Security and Ethical Challenges Chapter 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill...

Security and Ethical Challenges

Chapter

13

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

IT Security, Ethics, and Society

• Information technology has both beneficial and detrimental effects on society and people

– Manage work activities to minimize the detrimental effects of information technology

– Optimize the beneficial effects

13-2

Categories of Ethical Business Issues

13-3

Corporate Social Responsibility Theories

• Stockholder Theory

– Managers are agents of the stockholders

– Their only ethical responsibility is to increase the profits of the business without violating the law or engaging in fraudulent practices

• Social Contract Theory

– Companies have ethical responsibilities to all members of society, who allow corporations to exist

13-4

Corporate Social Responsibility Theories

• Stakeholder Theory

– Managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all its stakeholders

– Stakeholders are all individuals and groups that have a stake in, or claim on, a company

13-5

Computer Crime

• Computer crime includes– Unauthorized use, access, modification, or destruction

of hardware, software, data, or network resources– The unauthorized release of information– The unauthorized copying of software– Denying an end user access to his/her own hardware,

software, data, or network resources– Using or conspiring to use computer or network

resources illegally to obtain information or tangible property

13-6

Hacking

• Hacking is – The obsessive use of computers– The unauthorized access and use of networked

computer systems

• Electronic Breaking and Entering– Hacking into a computer system and reading files, but

neither stealing nor damaging anything

• Cracker– A malicious or criminal hacker who maintains

knowledge of the vulnerabilities found for private advantage

13-7

Common Hacking Tactics

• Denial of Service– Hammering a website’s equipment with too

many requests for information

– Clogging the system, slowing performance, or crashing the site

• Scans– Widespread probes of the Internet to determine types

of computers, services, and connections

– Looking for weaknesses

13-8


• Sniffer

– Programs that search individual packets of data as they pass through the Internet

– Capturing passwords or entire contents

• Spoofing

– Faking an e-mail address or Web page to trick users into passing along critical information like passwords or credit card numbers

13-9


• Trojan House– A program that, unknown to the user, contains

instructions that exploit a known vulnerability in some software

• Back Doors– A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original

entry point is detected or blocked

• Malicious Applets– Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer’s

resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake email, or steal passwords

13-10


• War Dialing– Programs that automatically dial thousands of

telephone numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection

• Logic Bombs– An instruction in a computer program that triggers a

malicious act

• Buffer Overflow– Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending

too much data to buffer memory

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• Password Crackers– Software that can guess passwords

• Social Engineering– Gaining access to computer systems by talking

unsuspecting company employees out of valuable information, such as passwords

• Dumpster Diving– Sifting through a company’s garbage to find

information to help break into their computers

13-12

Cyber Theft

• Many computer crimes involve the theft of money

• The majority are “inside jobs” that involve unauthorized network entry and alternation of computer databases to cover the tracks of the employees involved

• Many attacks occur through the Internet

• Most companies don’t reveal that they have been targets or victims of cybercrime

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Unauthorized Use at Work

• Unauthorized use of computer systems and networks is time and resource theft– Doing private consulting

– Doing personal finances

– Playing video games

– Unauthorized use of the Internet or company networks

• Sniffers– Used to monitor network traffic or capacity

– Find evidence of improper use

13-14

Internet Abuses in the Workplace

– General email abuses– Unauthorized usage and access– Copyright infringement/plagiarism– Newsgroup postings– Transmission of confidential data– Pornography– Hacking– Non-work-related download/upload– Leisure use of the Internet– Use of external ISPs– Moonlighting

13-15

Software Piracy

• Software Piracy

– Unauthorized copying of computer programs

• Licensing• Purchasing software is really a payment

for a license for fair use

• Site license allows a certain number of copies

A third of the software industry’s revenues are lost to A third of the software industry’s revenues are lost to piracypiracy 13-16

