Section II: Change in Eastern Section II: Change in Eastern EuropeEurope

(Pages 468-472)(Pages 468-472)

Section II: Change in Eastern Section II: Change in Eastern EuropeEurope

(Pages 468-472)(Pages 468-472) This section is about:This section is about: How nationalism How nationalism

influenced the Greek and influenced the Greek and Serbian peoples to fight for Serbian peoples to fight for independence.independence.

How RussiaHow Russia’’s involvement s involvement in Eastern Europe caused in Eastern Europe caused the Crimean War.the Crimean War.

How RussiaHow Russia’’s czars in the s czars in the 18001800’’s ruled their country.s ruled their country.

WeWe’’ve been in ve been in Western Europe for a Western Europe for a while – now wewhile – now we’’re re moving a little.moving a little.

Look at the map on Look at the map on page 468page 468

And, look at the And, look at the definitions on 468 – definitions on 468 – especially the first.especially the first.

Why weWhy we’’re looking at re looking at this is on page 472 this is on page 472 (on the bottom): (on the bottom): Critical Thinking. Critical Thinking. What do you think?What do you think?

Change in Eastern EuropeChange in Eastern EuropeNationalism Leads to RevoltNationalism Leads to Revolt

Nationalism ideas Nationalism ideas spread in Europe in spread in Europe in the 1800the 1800’’s.s.

So did ideas of So did ideas of

self-determinationself-determination.. ItIt’’s exactly what it s exactly what it

says it is: a belief that says it is: a belief that people have the right people have the right to decide their own to decide their own form of government.form of government.

The Ottoman Empire and the The Ottoman Empire and the BalkansBalkans

In the early 1800In the early 1800’’s, the s, the Ottoman Empire is big Ottoman Empire is big

(map on 468).(map on 468). It includes parts of Africa, It includes parts of Africa,

the Middle East, and the Middle East, and Southeast Europe (the Southeast Europe (the Balkans).Balkans).

They had two problems in They had two problems in the 1800the 1800’’s:s:

1.1. The Sultans no longer The Sultans no longer controlled all the provinces.controlled all the provinces.

2.2. Ideas of nationalism were Ideas of nationalism were spreading among the people spreading among the people of the Balkans.of the Balkans.

…………… ……………....

The Balkans had many The Balkans had many nation-states nation-states with with different languages, different languages, cultures, and histories cultures, and histories (Greece, Albania, (Greece, Albania, Romania, Serbia, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Bulgaria).Croatia, and Bulgaria).

And, they had Muslims And, they had Muslims (and Christians and (and Christians and Jews - who were Jews - who were denied some rights by denied some rights by the Sultans).the Sultans).

Trouble in Serbia and the Trouble in Serbia and the BalkansBalkans

1804/1817: the first 1804/1817: the first Balkan (Serbs) Balkan (Serbs) revolts against the revolts against the Ottoman.Ottoman.

They lost both times.They lost both times. 1829: Serbs were 1829: Serbs were

finally given limited finally given limited self-rule.self-rule.

They started to have They started to have a a ““sense of identity.sense of identity.””

Greek IndependenceGreek Independence 1821: The Greeks had a 1821: The Greeks had a

rebellion.rebellion. Their leaders reminded their Their leaders reminded their

people the ancient Greeks came people the ancient Greeks came up with the idea of democracy.up with the idea of democracy.

Europe also went along with Europe also went along with these ideas and backed them up these ideas and backed them up (with money , some ships, and (with money , some ships, and even some people who went even some people who went and fought).and fought).

By 1830, Greece was an By 1830, Greece was an independent kingdom – and independent kingdom – and other nations had hope that other nations had hope that they would soon be too.they would soon be too.

European countries started European countries started taking over the Balkan taking over the Balkan peninsula (the Ottomans were peninsula (the Ottomans were too weak to stop them).too weak to stop them).

Russia, Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Great Britain, and France all planned to take and France all planned to take more Ottoman lands.more Ottoman lands.

RussiaRussia’’s Involvement Growss Involvement Grows

By the 1850By the 1850’’s Russia was s Russia was huge power in Europe. huge power in Europe.

France and Great Britain France and Great Britain (also world powers) were (also world powers) were worried Russia would try worried Russia would try and get even more power and get even more power and control.and control.

As the Russians and the As the Russians and the Ottomans battled for power, Ottomans battled for power, France and Great Britain France and Great Britain sometimes sided with the sometimes sided with the Russians, and sometimes Russians, and sometimes the Ottomans, depending the Ottomans, depending on the circumstances. on the circumstances. Sometimes they just Sometimes they just remained remained neutral neutral (not (not taking a side).taking a side).

The Crimean WarThe Crimean War Russia wanted the lands Russia wanted the lands

along the Danube River along the Danube River (giving the access to the (giving the access to the Mediterranean Sea).Mediterranean Sea).

In 1853, the Crimean War In 1853, the Crimean War was fought over these lands.was fought over these lands.

It was Great Britain, France, It was Great Britain, France, Sardinia (Italy) against the Sardinia (Italy) against the Russians in an area called Russians in an area called CrimeaCrimea..

