Security and Crash-Rated Bollards

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Security and Crash-Rated Bollards

The American Institute of Architects

Course No. AEC1458

This program qualifies for 1.0 LU/HSW Hour

Course Expiry Date: 4/9/2023

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How to Use This Online Learning Course






Purpose:

Modern security bollards are highly engineered and tested devices that can withstand deliberate ramming by a 15,000

lb vehicle. Bollards are more than decorative boundary markers; they are an essential tool to protect lives and property.

This course explains bollard crash testing standards, reviews the pros and cons of available bollard materials, and

discusses steel bollard designs for low- and high-impact applications.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• describe applicable testing standards for high- and low-speed crash testing of security bollards

• differentiate between low-impact and high-impact bollard applications and identify the appropriate types of steel

bollard for each application

• describe the key features of high-impact steel bollards including crash test ratings, footing design, and shrapnel

control

• recall the most common bollard materials and their advantages and disadvantages, and

• discuss the hazards of using concrete bollards and concrete-filled bollards for high-impact applications.

Purpose and Learning Objectives






Introduction

Bollards and Security

Bollard Materials

Steel Bollard Specification

Installation

Bollard Applications

Summary

Contents






Introduction






Introduction

Bollards are post-type street furniture used to control, separate,

or stop vehicular traffic. Bollards can be used to deny vehicular

access, define parking spaces, separate traffic from pedestrians

or cyclists, protect equipment from accidental impacts, or protect

buildings from malicious vehicular attacks.

Modern security bollards are highly engineered and tested

devices that can withstand deliberate ramming by a 15,000 lb

vehicle. Bollards are more than decorative boundary markers;

they are an essential tool to protect lives and property






Bollards vs Delineators

Bollards are not the same as delineators.

Like bollards, delineators are vertical objects that help with traffic.

Unlike many types of bollards, delineators do not block traffic;

instead, they guide traffic.

For example, they let drivers know to take one road instead of

another or that a guardrail is present on a curved road. Delineators

include highly reflective features and are not always placed in the

ground—some are installed on top of guardrails for better visibility.

Delineators are especially helpful in areas where side-swipe

accidents are common.

Remember, delineators are flexible and cannot stop oncoming

traffic.

Bollard by Bob Harvey, CC BY-SA 2.0 via geograph.




https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/

https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/6176944



Do You Need Bollards?

Think about your project’s specific needs to determine which

product is right for you. If you need to permanently restrict

vehicular entry, go with bollards. If guiding pedestrian, bike,

and vehicle traffic, use delineators. You may need both

delineators and bollards to ensure traffic and pedestrian

safety.

Removable bollards allow for temporary restriction of

vehicular entry but provide the same level of security as fixed

bollards. Removable bollards are a flexible solution for

temporary access such as for delivery vehicles, weekend

farmers’ markets, or public gatherings.

Keep in mind that bollards also protect inanimate objects,

such as equipment, large pieces of sculpture, and other art

installations.

Parking lot bollards by David Schott. CC BY-2.0 via Flickr.




https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/dave_mcmt/3859108541



Bollards and Security Capitol Hill Station bollards by SounderBruce. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.





https://www.flickr.com/photos/sounderbruce/43680476224



Low Impact or High Impact?

All bollards can be used to control traffic by blocking

vehicular access. However, there is a very big difference

between a simple barrier that can be knocked over and

an antiram barrier designed to halt a vehicle in its tracks.

Low-impact bollards are not resistant to vehicle

crashes.

High-impact bollards are engineered to stop cars and

trucks.

Both classes of bollards are physical barriers, but their

underlying purposes are very different.






Low-Impact Bollards

Low-impact (non-crash-resistant) bollards are perceived barriers to access. The

intended audience is law-abiding citizens. The purpose of these bollards is to direct

vehicular traffic flow, indicate where people should walk, and protect

equipment/surfaces from nonvehicular impacts. Low-impact bollard types include bolt-

down, baseplate, twist-down, or any bollard with a nonengineered footing.

