Sectionalizing Presentation
Transcript of Sectionalizing Presentation
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Sectionalizing
Rick Seeling Introduction
Philosophy
Pete Malamen
Three Phase Reclosers
High-Side Protection Specific Applications
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History Early 1970s
Small Substation Transformers
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History - Present
Larger Substation Transformers >5,000 kVA Single Phase Reclosers 4H & L Three Phase Reclosers w/ Single Phase Trip
Select Settings on Panel Sequential Coordination Standard
Automation Multiple Options
Switchgear w/ E fuses for UG Protection Three Phase Circuit Switcher/Transducer High-Side Protection Solid-State Relays w/ many Options 30 Ohm Minimum Fault resistance
Larger Single Phase Reclosers
Use Largest Recloser Possible
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Sectionalizing Publications
REA/RUS Bulletin 61-2 Guide for MakingSectionalizing Study on Rural Electric Systems
1978 (Rescinded)
Cooper/McGraw Distribution SystemProtection Manual
Westinghouse Applied Protective Relaying
CRN Bulletin 96-5 Ground Fault ImpedanceValues for System Protection
Manufacturers Literature
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Recloser Interruption &Control
Hydraulic Interruption & Control Least Expensive ($1,200-2,300)
Maintain @ 5 Year or Less Intervals
Subject to Miscoordination in Winter
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Recloser Interruption &Control
Hydraulic Control & VacuumInterruption
$100 More Expensive per Unit
Maintain @ 10+ Year Intervals
Same Miscoordination as Above
Higher Interruption Ratings
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Recloser Interruption &Control
Vacuum Interruption & Solid-StateControl
Limited Maintenance
Most Expensive (1-ph: $5,700 &
3-ph: $17,000)
Coordination Not Affected by Temperature Most Options
High Interruption Ratings
Solid Type Insulations (e. g. Epoxy)
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Recloser Selection
Interrupting Rating Load
Minimum Fault Coordination
Simultaneous Trip
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Recloser Ratings
4000----10K4000--------400200
4000----84004000--------280140
40002500600040002000----20010040002500----40002000----14070
30002500----30002000125010050
-----2100----210014008757035
----1500----150010006255025
----900--------6003753015
4EEWEL4HH
Min.
Trip
Coil
Size
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Recloser TCC
10 100
1,000
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
70,
(A)
70,
(B)
70,(C)
70,
(D)
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Recloser-Recloser Coordination
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
70,
(B)
50,
(B)
70,
(A)
50,L
(A)
50,4H
(B)
50,H(B)
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Simultaneous Trip
10 100
1,000
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
70,
(B)
50,L
(B)
70,L
(A)
50,L
(A)
600400
10100
1,0
00
0,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
70,(B)
50,(B)
70,L(A)
50,(A)
600400
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Simultaneous Trip
10 100
1,000
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
70,(B)
70,L(A)
35,L(B)
35,L(A)
800
650
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Recloser-Recloser Coordination
Summary
One Size Smaller Recloser willCoordinate
Skipping one Size will ReduceSimultaneous Trip
May Run Out of Sizes
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Rec oserFuse Coor ination
Type T
Current in Amperes
10 100
1,000
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
70,L
(B)
70,L(A)
25,T(TC)
15,T
(MM)
12,T(MM)
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Recloser-Fuse Coordination
Type 200
Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
70,L(B)
70,L
(A)
30,(TC)
15,N(MM)
20,N(MM)
Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
70,L(B)
70,L(A)
30,
(TC)
15,N
(MM)
20,N(MM)
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Recloser-Fuse CoordinationType E
Current in Am eres
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
70,L
(B)
70,L
(A)
15
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Recloser-Fuse Summary
Fuse Total Clearing Faster than RecloserDelay
Fuse Minimum Melt Slower thanRecloser Fast
Pick a Standard Usually Largest Fuse
Possible
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Fuse-Fuse Coordination
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
25,T(MM)20,T
(TC)
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Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T Type)
Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,T 15,T 25,T 40,T
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Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T Type)
Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSecond
s
.1
1
10
100
1,000
30,T20,T12,T8,T
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Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-
Bayonet)
Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
25,T(MM)
C10(25A.)Bayonet
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Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-E)
Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
25,T(MM)
25,EMM)(Std&Slow)
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
25,T(MM)
25,EMM)(Std&Slow)
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Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-K)
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
25,T(MM)
25,K(MM)
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Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-CL)
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
25,T(MM)
25,NX C(MM)
25NXII(MM)
Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
25,T(MM)
25,NX C(MM
25NXII(MM)
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Fuse-Fuse CoordinationSummary
Total Clearing Faster than MinimumMelt
Stick within a Series or Skip a Size
Avoid Mixing Different Types
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Sectionalizing Philosophy
Compromise Compromise
Compromise
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Minimum Fault Resistance
40 Ohm Old REA/RUS Standard
Based on 1920s Bell Lab Studies
Largest Single Phase Recloser - 70 Amp
