Index Security Council

Letter from the President 3

Introduction to the Committee

4

Topic A. Conflicts and tensions in Middle East: Syria, Iran and Israel 5

Topic B. Constructive aspects of Nuclear Energy and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 7

2 Security Council

If we don’t end war, war will end us.- H.G. Wells

Delegates,

Represents an honor for me to welcome you to the Security Council of the United Nations, HIDALMUN 2014. As you know, the SC is the committee that has responsibility for maintaining security between states, and the pursuit of international peace, therefore, represents one of the main organs of the UN.

It is in this space that you will have a chance to learn more about some of the most controversial and actual issues, which threaten safety and urge to be solved. However, to represent the country concerned you will also need to be aware of the limitations and the interest it has.

It is for this reason that we need your full commitment and participation in this model, but above all, is required to be informed and seek viable solutions.

Delegates, I trust that you will achieve your mission and that you will make of this Hidalmun an enriching model. Together, we will be able to achieve our main objective: To train citizens and defenders in the world.Delegates, the world is in crisis, are there any defenders in it?

“Peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at the goal”.

- Martin Luther King, JR.

Paulina Alejandra Castañeda GutiérrezPresident of the Security Council

3 Security Council

Introduction to the committee

The Security Council is one of the six most important organs of the United Nations. It was established in 1946 and since then, its headquarters are located in New York.

The most important responsibility that relies in this committee is the prevalence of worldwide peace and international security.

Nowadays, 15 members compose the SC, five of them are permanent (The United States of America, China, France, The United Kingdom and The Russian Federation), and the other ten members are elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly.

A State member of the United Nations, but not of the Security Council may participate in a meeting of the SC; nevertheless if the Council considers that their interests are being affected, the state will not be allowed to vote. If a non-member state is part of a conflict, the SC will establish the conditions for the participation of such state.

Topic A: Conflicts and tensions in Middle East: Syria, Iran and Israel

4 Security Council

Introduction to the topic

The history of the present conflict in the Middle East dates from hundreds of years ago. The history of this area has been marked by endless conflicts that have disturbed security as well as the international peace regimes.

The potential threat of new conflicts and the possibility of the creation and development of nuclear and biological weapons in some countries of the Middle East, if unattended, represent a major risk to the future of society, besides the violation of treaties and agreements that have been written in the past.

One of the key obstacles for solving this problem and many others of Middle East would be accepting the terms and regimes of each country, including their religion, as their god’s law are above it all, in order to the agreement to be respected.

History of the Topic

The current problem between Syria, Iran and Israel had its origins since the foundation of Iran and its rise to power during the Islamic Revolution. However, it was made even more remarkable when in 1979 Iran openly refereed to Israel as an enemy and expressed their desire to eradicate the Jewish state at all costs.

Since that time Syria and Iran have been great allies and represent the Palestine Union against Israel. They have even participated in various movements supporting each other.

Nevertheless, all these conflicts endanger the safety and life of society not only of involved countries but of nearby countries as well, and have resulted

5 Security Council

in the loss of innocent lives that could have been saved from having acted in a different way.

Some of the conflicts and actions that contributed to the existence of the actual tensions are:

The discovery of clandestine nuclear plants in several countries, including Iran and Iraq

In 1981, the Israeli attack on Iraq to destroy the nuclear reactor built in that country

On January 7, 2008, Mohammad Jazai, Iran's ambassador to the UN, claimed the Security Council to stop intervening on Iran’s nuclear case and return this case to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

August 17 2012, Iran’s president mentioned in a press release that “Israel’s existence is an insult to all humanity” and that confronting Israel is an effort to “protect the dignity of all human beings”, which proved Israel it’s wills to eradicate their country.

IAEA’s accusations against Iran for having consulted the information required to make a nuclear bomb

USA 2013’s press release that included it’s position about Syria and it’s links with Iran, a country that openly is against America, It was also expressed the U.S. desire of intervening in Syria or Iran in order to prevent them from attacking Israel

During 2013, the Security Council invited the involved countries to come together to try to stop the conflict. Not member countries, but with interests on the issue, as in the case of Saudi Arabia, refused to attend.

Current aspects of the topic

Nowadays, the pressure and tension within the International Community is becoming more noticeable. This fact is forcing UN agencies, mainly the

6 Security Council

Security Council, to take action to address this topic in the best way as soon as possible.

However, many countries are being led by their rivalries, making even more difficult to reach a resolution.

The United States, as well as Israel, state that Iran and Syria must be stopped, for it represents a potential terrorist attack and a threat to the whole world. The US also implied that it might be done an intervention in case they continue with their nuclear program and breaking the past treaties regards it. They also state, that detuning a nuclear bomb is a threat against the world.

Iran and Syria are both part of the Palestine Union; therefore, many of the decisions they take are based in religion, and because the state of Israel represents a threat to their beliefs as to their nationalism, they consider a main priority to end with such threat. This is one of the main reasons why it represents a great challenge to make this group of Muslim countries to positively interact among the whole International Community.