Common uses of low-impact bollards include the following:

• Separating fitness trails and nature walks

• Directing traffic in parking lots and protecting pedestrian walkways

• Warning cars to maintain distance from objects

• Separating bike lanes from roads

• Protecting equipment and building surfaces from forklifts, palette lifts, and carts in

factories, supermarkets, and warehouses

• Discouraging the public from touching art installations or walking on landscaping

Low-impact bollards are not required to meet any crash testing standards.






High-Impact Bollards

High-impact bollards stop an oncoming vehicle. Their purpose is to protect people

and property from accidental crashes or malicious vehicular attacks.

Common uses of high-impact bollards:

• Preventing thieves from purposefully crashing their vehicles into storefronts to

gain access

• Preventing vehicles from accidentally or deliberately hitting pedestrians

• Protecting storefronts or equipment from accidental crashes when drivers are

parking

• Creating standoff distance from high-risk facilities such as courthouses,

military installations, and government offices to mitigate the threat of car or

truck bombs

High-impact bollards must be engineered and/or crash tested. Crash-tested

bollards are certified by an authorized third-party laboratory. There are three crash

testing standards that specifiers should be aware of.






SD-STD-02.01

SD-STD-02.01 Vehicle Crash Testing of Perimeter Barriers and Gates

In 1985, the US Department of State (DoS) developed SD-STD-02.01 to assess

structural resistance to impact or assault. These standards were further

developed by the department as well as the US Department of Defense (DoD)

in 2003.

Bollards had to successfully withstand the impact of a 15,000 lb vehicle, with

ratings based on the speed of the vehicle. K4 is the rating for 30 miles per hour

impact, K8 for 40, and K12 for 50. The ratings also refer to residential, arterial,

and highway speeds, respectively.

In 2003, DoS K-ratings additionally focused on preventing truck flatbeds from

going more than 3.3 feet through a building structure. The DoS officially retired

this standard in 2009 in favor of newer ASTM testing standards. However, the

term K-rating is commonly used within the industry and may still be found in

project specifications.






ASTM F2656 / F2656M

ASTM F2656 / F2656M Standard Test Method for Crash

Testing of Vehicle Security Barriers

The deep interest in K-ratings resulted in the development of

another industry standard for crash ratings, the M-ratings. ASTM

International created guidelines for measuring crash ratings not

only for cars but also for pickups and semitrucks of varying

sizes. M-ratings are based on test vehicle type, vehicle speed,

and vehicle penetration distance (how far the vehicle will go past

the bollard after impact). Tests are conducted at speeds of 30,

40, and 50 mph.

Although ASTM F2656 / F2656M is the current standard, some

specifications (such as government and military projects) still

reference the DoS K-ratings. The table on the left indicates

equivalent ratings between the two standards for a 15,000 lb

test vehicle (the most common test condition).

Vehicle speed

(15,000 lb test

vehicle)

SD-STD-

02.01

ASTM F2656/

F2656M *

30 mph / 50 kph K4 M30

40 mph / 60 kph K8 M40

50 mph / 85 kph K12 M50

* ASTM ratings assign an additional penetration rating indicating how far the vehicle

penetrated beyond the bollard after impact. SD-STD-02.01 does not assign

penetration ratings as all K-ratings require penetration of 3.3 feet (1.0 m) or less.






ASTM F3016 / F3016M

ASTM F3016 / F3016M Standard Test Method for Surrogate Testing of

Vehicle Impact Protective Devices at Low Speeds

All across the US, drivers inadvertently—due to poor site design or driver error—

crash into convenience stores, gas pumps, propane gas stands, and storefronts.

Until now, there have been no standards set on which type of barrier will prevent

low-speed crashes like this from happening, causing millions in damage and

injuring innocent bystanders.

The typical owner response is to set a pipe in the ground, fill it with cement, and

assume this will stop a car. The ineffectiveness of cement bollards is discussed

later in this course. Whatever the bollard material, the key point is that without

testing, there is no proof the solution will actually work.

