Section P.1 Graphs and Models Sketching a graph (by hand ...

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1 Section P.1 Graphs and Models Sketching a graph (by hand & with a calculator) Finding the x & yintercepts (by hand!) Finding the symmetry (xaxis, yaxis or origin), if possible Finding points of intersection (by hand!) Finding a mathematical model for a set of data Now, for a little history: Rene Descartes (French mathematician) ‐ connected geometry and algebra by creating the concept of the coordinate plane (Cartesian Plane) in 1637. Now geometric concepts could be formulated analytically (think about the equation of a circle) and algebraic concepts could be viewed graphically (the graph of an equation). **Remember! Calculus uses different approaches to solve problems: graphically, analytically, numerically or verbally.

Transcript of Section P.1 Graphs and Models Sketching a graph (by hand ...

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Section P.1 ­ Graphs and Models• Sketching a graph (by hand & with a calculator)• Finding the x & y­intercepts (by hand!)• Finding the symmetry (x­axis, y­axis or origin), if possible• Finding points of intersection (by hand!)• Finding a mathematical model for a set of dataNow, for a little history: Rene Descartes (French mathematician) ‐ connected geometry and algebra by creating the concept of the coordinate plane (Cartesian Plane) in 1637. Now geometric concepts could be formulated analytically (think about the equation of a circle) and algebraic concepts could be viewed graphically (the graph of an equation).

**Remember! Calculus uses different approaches to solve problems: graphically, analytically, numerically or verbally.

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Sketching a graph ­ By handConstructing a table of values ­ Make sure you plot enough points!!Also ­ remember the basic shapes of the graphs of polynomial functions:

Linear (x): Quadratic (x2):

Cubic (x3): Quartic (x4):

(+) (­) (+) (­)

(+) (­) (+) (­)

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Be careful of the viewing window! Look at the equation on p3 

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Intercepts of a Graph:x­intercepts

Point(s) (a, 0) on the graphTo find algebraically, let y = 0 and solve for x

y­interceptsPoint(s) (0, b) on the graphTo find algebraically, let x = 0 and solve for y

** Look at the graphs on p4 for possible special cases

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Exploration

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Symmetry of a Graph:

There are three types of symmetry:1. Symmetric with respect to the y­axis

The graph "flips" across the y­axisTo check for this symmetry, replace x with (­x) and see if you 

get the equivalent equation**The graph of a polynomial will be symmetric with respect to the y­axis if 

each term has an EVEN exponent (or is a constant). Ex: y = 2x4 ­ x2 + 2Why? What happens when a negative number is raised to an even 

exponent?2. Symmetric with respect to the x­axis

The graph "flips" across the x­axisTo check for this symmetry, replace y with (­y) and see if you 

get the equivalent equation.3. Symmetric with respect to the origin

The graph "flips" across the origin (or the graph rotates 180 degrees)To check for this symmetry, replace x with (­x) and y with (­y) and see 

if you get the equivalent equation.

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Using the Intercepts and Symmetry to Sketch a Graph

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Points of Intersection: 1. Solve both equations for y (or y2) and set them equal to each other to find the 

x­coordinate(s) of the point(s) of intersection.**If one equation is solved for y2 and the other equation for y, when they are set 

equal to each other the y equation must be squared (y2 = y2)2. Substitute each x­coordinate back into one of the equations to find the 

y­coordinate of each point. 

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Word Problems!!!

75. Find the sales necessary to break even (R = C) if the cost C of producing x units is:Cost equation

and the revenue R for selling x units is:

Revenue equation

** I have recorded a video for the preceding word problems and loaded it onto MediaCast

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76.  Think About It: Each table shows solution points for one of the following equations:

(i) y = kx + 5 (ii) y = x2 + k (iii) y = kx3/2 (iv) xy = k

Match each equation with the correct table and find k.

X Y

1 3

4 24

9 91

(a) (b) X Y

1 7

4 13

9 23

(c) X Y

1 36

4 9

9 4

(d) X Y

1 ­9

4 6

9 71

77.  The table shows the consumer price index (CPI) for selected years (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics)(a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to find a mathematical 

model of the form y = at2 + bt + c for the data. In the model, y represents the consumer price index and t represents the year, with t = 0 corresponding to 1970.

(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the model and compare the data with the model.

(c) Use the model to predict the CPI for the year 2004.

Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

CPI 38.8 53.8 82.4 107.6 130.7 152.4 168.7

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79.  The resistance y in ohms of 1000 feet of solid copper wire at 77℉ can be approximated by the mathematical model

where x is the diameter of the wire in mils (0.001 in). Use a graphing utility to graph the model. If the diameter of the wire is doubled, the resistance is changed by approximately what factor?

If the diameter is doubled, the resistance changes by a factor of approximately 1/4

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