Smaller Reclosers and Fuses Overall
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Minimum Fault Resistance
30 Ohm Supported by CRN 96-5
Less Conservative
Largest Single Phase Recloser 100 Amp
Larger Reclosers & Fuses
Fewer Three Phase Reclosers
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Minimum Fault Resistance
Values Used by IOUs NSP/Excel 20 Ohms
MP 0 Ohms or Twice Load Current
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Sectionalizing PhilosophyRecloser Sizing
Smallest vs. Largest vs. Hybrid Smallest
Smallest Recloser which can carry load
Faster Fault Clearing Smaller Load-Side Fuses
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Recloser Sizing
Largest Largest Recloser that Coordinates
Larger Load-Side Fuses
Fewer Changes in Future Hybrid
Same as Largest, but Size Reclosers to
Twice Load Level Less Simultaneous Tripping
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Fast vs. Delay Operations
Substation (1) Fast & (3) Delay
85% Faults Temporary
Better Coordination with Down-Stream Reclosers
Fewer Consumers Affected by Interruption
(0) Fast & (3 or 4) Delay Possibly More Outages for Temporary Faults
Excellent Coordination with Down-Stream Reclosers No Interruption to Affect Electronic or Commercial Loads
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Fast vs. Delay Operations
Feeder Reclosers (2) Fast & (2) Delay
Almost Universal
Allows for Temporary Faults to Clear FewerOutages
Affects Electronic Equipment Reset Clocks
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Fast vs. Delay Operations
Underground (1) Delay
No Temporary Faults on UG Shouldnt Use If Overhead Beyond Least Amount of Cable Damage
(2) Delay Good Coordination if Fuse Used for Overhead Beyond or
Fuses on UG Limited Cable Damage
(2) Fast & (2) Delay Necessary if Overhead Feeder Beyond Most Cable Damage
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Recloser Spacing
Mileage Between Reclosers on Three Phase 5 Miles
Sectionalize Circuit More
Shorter Outages
Run Out of Sizes on Long Feeders 10 Miles
More Line to Patrol for Outage Longer Outages
Not as Likely to Run Out of Sizes Except at 24.9kV
Longer Distance Difficulty Finding Fault
Mostly Easily to Backfeed
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Tap Protection w/ Recloser vs.Fuse
Recloser Smaller Reclosers or Lightly Loaded Reclosers
More Expensive if have to Purchases Reclosers
One More Operation for Temporary Fault Fewer Outages Smaller Fuses on Taps Beyond Recloser
Fuse Larger Fuses and on Tap
Replace Fuse for Outage Possibly More Outages
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Feeder Protection
Reclosers Substation
Taps with Load Larger than 20 amps or
Longer than 5 Miles Every 10 Miles Along Three Phase
Every 10 Miles Along Taps Where Load
Larger than 20 Amps
Beyond Special Loads
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Feeder Protection
FusesAll Taps or All Taps Longer than Three
Spans
Divide Taps Longer than 10 Miles
Sectionalizers
All Taps that Could be Fuses, But WouldOverload Fuse
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Minimum Line Recloser & FuseSize
What Size Transformer Fuse Do YouWant to Coordinate?
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Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size
What Size Transformer Fuse Do YouWant to Coordinate?
25 kVA 6,T
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Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size
Current in Amperes
10 100
1,000
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
6,T
(TC)
10,T
Current in Amperes
10 100
1,000
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
6,T
(TC)
10,T
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Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size
What Size Transformer Fuse Do YouWant to Coordinate?
25 kVA 6,T
Line Fuse 10,T
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Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSecond
s
.1
1
10
100
1,000
6,T
(TC)
10,T
25,4H
(B)
Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeco
nds
.1
1
10
100
1,000
6,T
(TC)
10,T
25,4H
(B)
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Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size
What Size Transformer Fuse Do YouWant to Coordinate?
25 kVA 6,T
Line Fuse 10,T
Recloser 25 amp
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Fuses in Series
Considerations Damage to Upstream Fuses
Minimum Fuse Size
Coordination Limitations
Avoid as Much as Possible
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Sectionalizing
Rick Seeling Introduction
Philosophy
Pete Malamen
Three Phase Reclosers
High-Side Protection Specific Applications
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Three Phase Reclosers
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Hydraulic Reclosers
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Recloser with CTs & Solenoids
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Electronic Control
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Triple-Single Option
1 Trip, 1 L.O.
1 Trip, 3 L.O.
3 Trip, 3 L.O.
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Current in Amperes
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
100,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
100 A PU, TD=2
U4-US Ext Inv
300 A PU, TD=2U4-US Ext Inv
200 A PU, TD=2
U4-US Ext Inv
Time Dial Settings
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Current in Amperes
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
100,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
200 A PU, TD=4
U4-US Ext Inv
200 A PU, TD=1
U4-US Ext Inv
200 A PU, TD=2
U4-US Ext Inv
Pickup Settings
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Current in Amperes
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
100,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
100 A PU, TD = 4
U2-US Inverse
300 A PU, TD = 2
U4-US Ext I nv
Phase Ground Coordination
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ANSI StandardDevice Designation Numbers
25) Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device Is a device that operates when two a-c circuits are within the desired limits of
frequency, phase angle, or voltage, to permit or to cause the paralleling of these twocircuits.