Theft of Intellectual Property

• Intellectual Property– Copyrighted material

– Includes such things as music, videos, images, articles, books, and software

• Copyright Infringement is Illegal– Peer-to-peer networking techniques have made

it easy to trade pirated intellectual property

• Publishers Offer Inexpensive Online Music– Illegal downloading of music and video is

down and continues to drop

13-17

Viruses and Worms

• A virus is a program that cannot work without being inserted into another program– A worm can run unaided

• These programs copy annoying or destructive routines into networked computers– Copy routines spread the virus

• Commonly transmitted through– The Internet and online services– Email and file attachments– Disks from contaminated computers– Shareware

13-18

Top Five Virus Families of all Time

• My Doom, 2004– Spread via email and over Kazaa file-sharing network– Installs a back door on infected computers– Infected email poses as returned message or one that

can’t be opened correctly, urging recipient to click on attachment

– Opens up TCP ports that stay open even after termination of the worm

– Upon execution, a copy of Notepad is opened, filled with nonsense characters

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• Netsky, 2004

– Mass-mailing worm that spreads by emailing itself to all email addresses found on infected computers

– Tries to spread via peer-to-peer file sharing by copying itself into the shared folder

– It renames itself to pose as one of 26 other common files along the way

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• SoBig, 2004

– Mass-mailing email worm that arrives asan attachment

• Examples: Movie_0074.mpg.pif, Document003.pif

– Scans all .WAB, .WBX, .HTML, .EML, and .TXT files looking for email addresses to which it can send itself

– Also attempts to download updates for itself

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• Klez, 2002– A mass-mailing email worm that arrives

with a randomly named attachment– Exploits a known vulnerability in MS

Outlook to auto-execute on unpatched clients– Tries to disable virus scanners and then copy itself to

all local and networked drives with a random file name– Deletes all files on the infected machine and

any mapped network drives on the 13th of all even-numbered months

13-22


• Sasser, 2004

– Exploits a Microsoft vulnerability to spread from computer to computer with no user intervention

– Spawns multiple threads that scan local subnets for vulnerabilities

13-23

The Cost of Viruses, Trojans, Worms

• Cost of the top five virus families

– Nearly 115 million computers in 200 countries were infected in 2004

– Up to 11 million computers are believed to be permanently infected

– In 2004, total economic damage from virus proliferation was $166 to $202 billion

– Average damage per computer is between $277 and $366

13-24

Adware and Spyware

• Adware– Software that purports to serve a useful purpose, and often does– Allows advertisers to display pop-up and banner ads without the

consent of the computer users

• Spyware– Adware that uses an Internet connection in the background,

without the user’s permission or knowledge– Captures information about the user and sends it over the Internet

13-25

Spyware Problems

• Spyware can steal private information and also– Add advertising links to Web pages

– Redirect affiliate payments

– Change a users home page and search settings

– Make a modem randomly call premium-rate phone numbers

– Leave security holes that let Trojans in

– Degrade system performance

• Removal programs are often not completely successful in eliminating spyware

13-26

Privacy Issues

• The power of information technology to store and retrieve information can have a negative effect on every individual’s right to privacy

– Personal information is collected with every visit to a Web site

– Confidential information stored by credit bureaus, credit card companies, and the government has been stolen or misused

13-27

Opt-in Versus Opt-out

• Opt-In

– You explicitly consent to allow data to be compiled about you

– This is the default in Europe

• Opt-Out

– Data can be compiled about you unless you pecifically request it not be

– This is the default in the U.S.