ASTM F3016 low-speed crash testing evaluates bollard performance against

low-speed vehicle impact, specifically a 5,000 lb test vehicle at 10, 20, and 30

mph.






Crash Rated vs Engineered

Crash-rated bollards are systems that have been crash tested and certified in

an authorized third-party testing facility to SD-STD-02.01 or ASTM F2656 /

F2656M. An installation must duplicate the test installation exactly (including

number and spacing of bollards) to be considered in compliance.

An engineered system is designed by an engineer and analyzed via

computer simulation but has not been crash tested. Engineered bollard

designs can be interpolated from test results of crash-tested designs. This

allows for variations in bollard number, spacing, heights, etc.

Engineered bollards predict bollard performance under impact. To ensure

bollards will perform as designed, you must specify a crash-tested and

certified product.






Review Question

What is the difference

between low-impact and

high-impact bollards?






Answer

Low-impact bollards direct traffic and

guide the behavior of law-abiding people.

High-impact bollards protect people

and property by stopping vehicles.

Milwaukee Avenue, with bollards by Steven Vance. CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.





https://www.flickr.com/photos/24858199@N00/13781526093/in/photostream/



Bollard Materials






Concrete

Concrete bollards typically feature high-pressure

cement for increased durability and security. They

are easy to paint and maintain and provide a clean

finish for a sophisticated look.

On the other hand, concrete bollards should not be

used for higher security applications. In fact, no

cement bollards have ever been crash tested.

Concrete has a much lower tensile strength than

metal; concrete bollards will shear under impact as

well as break into flying shrapnel. Over time, they

also tend to chip and fall apart, leaving exposed

rebar.Path bollards by Richard Masoner/Cyclelicious’s

photostream. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.

Mechanical weathering of a cement bollard by

LepoRello CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.





https://www.flickr.com/photos/bike/8495645169/

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mechanical_weathering_of_a_cement_bollard_-_20110501.jpg



Plastic

Polyurethane

This popular plastic bends as much as 90 degrees without compromising

its shape. It is also UV ray, scratch, and dent resistant no matter how

many vehicles run it over. And while polyurethane bollards will give under

the stress of a vehicle, they still help slow the car or truck down.

Polyurethane is used for flexible low-impact bollards, especially for

temporary installations. Temporarily mounted flexible bollards provide

temporary security, such as during traffic island and curb line testing.

They are bolted to the ground and immediately stand up after being run

over by a vehicle to slow the collision course. Flexible bollards

subsequently deter rather than stop traffic, and are usually available in

black and yellow.

Polyethylene

This lightweight, durable material resists wear from deicing chemicals

and solvents. It will not chip or fade and is used for rigid low-impact

bollards. It is also used for bollard covers as it is corrosion proof and

impact resistant.

Milwaukee Avenue, with bollards by Steven Vance. CC BY 2.0

via Flickr.





https://www.flickr.com/photos/24858199@N00/13781526093/in/photostream/



Wood

Wood

Wooden bollards offer little more than decorative

benefits since they are easy to run over with a car or

truck. They also develop paint chipping and rot issues

without meticulous care.






Aluminum and Stainless Steel

Aluminum is frequently used in the creation of removable

bollards made for decorative rather than vehicular safety

applications. The lightweight, easily castable material allows for

ornate detail and oxidizes naturally to create a barrier that

protects against corrosion. This characteristic makes aluminum

a good choice for coastal installations. However, aluminum

bollards are more expensive to manufacture and are only

suitable for low impact.

The metallic finish of stainless steel creates a clean, polished

look that resists corrosion exceptionally well. Stainless steel also

takes on powder coatings with ease so you can match your

bollards to your commercial building’s color scheme. Stainless

steel is used in low-impact and high-impact bollards.