On one hand, the actual tension, which relies on the possibility of a military intervention are pushing for the need to reach an agreement before tensions explode and war breaks out threatening the balance of world peace.

On the other hand a big percentage of the population of the countries involved are demonstrating being against any war. People of Iran, Syria and Israel fear about being part of a new war or being invaded since their history has been marked by similar events.

Adopted Measures

International concern about present conflicts in the Middle East, as well as the possible involvement of other countries, has led to the UN and its

7 Security Council

member agencies to the adoption of resolutions that might provide an end to this problem.

Nevertheless, the considerable tension between Syria, Iran and Israel has led other countries to start acquiring a position, turning this conflict into an international concern.

The Security Council, concerned about the course that this issue may take, found itself under the necessity of asking some non-member countries, such as Saudi Arabia, its intervention in some sessions since the need to know their interests and try to prevent a counterproductive effect. However, Saudi Arabia was the first one to reject a proposal of this magnitude and refused to attend the meetings.

For example, the attitude taken by Saudi Arabia was justified by saying that the United States is one of their enemy countries; therefore it would not take part in a resolution that the other country is supporting.

This shows the attitude that some countries may take regarding the existing rivalry with other nations, and increases the difficulties that are already affecting this case.

Another event that showed some countries’ position, took place on January 7, 2008, when Mohammad Jazai, Iran's ambassador to the UN, expressed the dissatisfaction of the delegation he represents, referring to the Security Council’s intervention in the Iranian nuclear program, and asked for the dossier to be remitted to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

However, the SC still has the Middle East conflicts among their most important issues, and will remain that way until a viable alternative is found, since this case attends to harm and threaten the international security.

Conclusion

8 Security Council

One of the biggest implications of armed conflicts, is the loss of cultural heritage and the invaluable meaning of them, but even more severe, is endangering the population as well as breaking the insurmountable limits of security and world peace.

No person shall be deprived of life or be killed for any reason whatsoever; the same has to be respected for their human rights. Both aspects might be in danger in case this dispute is not stopped in the right time.

It is for this reason that the Security Council encourages all delegates who belong to it, to struggle to find a common solution for solving this problem and establish the limits for a possible resolution.

Key questions

What aspects should be taken into consideration in a possible resolution, to accept and respect the terms of each country?

What measures should be considered so that peace and security prevail among nations?

How will the resolution affect international interests?

What resolutions can the committee come up with, so that the situation cannot only come to an end, but also avoid further conflicts?

Introduction to the committee

The Security Council is one of the six most important organs of the United Nations. It was established in 1946 and since then, its headquarters are located in New York.

9 Security Council

The most important responsibility that relies in this committee is the prevalence of worldwide peace and international security.

Nowadays, 15 members compose the SC, five of them are permanent (The United States of America, China, France, The United Kingdom and The Russian Federation), and the other ten members are elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly.

A State member of the United Nations, but not of the Security Council may participate in a meeting of the SC; nevertheless if the Council considers that their interests are being affected, the state will not be allowed to vote. If a non-member state is part of a conflict, the SC will establish the conditions for the participation of such state.

Topic B. Constructive aspects of Nuclear Energy and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Introduction to the Topic

From the beginning of his study, nuclear energy has made major contributions to the history of humanity both for constructive aspects such as production of electric energy, to the disastrous aspects that led the creation of the atomic bomb and its use against humanity.

This topic focuses in keeping peace among countries by reaching a resolution for the actual problem that implies nuclear energy in its various possible implications.

History of the topic:

10 Security Council

The origin of the great interest shown by the international community to regulate energy and atomic weapons, emerged from the great consequences that the dropping of atomic bombs during World War II and the magnitude of the events that unfolded from it.

However, the study of atomic energy remotes from a long time ago. Some conflicts and remarkable facts about this topic are:

• Origin of the atom concept in ancient Greece• The discovery of the atom in 180 by John Dalton• In the early twentieth century, the development of the industry " nuclear physicist "• Einstein’ studies, which would later help complete the development of the nuclear bomb related to quantum mechanics, in addition to his warning to President Roosevelt of the energy potential of uranium in 1938• Hahn and Fritz succeeded reacting atom and dividing, discovering nuclear fission in Berlin, 1938.• 1940 United States develops the Manhattan Project, which was carried out the construction of the first atomic bombs.• 1942 , takes place the creation of the first artificial nuclear reactor in the U.S., Chicago Pile- 1.• August 6, 1945 , the U.S. launched the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima during World War II• August 9, 1945 . A second bomb is thrown , this time , on the population of Nagasaki.• December 20, 1951 , is accomplished by first generating electricity from a nuclear reactor in the U.S. reactor EBR-I• The world's first test of a hydrogen bomb on 1 November 1952 , as part of Opereation Ivy , que almost an island turn into dust• December 1953 , the United States stated that if attacked , would destroy the aggressor immediately• December 8, 1953. It is held the conference " Atoms for Peace " which decreases international tension

11 Security Council

• 1954, the first grid is connected to a nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union.• 1957, the IAEA is based, as a global result of " Atoms for Peace "• Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America : Mexico signed in 1967 .• July 1, 1968 , the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT ) was signed :• 1970 , the NPT entered into force and was extended in 1995• 1986 , the scientific Vannu revealed the secrets kept by Israel on its nuclear capacity and gave the British newspaper ' The Sunday Times ' photographs of the Dimona plant (southern Israel) , where he worked.