It was a brutal war, with cold It was a brutal war, with cold weather, illness, and weather, illness, and malnutrition. malnutrition.

It was so bad they set up It was so bad they set up ““field hospitalsfield hospitals”” (one of the (one of the nurses who helped was nurses who helped was named named Florence Nightingale). Florence Nightingale).

By 1856, there was a peace By 1856, there was a peace treaty and Russia was treaty and Russia was stopped (at least for the stopped (at least for the time).time).

An early dispute of the Crimean War was An early dispute of the Crimean War was over religion and the Holy Lands of Palestineover religion and the Holy Lands of Palestine And who had the right to guard the key to And who had the right to guard the key to

BethlehemBethlehem’’s Church of the Nativitys Church of the Nativity

Florence Florence NightingaleNightingale

The Crimean War was the The Crimean War was the first to be covered by first to be covered by newspaper photographers newspaper photographers and correspondents. and correspondents.

So people could see So people could see soldiers were suffering and soldiers were suffering and wanted to help – by sending wanted to help – by sending nurses among other help.nurses among other help.

The American Civil War is The American Civil War is about the same time – a lot about the same time – a lot of American women wanted of American women wanted to be like Florence to be like Florence Nightingale and help the Nightingale and help the soldiers.soldiers.

Up until that time, men had Up until that time, men had been acting as nurses. been acting as nurses.

The The Russo-TurkishRusso-Turkish War of War of 18671867

In 1867, The Bulgarians and In 1867, The Bulgarians and Balkans revolted against the Balkans revolted against the Ottomans.Ottomans.

Russia also saw it as an Russia also saw it as an opportunity to fight the opportunity to fight the Ottomans.Ottomans.

This time, European nations This time, European nations stayed neutral.stayed neutral.

Without help, the Ottomans lost Without help, the Ottomans lost and Russia took control of many and Russia took control of many Balkan states. Serbia, Romania, Balkan states. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro became and Montenegro became independent.independent.

France, Germany, and Austria France, Germany, and Austria thought Russia had too much thought Russia had too much power, so they had a meeting to power, so they had a meeting to ““negotiate.negotiate.””

Russia lost most of the lands it Russia lost most of the lands it wanted. wanted.

It was said they It was said they ““won the war but won the war but lost the peace.lost the peace.””

…………………………………………..

Russia Faces Other Russia Faces Other ProblemsProblems

Czar Alexander I ruled Czar Alexander I ruled Russia from 1801-1825. Russia from 1801-1825.

It was a time when the It was a time when the czars had total power and czars had total power and didndidn’’t do much to help the t do much to help the regular people.regular people.

But Alexander I:But Alexander I: re-organized the re-organized the

government.government. expanded the education expanded the education

system.system. limited the use of the limited the use of the

secret police.secret police. He later changed his mind He later changed his mind

and became a little more and became a little more conservative (especially conservative (especially after the Congress of after the Congress of Vienna), but he did make Vienna), but he did make some changes.some changes.

Czar Nicholas ICzar Nicholas I Alexander I died suddenly Alexander I died suddenly

and his brothers and his brothers (Constantine and Nicholas (Constantine and Nicholas each said the other should each said the other should be the new czar.be the new czar.

In the confusion, a group of In the confusion, a group of army officers (Decembrists) army officers (Decembrists) tried to take over - and tried to take over - and demanded a constitution.demanded a constitution.

But it had already been But it had already been decided Nicholas I would be decided Nicholas I would be czar.czar.

The army officers would not The army officers would not give in, did battle with the give in, did battle with the regular troops and lost. regular troops and lost.

Anyone who survived Anyone who survived ““were were dealt with.dealt with.””

……………………………………..

Czar Nicholas ICzar Nicholas I was a was a reactionaryreactionary – he was against – he was against change.change.

He started a special police He started a special police to watch for groups who to watch for groups who might be against the might be against the government.government.

Anyone with liberal ideas Anyone with liberal ideas was arrested.was arrested.

Nicholas I censored Nicholas I censored newspapers and textbooks.newspapers and textbooks.

He banned any writing He banned any writing which disagreed with the which disagreed with the government.government.

He limited university He limited university attendance and class attendance and class subjects.subjects.

He refused to listen to any He refused to listen to any complaints from the serfs.complaints from the serfs.

Reforms of Alexander IIReforms of Alexander II Nicholas I died in 1855.Nicholas I died in 1855. His son became Czar: His son became Czar:

Alexander II.Alexander II. He believed in reforms.He believed in reforms. He began trials with juries.He began trials with juries. He expanded the railway He expanded the railway

system.system. Most important: he agreed Most important: he agreed

he would end serfdom. he would end serfdom. TheyThey’’d be able to buy land d be able to buy land and pay for it gradually.and pay for it gradually.

But it didnBut it didn’’t work. Too t work. Too many serfs went too deeply many serfs went too deeply into debt and things got into debt and things got even worse.even worse.

In 1881, he was In 1881, he was assassinated, succeeded by assassinated, succeeded by his son, his son, Alexander IIIAlexander III, and , and later by later by Nicholas II Nicholas II (both (both conservative rulers who conservative rulers who resisted change).resisted change).