Carbon Steel

Steel pipe bollards provide outstanding impact resistance and

typically ship factory primed. They can be site painted or covered

with plastic bollard covers to avoid corrosion. Specify a stainless

steel bollard cover on a carbon steel bollard as an economical

alternative to an all stainless steel product. Steel pipe is used for

low-impact and high-impact bollards.

The covers used for crash-rated bollards are of special

importance because of the shrapnel factor. Bollard covers made

of plastic and steel do not produce shrapnel upon impact the way

other cover materials do, which is especially important if the

vehicle carries combustible products.

Plastic bollard covers are manufactured from ⅛″ thick high-

density polyethylene that provides strong intermolecular forces,

enhanced tensile strength, and superior solvent resistance.

Square and round profiles in a variety of colors are available.






Galvanized Steel Pipe

Galvanized pipe is carbon steel pipe coated with another metal to discourage

rusting. The coating is usually made of zinc.

Advantages

Galvanized coatings are designed to prevent corrosion and rust. It is also

manufactured to keep other minerals, such as calcium, from building up on the

pipes or bollards. It can last for years depending on the quality of the coating and

the application.

Disadvantages

Galvanized coatings are still subject to chipping, cracking, and similar damage.

Using them on bollards designed to protect retail storefronts from vehicle damage,

for example, can mean plenty of dings, scratches, and chips. The exposed metal

rusts in reaction to the elements and spreads corrosion throughout the rest of the

pipe or bollard. This eliminates any rust protection the coating provides. Powder

coating over galvanized bollards also means bubbling and chipping issues.

Galvanizing also adds weight, which is an issue with removable bollards.






Galvanized Pipe

Galvanized pipes and bollards are frequently environmental hazards. Any

damage they sustain means rust may run into nearby drains, thereby polluting

waterways and harming animal life. This is one of the many reasons galvanized

piping is rarely used in the state of California anymore.

Galvanization adds up to $0.50 per pound of piping to the final installation price.

It also costs owners more money in the event of any damage because the pipes

or bollards will have to be replaced instead of just repaired.

The recommend alternative to galvanization is zinc primer, which lasts much

longer and is highly effective. It is also environmentally safe and works well with

powder coatings.






Ductile Iron

Like standard cast iron, ductile iron can be cast into

elaborate detail. Ductile iron is less brittle than

standard cast iron, making it more damage resistant.

It contains trace amounts of magnesium to avoid

breaking down prematurely.

Ductile iron is suitable for low-impact bollards. It is not

suitable for high-impact bollards as it will crack and

become shrapnel when hit at high speeds. It is also

very heavy, making it unsuitable for removable

bollards.

Silver painted bollards by Elliott Brown. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.





https://www.flickr.com/photos/ell-r-brown/29035551866/in/photostream/



Do Bollards Need to Be Filled with Cement?

Traditionally, metal bollards have been filled with cement. Does it provide

more strength?

The answer is NO.

Filling a bollard with cement causes at least two problems. First, cement is

wet. What happens when steel is exposed to wetness? It rusts. Cement fill

corrodes the bollard from the inside.

Second, a crash-tested hollow steel bollard is engineered to bend and

absorb the force of impact. Filling the bollard with cement negates this ability.

Cement has a lower tensile strength than steel and will snap at the weakest

point, namely at grade.






Steel Bollard Specification City Road bollards by Stephen McKay CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.




https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_Road_bollards_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1758261.jpg



Steel Bollards

This course focuses on steel bollards as the most versatile,

high-performance solution. Steel bollards:

• are suitable for low-impact and high-impact bollards

• are available in stainless steel or carbon steel with corrosion-

proof finishes to suit all budgets and aesthetics, and

• can be covered with sleeves of other materials to save cost

and achieve a wide variety of colors and styles from

minimalist contemporary to elaborate and traditionally

detailed.






Choosing the Right Type of Bollard

Here are some elements to consider when choosing the right type of

bollard for a project:

• Low or high impact: Does the bollard need to stop a car, truck, or

slow- or fast-moving vehicle? Or is it meant to act just as a

deterrent?

