Sections through assemblies - Concordia...
Transcript of Sections through assemblies - Concordia...
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Sections through assemblies
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Pay attention to lining
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Pay attention to representation
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Pay attention to representation
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Pay attention to representation
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Section in a flange
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AUXILIARY VIEWS
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Definitions
• Any view obtained by a projection on a plane
other than the horizontal (H), frontal (F) and
profile (P) is an auxiliary view.
• Primary auxiliary is projected to a plane that is
perpendicular to one of the principal planes
• Secondary auxiliary is projected from a primary
auxiliary to a plane that is inclined to all three
principal views
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Candidates for auxiliary views
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Auxiliary view
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Principal planes
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Auxiliary plane
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Primary auxiliary view Plane True Dim.
F – Width, Height
H – Width, Depth
P – Depth, Height
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Primary auxiliary view
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DEPTH AUXILIARY VIEWS • A projection plane is perpendicular to the frontal view, and oblique to
the top (or side ) view. The auxiliary view is based on the frontal view.
• Depth in Auxiliary View = Depth in Top (Side) View
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HEIGHT AUXILIARY VIEWS • A projection plane is perpendicular to the top view, and oblique to the
frontal (side) view. The auxiliary view is based on the top view.
• Height in Auxiliary View = Height in Frontal (Side) View
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WIDTH AUXILIARY VIEWS • A projection plane is perpendicular to the side view, and oblique to the
frontal (or top) view. The auxiliary view is based on the side view.
• Width in Auxiliary View = Width in Frontal (Top) View
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The features in auxiliary planes are seen
deformed in the principal views
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The features in auxiliary planes are seen
deformed in the principal views
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The features in auxiliary planes are seen
deformed in the principal views
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How to represent a full auxiliary view?
Folding-Line Method
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How to represent a full auxiliary view?
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How to represent a full auxiliary view?
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How to represent a full auxiliary view?
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DIHEDRAL ANGLES
Definition: An angle between two intersection planes
Figure (a) shows a dihedral angle between surface A and B. To
find the angle for the case in Figure (b), auxiliary view is used.
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A practical problem
Find the angle
of the V-cut
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SOLUTION: TURE SIZE OF
AN OBLIQUE SURFACE 1. Find the edge view of the plane in a primary
auxiliary view
2. Find the true size of the plane in a secondary
auxiliary view
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Another practical problem Find the true shape of the section (triangle)
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1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
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1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
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1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
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1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
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1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
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Auxiliary Views:
To draw
TL of line, point view of line, Edge view of the
plane and true size of plane.
To View TL : Draw Aux View parallel to any view
To view point view: Draw Aux View perp. To TL
To view Edge View : Draw Aux View perp. To TL
of any edge/line
To view full surface : Draw Aux View Parallel to
Edge view
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Mechanical Engineering Drawing
MECH 211
LECTURE 4
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1. Point – location, particular positions (on the principal
planes)
2. Multiple points – lines
3. Location of a line – the basic views
4. Particular positions of a line – horizontal, frontal or profile
5. True length of a line – selected auxiliary views
6. Bearing of a line (in the top view, N(S) nn E(W)
7. Slope of a line (from the top view, draw a TL in aux view –
elevation view
8. Point view of a line – second aux. View
9. Relative position of a point vs. a line (location of a point
vs. a line)
Content of the lecture
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10. Relative position of two lines (//, X or skew)