Current topic

Nowadays the issue of regularization of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons has returned to discussion tables of international forums.

The fear that another nuclear disaster is unleashed, not only warlike, but abnormalities in reactors has been of such magnitude that nations have forced organizations to increase campaigns and programs to ensure global security and the prevalence of peace.

Likewise, they have been holding meetings among nations, particularly those not signed the NPT, such as Iran, to reach agreements that benefit the international community and the situation regarding nuclear energy is improved. More nations are expected to react positively and a new agreement is generated.

Actions to be taken

After all that has happened during the past 100 years and the progress that has taken the study of atomic energy, many countries have decided to implement the knowledge to their advantage and create, in this way new nuclear reactors , but this once the purpose of producing nuclear energy.

12 Security Council

However, some countries, especially those who have not signed the NPT have used this possibility implied in the treaty, to cover their building of atomic bombs. Some nations have openly stated their possession, while in other cases only believe and have not denied nor affirmed.

It is for this reason that from now until 2015, the IAEA is responsible for taking safety measures and verifying that no nation possesses weapons of this nature.

In addition, it is expected that in the coming months an agreement between Iran and other nations is made, in order to regulate the possession of nuclear weapons and stop their development, but, it is needed as well, various aspects should be analyzed and the limits to be raised is made.

Proposal of the Committee

The SC committee is aware of the difficulty for this topic. However, encourages all delegates’ members of it, to do their part and show the interest of the nation to which they would be representing which key to reach a possible resolution.

The committee would recommend starting by defining each nation's interests and needs of each of them to reach a common purpose. However, it is necessary to show actual data, because the topic constantly revolutionizes.

You all need to be aware of the magnitude of the issue and to consider how long has required the true nations reach a stage of reflection, make your opportunity worth it.

Key Questions

13 Security Council

What aspects should be taken into consideration in a possible resolution, to accept and respect the terms of each country?What are the main terms that the treaty or resolution should state?

References:

(2012). Action Group for Syria Final Communique 30.06.2012. Retrieved on November 9, 2013 from: http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Syria/FinalCommuniqueActionGroupforSyria.pdf

Ushering Geneva process forward to a peaceful solution. Retrieved on November 9, 2013 from: http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=146&Body=Syria&Body1=

Manfreda, P. Why Iran Supports the Syrian Regime. Retrieved on November 9, 2013 from:http://middleeast.about.com/od/iran/tp/Why-Iran-Supports-The-Syrian-Regime.htm

(2013). For Israel Attack on Iran Seems off the Table. Retrieved on November 9, 2013 from: http://world.time.com/2013/10/02/for-israel-attack-on-iran-seems-off-the-table/

Lister, T. (2013). Irán y Siria mantienen la alianza contra sus conflictos internacionales. Retrieved on November 10, 2013 from: http://mexico.cnn.com/mundo/2012/08/14/iran-y-siria-mantienen-la-alianza-contra-sus-conflictos-internacionales

Zepeda, F.A. (2012). Israel, Irán Y Siria: el Barril De Pólvora. Retrieved on November 10, 2013 from: http://www.latribuna.hn/2012/02/12/israel-iran-y-siria-el-barril-de-polvora/

14 Security Council

(2012). Israel's existence 'insult to all humanity': Iran. Retrieved on November 10, 2013 from: http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/israel-s-existence-insult-to-all-humanity-iran-256142

(2013). Se vislumbra una alianza militar entre Israel y Arabia Saudí contra Irán. Retrieved on November 12, 2013 from: http://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/view/109244-alianza-militar-israel-arabia-saudi-contra-iran

(2013). Obama's war on Syria is REALLY about Iran and Israel instead of chemical weapons use, claim critics. Retrieved on November 9, 2013 from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2415644/Obamas-war-Syria-REALLY-Iran-Israel-instead-chemical-weapons-use.html

Agenda items: Middle East. Retrieved on November 12, 2013 in: http://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/studies/middle_east.shtmlReferencesRetrieved from the database of the IAEA, during November 2013:http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull040su/04004700911su.pdfRetrieved from the database of “Albert Einstein” during November 2013:http://www.alberteinstein.info/about.htmlRetrieved from the database of the IAEA during November 2013:http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull194/19401281219.pdfRetrieved from the database of the IAEA during November 2013:http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2012/nuclpower.pdfRetrieved from the database of “nuclear energy” during November 2013http://energia-nuclear.net/historia_energia_nuclear.htmlRetrieved from the database from “Discovery” during November 2013http://www.tudiscovery.com/imagenes/galleries/10-paises-con-energia-nuclear/

15 Security Council