• High-impact bollard rating: Will the installation be crash tested or

engineered and to which standard?

• Mounting type: Does the bollard need to be removable or will it be

fixed? Is there enough space below grade to install the bollard?

• Bollard type: What size and style of bollard suits the intended

purpose?

• Bollard finish: Carbon steel bollards can be site painted, powder

coated, fitted with a plastic sleeve, or covered in a stainless steel

or ductile iron sleeve. Stainless steel bollards/sleeves are suitable

for corrosive environments such as saltwater or chemicals.






Mounting Type: Fixed

Fixed bollards are installed in engineered footings and

can meet low-speed, high-impact ratings for applications

such as storefronts and gas stations.






Mounting Type: Surface Mounted

Surface-mounted bollards are typically made of carbon or

stainless steel and come in varying degrees of thickness. There

are two types: baseplate and threaded.

Baseplate mount

For this type of bollard, an integral baseplate is bolted to

anchors cast into the substrate. Baseplate bollards are low-

impact products. They are suitable for use as warning markers

or light protection indoors against slow-moving equipment. They

are often installed in parking garages where drilling into the slab

is not possible.

Threaded mount

For this type of bollard, a threaded base is bolted to the

substrate. The bollard post is screwed onto the base, completely

concealing it for a clean look. Threaded-mount bollards are low-

impact products.






Mounting Type: Deep Mount

Deep- and shallow-mount bollards use

extensive engineered footings that provide

superior high-speed, high-impact protection.

These are the types of bollards used in high-

security installations against ramming

attacks, such as security checkpoints or

military installations. They are also suitable

for protection against vehicular accidents at

locations such as off ramps, race tracks, and

loading docks.

Deep-mount bollards come in removable

and permanent options depending on your

security needs.






Mounting Type: Shallow Mount

Shallow-mount bollards require only 12″ of depth

below grade for installation and are nonremovable.

They work exceptionally well in urban areas

because they will not interfere with pipes or other

subgrade utilities. Shallow-mount bollards are more

expensive than deep-mount bollards; however, they

have lower installation costs, making the overall

installed price about the same.

Note that deeper does not mean better when it

comes to bollard strength. Inserting a bollard deeper

into the ground creates a situation where all the

shear resistance at ground level is supplied by the

metal pipe alone. Ideally, resistance should be

generated by the correct combination of footing

depth, diameter of the pipe, and wall thickness.

Both deep- and shallow-mount bollards, if properly

engineered, can be crash rated.






Mounting Type: Lockable Removable

Lockable removable bollards are inserted into

embedment sleeves that are fixed into engineered

foundations. This type of bollard allows reconfiguration

of traffic flow—for example, to create temporary

pedestrian-only zones for special events or for

emergency vehicle access.

Lockable removable bollards can meet low-speed,

high-impact standards. High-speed, crash-rated,

removable bollards are very heavy (approximately 174

pounds or more) and therefore not easy to lift. If

removable bollards need to be light enough for

personnel to easily handle, a lockable design is

necessary to prevent vandalism.






Bollard Type: Fixed

Fixed bollards are the simplest form of perimeter security. Once

installed in an engineered footing, the fixed bollards will provide a

sturdy and long-lasting solution for asset, property, and pedestrian

protection.

• Typical sizes: 3″, 4″, 5″, 6″, 8″, 10″, 12″ pipe diameter

• Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon steel

• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint, metal

or plastic sleeve

• Security level: ranges from low to high depending on pipe diameter

and pipe wall thickness

• Impact resistance: low impact or low speed/high impact depending

on pipe diameter and pipe wall thickness






Bollard Type: Threaded Base

Threaded base bollards have an internal base that bolts to the

ground. The bollard is then twisted down to the base, providing a

clean, finished look.

Threaded base bollards are often used inside stores to protect

items such as refrigerators, freezers, and shelving from shopping

carts and pallet jacks.