11. Parallel lines; rule of parallel lines (exceptions)
12. Location of a line through a point parallel to another
line (construction)
13. True distance between two parallel lines
14. Intersecting lines – identification through inspection
15. Perpendicular lines – rule of perpendicular lines
16. Distance form a point to a line
17. Location of a perpendicular line at a given pint on a
line
Content of the lecture
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1. Point - location
H
F
F P
aH
aF aP
• How to represent single point on space
• Three views H, F, and P
• Similar to objects, look for distance of points from the folding
line in the adjacent views
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2. Multiple points - lines
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
• How to represent multiple
points on space
• Three views H, F, and P
• Locating multiple points
become important in
describing a line
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2. Multiple points - lines
• To describe object, relative positions of 2 > points are needed
• Point 2 is 32mm to the right of and 12mm below and 16mm
behind point 1
• The points are placed at specific distance – connected to get line
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3. Location of a line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
cH
dH
cF
dF
cP
dP
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H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
cH
dH
cF
dF
cP
dP
3. Location of a line
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H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
cH
dH
cF
dF
cP
dP
3. Location of a line
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H
F
F P
F
F P
H
F
F P
H
HORIZONTAL LINE FRONTAL LINE PROFILE LINE
aH
bH
aF bF aP bP
aH bH
aF
bF bP
aP
aH
bH
bF
aF aP
bP
4. Particular positions of a line
H
F
F P
F
F P
H
F
F P
H
HORIZONTAL LINE FRONTAL LINE PROFILE LINE
aH
bH
aF bF aP bP
aH bH
aF
bF bP
aP
aH
bH
bF
aF aP
bP
H
F
F P
F
F P
H
F
F P
H
HORIZONTAL LINE FRONTAL LINE PROFILE LINE
aH
bH
aF bF aP bP
aH bH
aF
bF bP
aP
aH
bH
bF
aF aP
bP
• Inclined line appears as TL on the plane
to which it is parallel
• They are termed as Frontal, Horizontal
and Profile
• TL view is always inclined while the
other views are foreshortened
• TL view gives more info
like TA of the line to the
plane of projection
• In frontal line, H and
P can be found as the
line is TL and planes are
in EV
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4. Particular positions of a line
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5. True length of a oblique line
• Oblique line does not appear TL in any principal views
• So aux view is needed. Here depth aux view wrt front view is
created to find the TL of the line 1-2
• F can also be found as the plane of projection (the wall) all
points are at distance D in the top view
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5. True length of a line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
TL
TL
TL
aA1
bA1
aA2
bA2
aA1
aA3
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5. True length of a line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
TL
TL
TL
aA1
bA1
aA2
bA2
aA1
aA3
X
X
Y
Y
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5. True length of a line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
TL
TL
TL
aA1
bA1
aA2
bA2
aA1
aA3
X
Y
Y
X
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5. True length of a line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
TL
TL
TL
aA1
bA1
aA2
bA2
aA1
aA3
Y
X X
Y
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5. True length of a line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
TL
TL
TL
aA1
bA1
aA2
bA2
aA1
aA3
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5’. True length of a line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
TL
TL
TL
aA1
bA1
aA2
bA2
aA1
aA3
0.9297
0.9297
0.9297
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6. Bearing of a line
• Position of line in space is also
described by bearing and slope of the
line
• If earth is considered as flat, then a
map is a top view
• Thus the bearing of a line is
measured with respect to North or
south in the top view of the line
• Generally upward is N, and generally
N and S are used together with E and
W to keep the less than 90°
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H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
38°
Bearing of a line is the
direction an oriented line
is doing with an
established direction NS
Bearing of line AB is N38E
N38
E
6. Bearing of a line
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7. Slope of a line
• If earth is considered as flat, then a map is a top view,
Horizontal plane is the most important plane
• Angle between a line (eg. Road) and horizontal plane is the
slope (important to describe)
• To measure slope of 1-2, a view must be got where the
line is in TL and
horizontal plane in EV
• Horizontal plane is in EV in the front view and is II to HF
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TL
7. Slope of a line
Slope of the line AB is -
24° since the line
descendes from A to B
(the distance form the
point of the line to the
horizontal plane
direction increases
bF
aF
F P
aP
Elevation view
- ajacent to the
top view
Hor
izon
tal
plan
e di
rect
ion
24°bH
aH
H
F
aA1
bP
bA1
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Slope of the line AB is -
24° since the line
descendes from A to B
(the distance form the
point of the line to the
horizontal plane
direction increases