13-28

Privacy Issues

• Violation of Privacy– Accessing individuals’ private email conversations and

computer records

– Collecting and sharing information about individuals gained from their visits to Internet websites

• Computer Monitoring– Always knowing where a person is

– Mobile and paging services are becoming more closely associated with people than with places

13-29

Privacy Issues

• Computer Matching

– Using customer information gained from many sources to market additional business services

• Unauthorized Access of Personal Files

– Collecting telephone numbers, email addresses, credit card numbers, and other information to build customer profiles

13-30

Protecting Your Privacy on the Internet

• There are multiple ways to protect your privacy

– Encrypt email

– Send newsgroup postings through anonymous remailers

– Ask your ISP not to sell your name and information to mailing list providers and other marketers

– Don’t reveal personal data and interests on online service and website user profiles

13-31

Privacy Laws

• Electronic Communications Privacy Act and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

– Prohibit intercepting data communications messages, stealing or destroying data, or trespassing in federal-related computer systems

• U.S. Computer Matching and Privacy Act

– Regulates the matching of data held in federal agency files to verify eligibility for federal programs

13-32

Privacy Laws

• Other laws impacting privacy and how much a company spends on compliance– Sarbanes-Oxley

– Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

– Gramm-Leach-Bliley

– USA Patriot Act

– California Security Breach Law

– Securities and Exchange Commission rule 17a-4

13-33

Computer Libel and Censorship

• The opposite side of the privacy debate… – Freedom of information, speech, and press

• Biggest battlegrounds– Bulletin boards– Email boxes– Online files of Internet and public networks

• Weapons used in this battle– Spamming– Flame mail– Libel laws– Censorship

13-34


• Spamming

– Indiscriminate sending of unsolicited email messages to many Internet users

13-35

• A quick aside:A quick aside:– In May, 2011, I received the following Email:In May, 2011, I received the following Email:

– The Information Security Office at the University of Texas at Austin, in identifying The Information Security Office at the University of Texas at Austin, in identifying local blog comment spam problems, has discovered that the following site(s) on your local blog comment spam problems, has discovered that the following site(s) on your network may be used to distribute commercial blog comment spam: network may be used to distribute commercial blog comment spam:

– HOST: 129.108.0.95 [pkirs.utep.edu]HOST: 129.108.0.95 [pkirs.utep.edu]– DATE: 2011-05-14 10:39:08 CDT/CSTDATE: 2011-05-14 10:39:08 CDT/CST– URL(s):URL(s):– http://pkirs.utep.edu/cis3355/Student%20Comments/F06Mid.htmhttp://pkirs.utep.edu/cis3355/Student%20Comments/F06Mid.htm– http://pkirs.utep.edu/cis3355/Submissions/Webpage_%20Problems.htmhttp://pkirs.utep.edu/cis3355/Submissions/Webpage_%20Problems.htm

Computer Libel and Censorship• When I looked at the site, I found:

Pseudonym: None

Date: 09/03/06

Time: 01:07:11 AM

Good_Points

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There was more

13-36

Computer Libel and Censorship• IT’s Suggestion:

• CAPTCHA: Telling Humans and Computers Apart Automatically

• A CAPTCHA is a program that protects websites against bots by generating and grading tests that humans can pass but current computer programs cannot. For example, humans can read distorted text as the one shown below, but current computer programs can't:

• The term CAPTCHA means “Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart”

??? Good Idea or Bad Idea ???

13-37


• Flaming

– Sending extremely critical, derogatory, and often vulgar email messages or newsgroup posting to other users on the Internet or online services

– Especially prevalent on special-interest newsgroups

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Cyberlaw

• Laws intended to regulate activities over the Internet or via electronic communication devices

– Encompasses a wide variety of legal and political issues

– Includes intellectual property, privacy, freedom of expression, and jurisdiction

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Cyberlaw

• The intersection of technology and the law is controversial– Some feel the Internet should not be regulated– Encryption and cryptography make traditional form of regulation

difficult– The Internet treats censorship as damage and simply routes

around it

• Cyberlaw only began to emerge in 1996– Debate continues regarding the applicability of legal principles

derived from issues that had nothing to do with cyberspace

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Other Challenges

• Employment– IT creates new jobs and increases productivity– It can also cause significant reductions in job opportunities, as

well as requiring new job skills

• Computer Monitoring– Using computers to monitor the productivity and behavior of

employees as they work– Criticized as unethical because it monitors individuals, not just

work, and is done constantly– Criticized as invasion of privacy because many employees do not

know they are being monitored

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Other Challenges

• Working Conditions– IT has eliminated monotonous or obnoxious tasks

– However, some skilled craftsperson jobs have been replaced by jobs requiring routine, repetitive tasks or standby roles

