the 1994. The South Park Village Site and the Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Tradition of Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Tradition of Northeast Ohio (Monogaphs in World Northeast Ohio (Monogaphs in World Archaeology, Vol 20. 226p.)Archaeology, Vol 20. 226p.)

What can various sediments What can various sediments reveal?reveal?

Proterozoic Orthoquartzites – Rodinia’s Super Proterozoic Orthoquartzites – Rodinia’s Super Continent Long lasting DesertContinent Long lasting Desert

Northern Hemisphere Harbour Sediments Northern Hemisphere Harbour Sediments Worldwide : 1920’s – 1980’s Pb from gasolineWorldwide : 1920’s – 1980’s Pb from gasoline

Short Lived Radionuclides from Atmospheric Short Lived Radionuclides from Atmospheric Weapons Testing 1956-1964, more in Weapons Testing 1956-1964, more in northern hemisphere plus: metals, dioxins, northern hemisphere plus: metals, dioxins, pharmaceuticalpharmaceutical

History of fluid motions in Sedimentary History of fluid motions in Sedimentary BasinsBasins

CONCEPTS: Processes Products

Sedimentolgy, Sedimentolgy, Stratigraphy, Stratigraphy, Diagenesis Diagenesis

Environments, Environments, Groundwater Groundwater Flow, Rock Flow, Rock PropertiesProperties

Weathering, Weathering, Cements, Cements, ConcretionsConcretions

REGIONAL SETTING REGIONAL SETTING & FACIES ANALYSIS& FACIES ANALYSIS

Wingate Ss

Kayenta Fm

Navajo SsUnit Containing Iron Concretions

Page Ss

Carmel Fm

Entrada Ss

Morrison FmLacustrine,Playa, Floodplains

Eolian

Sabkha

Fluvial

Eolian

Jura

ssic

Unit

s

Eolian

Eolian

N

Jurassic Outcrops

How do we study How do we study sediments, sediments,

sedimentary rocks and sedimentary rocks and sedimentary basins?sedimentary basins?

StratigraphyStratigraphy : Geophysics, Petrophysics, : Geophysics, Petrophysics, BoreholesBoreholes

LithologiesLithologies : Rock types, Geometries, : Rock types, Geometries, ProvenanceProvenance

EnvironmentsEnvironments : Fossils, Sedimentary : Fossils, Sedimentary Structures,Structures,

Minerals, Isotopes, Geochemistry, FluidsMinerals, Isotopes, Geochemistry, Fluids

Different Kinds of Different Kinds of StratigraphyStratigraphy

LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphy : composition, extent, : composition, extent, classificatioclassificatio

ChronostratigraphyChronostratigraphy : dating & : dating & correlationcorrelation

BiostratigraphyBiostratigraphy : : fossil content, fossil content, assemblagesassemblages

MagnetostratigraphyMagnetostratigraphy : : magnetic magnetic reversals & directionsreversals & directions

Stable Isotope StratigraphyStable Isotope Stratigraphy : : 18/1618/16O, O, 13/1213/12CC

Sequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy : : tectonics, tectonics, eustasy, cycleseustasy, cycles

SEDIMENTS = CSI SEDIMENTS = CSI EARTH!EARTH!