bF
aF
F P
aP
bH
aH
H
F
aA1
bA1
bP
Elevation view
- ajacent to the
top viewH
oriz
onta
l
plan
e di
rect
ion
24°
TL
7. Slope of a line
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8. Point view of a line
• If a direction of sight is II to the TL view of the line, the line will appear as point
• If line is inclined, one auxiliary view required
• If line is oblique, two auxiliary view required
• Important to find the shortest distance between a line and a point
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8. Point view of a line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
aA1
bA1First
auxiliary
viewTL
Second
auxiliary
view
HA1
A1
A2
aA2=bA2
Point view
of the line ABH
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
aA1
bA1First
auxiliary
viewTL
Second
auxiliary
view
HA1
A1
A2
aA2=bA2
Point view
of the line AB
X
Y
Y
X
z
z
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9. Relative position of point vs. line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
1. Point C - on the line AB
2. Point D - not on the line AB
cH
cFcP
dH
dF dP
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9. Relative position of point vs. line
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bFbP
1. Point C - on the line AB
2. Point D - not on the line AB
cH
cFcP
dH
dF dP
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• Skew lines – non intersecting, non-parallel
and not coincident
• Intersecting lines (one common point)
• Parallel lines (no common point)
• Coincident lines (overlapping – all points
are common)
10. Relative position of two lines
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10a. Skew Lines
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bF
bP
cH
dH
cF
dF
cP
dP
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H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bF
bP
cH
dH
cF
dF
cP
dP
10a. Skew Lines
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10a. Skew Lines
• Since lines don’t intersect, they must go one over another. This
can help to find out which one goes over the other
• If you plot 5,6 (arbitrarily one point to one line) on TV and
project it to FV – we can see which line is passing above the
other line
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10b. Parallel Lines
• Parallel lines do not have any common point between them
• Parallel lines are seen as parallel in adjacent views, exception
to this when the lines are perpendicular to the FL, the lines
may or may not be parallel
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10b. Parallel Lines
• To find out if the lines are parallel, even if the lines are
perpendicular to the FL, it is best to draw the 3rd view
• If it is required to get the lines parallel, then use one view,
draw the lines parallel and complete the 3rd view
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10b. Parallel Lines
bF
aFkF
jF
F P
kPaP
bH
kHaH
H
F
jH
jP
bP
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bF
bP
jH
jF
jP
kH
kF kP
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10c. Intersecting Lines
• Intersecting lines
have one common
point between them
• The projection of the
points must be
aligned in adjacent
views
• If they are, then the
lines are intersecting
• If not, they are
skewed
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bF
bPeF
gF
gH
eH
eP
gP
H
F
F P
aH
aF
aP
bH
bF
bP
jH
jF
jP
kH
kF kP
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eFbF
aF
gF gP
F PeP
aP
bH
aH
H
F
gH
eH
bP
10c. Intersecting Lines
• Intersecting lines
have one common
point between them
• The projection of the
points must be
aligned in adjacent
views
• If they are, then the
lines are intersecting
• If not, they are
skewed
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eFbF
aF
gF gP
F PeP
aP
bH
aH
H
F
gH
eH
bP
10c. Intersecting Lines
• Intersecting lines
have one common
point between them
• The projection of the
points must be
aligned in adjacent
views
• If they are, then the
lines are intersecting
• If not, they are
skewed
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bF
aF
F P
aP
bH
aH
H
F
bP
10c. Coincident lines
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bF
aF
F P
aP
bH
aH
H
F
bP
cH
dH
cF
dF
cP
dP
10c. Coincident lines
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H
F
aH
aF
bH
bF
sH
sF
11. Location of a line
Locate a line // to a given line passing through a point
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H
F
aH
aF
bH
bF
jH
jF
kH
kF
sH
sF
11. Location of a line
Locate a line // to a given line passing through a point
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12. True distance between 2 // lines
Two auxiliary views
H
F
aH
aF
bH
bF
jH
jF
kH
kF
HA
A A1
aA
kA bA
jA
kA1=jA1
aA1=bA1
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Two auxiliary views
H
F
aH
aF
bH
bF
jH
jF
kH
kF
HA
A A1
aA
kA bA
jA
kA1=jA1
aA1=bA1
12. True distance between 2 // lines
x
x
Y
Y
Y’
Y’
X’
X’
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H
F
aH
aF
bH
bF
jH
jF
kH
kF
HA
A A1
aA
kA bA
jA
kA1=jA1
aA1=bA1
Distance between the
two points gives the
true distance between
parallel lines
12. True distance between 2 // lines
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13. Perpendicular lines
H
F
aH
aF
bH
bF
cH
cF
90° • A 90° angle appears in
true size in any view
showing one leg in TL
provided the other leg
does not appear as point
view
• Two intersecting lines are
perpendicular if the TL
projection is making 90°
with the other line
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13. Perpendicular lines