27) Undervoltage Relay Is a relay that functions on a given value of under-voltage.
32) Directional Power Relay Is a device that functions on a desired value of power flow in a given direction or upon
reverse power resulting from arcback in the anode or cathode circuits of a powerrectifier.
50) Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate-of-Rise Relay Is a relay that functions instantaneously on an excessive value of current or on an
excessive rate of current rise, thus indicating a fault in the apparatus or circuit being
protected.
51) A-C Time Overcurrent Relay Is a relay with either a definite or inverse time characteristic that functions when the
current in an a-c circuit exceed a predetermined value.
d d
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ANSI StandardDevice Designation Numbers
52) A-C Circuit Breaker
Is a device that is used to close and interrupt an a-c power circuit under normalconditions or to interrupt this circuit under fault of emergency conditions.
59) Overvoltage Relay Is a relay that functions on a given value of over-voltage.
67) A-C Directional Overcurrent Relay Is a relay that functions on a desired value of a-c overcurrent flowing in a
predetermined direction.
79) A-C Reclosing Relay Is a relay that controls the automatic reclosing and locking out of an a-c circuit
interrupter.
81) Frequency Relay Is a relay that functions on a predetermined value of frequency (either under or
over or on normal system frequency) or rate of change of frequency.
89) Line Switch Is a switch used as a disconnecting, load-interrupter, or isolating switch in an a-c
or d-c power circuit, when this device is electrically operated or has electricalaccessories, such as an auxiliary switch, magnetic lock, etc.
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One-line Diagram
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Conductor Arcing through Asphalt
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Conductor Breakage / Glassification
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Steady State Harmonic Energy
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Arcing Fault Harmonic Energy
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Substation Protection
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Current in Amperes
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
100,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,00065E SMD-Standard -T otal Clear A0.87 Low-Side Line to Line Fault
Mechanical Damage
Inrush
Thermal Damage
5,000 kVA, 69-12.47 kV
Transformer
65E SMD-Standard -To tal Clear A1.73 Low-Side Single Line to Ground Fault
65E SMD-Standard -Tot al Clear Low-Side Three Phase Fault
Substation Transformer
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Current in Amperes
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
100,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Mechanical Damage
Thermal Damage
Inrush
12/16/20 MVA, 69-12.47 kVTransformer
150E SMD-Standard -T otal Clear
150E SMD-Standard -Tot al Clear A1.73
Low-Side Single Line to Ground Fault
Low-Side Three Phase Fault
Large Substation Transformers
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Zones of Protection
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Differential Relays
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C.T. Curves
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Transformer Protection
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One-line Diagram
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Specific Applications
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Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSecond
s
.001
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
GE 10% Probability
Case Rupture
100 kVAr Units
15 T -Tot al Clear
15 T -Minimum Melt
Capacitor Protection
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Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.001
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
GE 10% Probability
Case Rupture
100 kVAr Units
15 T -Total Clear
15 T -Minimum Melt
25 T -Tot al Clear
25 T -Minimum Melt
Parallel Capacitors
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Current in Amperes
10
100
1,0
00
10,0
00
TimeInSeconds
.001
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
100 kVAr Units
GE 10% Probability
Case Rupture
25 T -Tot al Clear
25 T -Minimum Melt
25K NX Comp anion Fuses -Minimum Melt
25K NX Companion Fuses -Total Clear
Capacitor with C.L. Fuse
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Current Limiting Fuses
Partial range C.L. fuses Pad/Pole Transformer
Overhead capacitors
Underground applications Power quality
Hard to coordinate areas
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Step Down Transformer Protection
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Automatic Loop Restoration - 5 Reclosers
Substation 1 3.3 miles
R
3.3 miles
Substation 2
R
N.O.
RecloserR
N.C.
Recloser
N.C.
Recloser
N.C. - Normally-ClosedN.O. - Normally-Open
R
R
N.C.
Recloser
N.C.
Recloser
3.3 miles
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Loop Coordination
Loss of V By # of recloses & loss of V
Normal O.C. & comm.
Current diff & comm.
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Control Logic
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Questions & comments