• Typical sizes: 4″, 5″ pipe diameter

• Materials: stainless steel or carbon steel

• Finishes: stainless steel, powder coat, paint, metal or plastic

sleeve

• Security level: low

• Impact resistance: low impact






Bollard Type: Baseplate

Baseplate-mounted bollards can be utilized in a

variety of ways. As they are not considered to be

vehicle-stopping bollards, they typically are used as

traffic deterrents. Baseplate-mounted bollards are

used when the slab or ground does not have sufficient

depth to excavate, as in a suspended slab in a

parking garage. Baseplate-mounted bollards are also

used extensively in distribution center warehouses to

protect walls, corners, and shelving from forklifts.

• Typical sizes: 4″, 6″ pipe diameter

• Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon

steel

• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder

coat, paint, metal or plastic sleeve

• Security level: low







Bollard Type: Deep Mount

Deep-mount bollards are an economical way to protect property and

assets with the highest level of perimeter security available.

Typical sizes: 10″, 12″ pipe diameter

Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon steel

Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint, metal or

plastic sleeve

Security level: high

Impact resistance: high speed/high impact

The recommended footing depth for a 10″ or 12″ bollard is 18″.






Bollard Type: Shallow Mount

Shallow-mount bollards have an embedment of 12″ or less yet

offer the same level of property and asset protection as deep-

mount bollards. They are designed for urban areas where

limited excavation is possible due to underlying utilities or

subgrade building stories. Shallow-mount bollards can be

specified to be fixed or removable.

Typical sizes: 8″, 10″ pipe diameter


Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint,

metal or plastic sleeve

Security level: high

Impact resistance: high speed/high impact






Bollard Type: Padlock Removable

Padlock removable bollards are used for a variety of applications such as farmers’

markets, access roads, rails and trails, etc. The embedment sleeve lid is secured to the

bollard with a padlock. When the bollard is removed, the hinged lid covers the hole and

allows both vehicular and foot traffic to continue safely. Specify a stainless steel

embedment sleeve for maximum corrosion protection from snow, rain, and groundwater.

Many cities and mixed-used centers install multiple embedment sleeves throughout an

area and insert padlock removable bollards as needed, allowing for a variety of uses and

combinations.



• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint, metal or plastic sleeve

• Security level: ranges from low to high depending on pipe diameter and pipe wall

thickness

• Impact resistance: low impact, low speed/high impact depending on pipe diameter

and wall thickness






Bollard Type: Internal Locking Removable

Internal locking removable bollards are the most versatile

bollards on the market today. The locking mechanism engages

below grade, inside the embedment sleeve. Internal locking

removable bollards are nearly impossible to remove without the

key. When the bollard is removed, the locking lid covers the

embedment sleeve for a smooth, hazard-free transition from

security to access. The heavy-duty lid is robust enough to handle

most traffic areas when the bollards are not in use.



• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint,

metal or plastic sleeve

• Security level: ranges from low to high depending on pipe

diameter and pipe wall thickness

• Impact resistance: low impact, low speed/high impact

depending on pipe diameter and wall thickness

Capitol Hill Station bollards by SounderBruce.

CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.








Bollard Type: Manual Retractable

Manual retractable bollards rise out of the ground to protect property and

assets. Available in a 4″ diameter, the bollard is manually lowered into and

lifted out of the ground with an integrated lifting handle.

Typical sizes: 4″ pipe diameter


Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint

Security level: low

Impact resistance: low impact

Retractable bollards cannot be finished with a metal or plastic sleeve.






Bollard Type: Assisted Lift Manual Retractable

Security assisted-lift manual retractable bollards use

an internal piston to assist in lifting up the bollard,

making it possible to use a larger diameter and much

heavier pipe than an unassisted version.

• Typical sizes: 6″, 8″, 10″ pipe diameter

• Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon

steel

• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder

coat, paint, metal or plastic sleeve

• Security level: medium







Bollard Type: Automatic Retractable

Automatic retractable bollards are specialty systems

that integrate with access control systems to control

entry at high-traffic locations. The mechanism can be

pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric.