• Individuality

• Dehumanizes and depersonalizes activities because computers eliminate human relationships– Inflexible systems

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Health Issues

• Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)

– Disorders suffered by people who sit at a PC or terminal and do fast-paced repetitive keystroke jobs

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

– Painful, crippling ailment of the hand and wrist

– Typically requires surgery to cure

13-43

Ergonomics

• Designing healthy work environments

– Safe, comfortable, and pleasant for people to work in

– Increases employee morale and productivity

– Also called human factors engineering

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Ergonomics Factors

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Societal Solutions

• Using information technologies to solve human and social problems

– Medical diagnosis

– Computer-assisted instruction

– Governmental program planning

– Environmental quality control

– Law enforcement

– Job placement

13-46

Societal Solutions

• The detrimental effects of information technology

– Often caused by individuals or organizations not accepting ethical responsibility for their actions

13-47

Security Management of IT

• The Internet was developed for inter-operability, not impenetrability

– Business managers and professionals alike are responsible for the security, quality, and performance of business information systems

– Hardware, software, networks, and data resources must be protected by a variety of security measures

13-48

Internetworked Security Defenses

• Encryption

– Data is transmitted in scrambled form

– It is unscrambled by computer systems for authorized users only

– The most widely used method uses a pair of public and private keys unique to each individual

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Public/Private Key Encryption

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• Firewalls

– A gatekeeper system that protects a company’s intranets and other computer networks from intrusion

– Provides a filter and safe transfer point for access to/from the Internet and other networks

– Important for individuals who connect to the Internet with DSL or cable modems

– Can deter hacking, but cannot prevent it

13-51

Denial of Service Attacks

• Denial of service attacks depend on three layers of networked computer systems

– The victim’s website

– The victim’s Internet service provider

– Zombie or slave computers that have been commandeered by the cybercriminals

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Defending Against Denial of Service

• At Zombie Machines

– Set and enforce security policies

– Scan for vulnerabilities

• At the ISP

– Monitor and block traffic spikes

• At the Victim’s Website

– Create backup servers and network connections

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• Email Monitoring– Use of content monitoring software that

scans for troublesome words that might compromise corporate security

• Virus Defenses– Centralize the updating and distribution of

antivirus software

– Use a security suite that integrates virus protection with firewalls, Web security, and content blocking features

13-54

Other Security Measures

• Security Codes– Multilevel password system

– Encrypted passwords

– Smart cards with microprocessors

• Backup Files– Duplicate files of data or programs

• Security Monitors– Monitor the use of computers and networks

– Protects them from unauthorized use, fraud, and destruction

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• Biometrics– Computer devices measure physical traits

that make each individual unique• Voice recognition, fingerprints, retina scan

• Computer Failure Controls– Prevents computer failures or minimizes

its effects

– Preventive maintenance

– Arrange backups with a disaster recovery organization

13-56


• In the event of a system failure, fault-tolerant systems have redundant processors, peripherals, and software that provide

– Fail-over capability: shifts to back up components

– Fail-save capability: the system continues to operate at the same level

– Fail-soft capability: the system continues to operate at a reduced but acceptable level

13-57


• A disaster recovery plan contains formalized procedures to follow in the event of a disaster– Which employees will participate

– What their duties will be

– What hardware, software, and facilities will be used

– Priority of applications that will be processed

– Use of alternative facilities

– Offsite storage of databases

13-58

Auditing IT Security

• IT Security Audits

– Performed by internal or external auditors

– Review and evaluation of security measures and management policies

– Goal is to ensure that that proper and adequate measures and policies are in place

13-59

Protecting Yourself from Cybercrime

13-60

Security and Ethical Challenges Chapter 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill...

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