Compared to inactive (nonretracting) bollards,

retractable bollard systems are more complex. They

consist of moving parts with tight tolerances.

Personnel must be trained to safely operate and

maintain the system. Additional components such as

backup power, warning lights, bells, and signage are

required. Regular inspection and maintenance must

be conducted to address weather damage, debris

that interferes with smooth operation, and vandalism.

Automatic bollards, Omagh by Kenneth Allen. CC BY-SA 2.0 via geograph.





https://www.geograph.ie/photo/4282275



Bollard Type: Lighted

Lights can be added to any nonremovable bollard including

high-speed and low-speed crash-tested products. Lighted

bollards typically use high-quality LED lights, which provide

energy efficiency, cost savings, and low maintenance.

Please remember the test password IMPACT. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the online test.






Review Question

What factors should the

specifier consider when

choosing the most suitable

bollard type for a project?






Answer

Site conditions: Can you excavate for footings and

how deep?

Security needs: Are low-impact or high-impact

bollards required?

Ratings: If high-impact bollards are needed, should

they be crash tested or engineered? Are they meant

for low-speed or high-speed impacts and for what

type of vehicle?

Flexibility: Should the bollards be fixed, removable,

or retractable?






Installation






Bollard Spacing

Spacing bollards properly is the key to successful installation.

How they should be spaced depends on a number of factors:

• Purpose of the bollard

• Exit requirements/ADA requirements

• Intended audience: cars, trucks, pedestrians

Bollards are typically spaced at 5′-0″ on center to prevent

passage of vehicles yet meet ADA requirements.

Purpose and Spacing

Bollards placed around a warehouse loading dock, for

example, have different spacing requirements from bollards

within a medical complex or in front of a store. Which

direction/angle is the impact or traffic coming from? Are the

bollards meant to warn drivers where the boundaries are, or

are they meant to physically prevent vehicles from passing?

These bollards are spaced to prevent moped and motorcycle

passage but also exclude wheelchair users and baby strollers.






Bollard Spacing

Exit Requirements/ADA

Arguably the most important spacing issue is whether the

bollards are within emergency exit areas. If they are, they must

be spaced to allow individuals in wheelchairs to pass through

as per the Americans with Disabilities Act. 5′-0″ on center is the

most common space between bollards in emergency exit

areas; they must be a minimum of three feet apart to meet

accessibility regulations.

Consider emergency vehicle access around medical, long-term

care, and senior residences, and install removable or

retractable bollards between the building door and emergency

vehicles.Bollards outside Terminal 3 by Trevor Littlewood. CC BY-SA 2.0 via geograph





https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5800051



Bollard Spacing

Car and Truck Traffic

Is managing car or truck traffic the main reason for bollard

installation? Then they should be spaced about 5′-0″ on center.

This prevents large vehicles as well as smart cars and other

small vehicles from passing between the bollards.

Common applications for 5′-0″ spacing include separation of

pedestrian plazas and drop-offs around sport stadiums, in front

of stores, and around parking lots.

Your selected bollards should also be able to withstand vehicular

impact, so choose high-impact options.






Bollard Spacing

Pedestrian Traffic

Perhaps your bollard project concerns protecting a utility

main or another object such as a delicate sculpture or other

art installation. Maybe you want to prevent people from

walking on grass or landscaped areas to keep the spaces

pristine.

Bollards for these and similar projects can be spaced much

closer together since permitting pedestrian access is not an

issue; rather, you are keeping such traffic away from the

object in question. You may also want to connect the

bollards with chains or cross bars to further fortify the

barrier. Bollards linked with chains provide the aesthetic

value you may be looking for, especially if the object you

are protecting is an art installation or landmark such as a

historical building or memorial.






Footings

Except for surface-mounted types, all bollards require footings.

To achieve any type of impact resistance (low or high), a bollard

cannot be simply inserted into a concrete-filled hole.

An engineered strip footing is the strongest and most reliable

design for fixed, removable, and retractable bollards. When an

impact occurs, the entire footing will absorb the impact and not

just the individual bollard footing.

Shallow- and deep-mount bollards use specially designed

engineered footings to meet crash test ratings; consult the

bollard manufacturer for further information.






Installation in Asphalt

Asphalt is a black, viscous liquid form of petroleum commonly

used for roads and driveways that comes in several varieties,

including hot-mix, warm-mix, cold-mix, cut-back, and mastic

forms. All types of asphalt are softer than concrete.

Asphalt’s heat sensitivity makes it unsuitable for bollard

installation. Extreme heat softens the bitumen product, and

asphalt pavement will break up into chunks if its binder softens

too much. The significant weight of security bollards makes the

problem worse. The fissures allow water to infiltrate the

pavement to cause more damage and instability. Adjacent

vehicles have been damaged by falling bollards. Remember, a

high-impact steel bollard weighs well over 100 lb!






Installation in Asphalt

If you are planning on installing bollards in asphalt, each piece

must have a concrete footing of at least 2′ x 2′, which will keep

them in place regardless of the temperature and any asphalt

shifts that result. A concrete strip footing is also acceptable.

The best installation method includes anchor castings as well as

concrete footings, which are used any time bollards are installed

on surfaces not entirely made of concrete. This process involves

coring the selected area before installing a concrete form and

anchor casting, then pouring concrete. The bollard is placed

over the anchor casting, and a rod is threaded through the base

and tightened for extra fortification. The top of the footing is

placed 2″ to 3″ below grade and the gap filled with asphalt until

level with the adjacent paving.






Review Question

How does bollard spacing

relate to crash testing?






Answer

Crash-rated bollards are systems that have been crash

tested and certified in an authorized third-party testing

facility to SD-STD-02.01 or ASTM F2656 / F2656M.

An installation must duplicate the test installation exactly

(including number and spacing of bollards) to be

considered in compliance.

An engineered solution can be designed by extrapolating

crash test results, allowing the designer to change the

number and spacing of bollards. However, an

engineered solution is based on predicted performance,

not tested and proven performance.

Capitol Hill Station bollards by

SounderBruce. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.








Bollard Applications






Applications

Loading Docks Toll Booths






Applications

Bike TrailsStorefronts, Hospitals






Applications

Stadiums and Arenas Government Buildings






Applications

Car Dealerships Farmers’ Markets






Applications

Colleges or Universities Gas Stations, Charging Stations






Summary






Summary

Modern bollards are engineered products designed to

protect people and property from vehicle impacts, whether

accidental or malicious. High-impact bollards are crash

tested and rated to ASTM standards.

Stainless steel and carbon steel bollards are versatile and

high-performing products available in a range of pipe

sizes, thicknesses, and mounting styles to suit low-impact,

low-speed/high-impact, and high-speed/high-impact

applications.

Appropriate concrete footing design is an essential

requirement for durable, long-lasting, and impact-resistant

bollard installations.

Please provide a photo






Espensen, Scott. “Top Three Considerations for Selecting the Right Perimeter Security Solution.” Security Magazine.

BNP Media, 2017, https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/88574-top-3-considerations-for-selecting-the-right-

perimeter-security-solution. Accessed April 2020.

Oakes, Charles. “Bollard: Crash- and Attack-Resistant Models.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of

Building Sciences, 2016, https://www.wbdg.org/resources/bollard-crash-and-attack-resistant-models. Accessed April

2020.

Oakes, Charles. “Bollard: Non-Crash- and Non-Attack-Resistant Models.” Whole Building Design Guide. National

Institute of Building Sciences, 2016, https://www.wbdg.org/resources/bollard-non-crash-and-non-attack-resistant-

models. Accessed April 2020.

Resources




https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/88574-top-3-considerations-for-selecting-the-right-perimeter-security-solution

https://www.wbdg.org/resources/bollard-crash-and-attack-resistant-models

https://www.wbdg.org/resources/bollard-non-crash-and-non-attack-resistant-models



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