SECTION 9: BUILDING HOUSES INCREMENTALLY

IntroductiontoInformalSettlementUpgrading

Section9:BuildingHousesIncrementally,©NUSP2015 1|Page

SECTION9:BUILDINGHOUSESINCREMENTALLY

Summary

Incrementalhousing

Incremental housing is a step-by-step process of building andupgradingahouse.Itisalsoreferredtoashousingconsolidation,andit goes by other, different names, such as starter housing, phased-development housing or owner-driven housing. Basically, incremental housing is a processwhereby households build and extend their houses on an ad hoc basis in response to theirneedsandtheavailabilityofresources.Generallyitisanapproachusedbyhouseholdswithloworirregularincomes,andlimitedornoaccesstocreditandloans,whostartbybuildingasmallaffordabledwelling.Over timetheyexpandand improvethehousebasedontheirneedsandresources.Thisprocessofextensionandmodificationcantakedecades.Theessentialelementof incremental housing is that it enables households to respond to their own priorities andneeds,andtohaveagreaterlevelofauthorityovertheirownhousingsolutions.

South Africa’s national programme for helping poor households toaccess housing is based on the premise that the governmentmustbuild ahouse for eachhousehold.However in SouthAfrica, andallovertheworld,poorpeoplearebuildingtheirownhouses.Thenumberofinformalsettlementsaroundthecountryhasgrownfromapproximately300in1994toanestimated2600in2014.Asshown inCensus2011,approximately1.25millionhouseholds live in informalsettlements,700000householdsareinbackyardsofexistingformalhousesand1.1millionareintraditionaldwellings.Whilethesestructuresareinformal,theyprovideshelterandrepresentasignificantpersonalinvestment.

Theadvantagesof incrementalhousingare that it enableshouseholds to invest constantly inimprovingtheirlivingconditions,asandwhentheyareabletoaffordit.Furtherhouseholdsareimproving theirhousing circumstances rather thanwaiting inpoor conditionsuntil ahouse isdelivered by government. It enables government to use its funds to improve services,incorporating informal settlement into the municipal management system. Government caninvest in social and community facilities, rather than in building houses for individuals. It isneeds-oriented,beingspecifictothesiteanduser.Thehouseisbuiltovertime,withinaperiodthat is specific to the household’s available resources and affordability. The house can bedesigned for flexibility.Nomortgageor formalcredit isusually involvedor required.Havingaregularwageincomeisnotarequirementtobuildahouseincrementally.

For more details seeSection9,item1.1




Thereisincreasingrecognitionamongsthousingpractitionersandthegovernment of the growing pressure on the funds available forhumansettlement.Many factors, includinga sloweconomicgrowthrateandcompetingdemandsfortheavailablemoney,continuetoputpressureonthedeliveryof housing. There is increasing emphasis on informal settlement upgrading, and the need todevelopmechanismsandapproachesforthebuildingorconsolidationofhouseswithininformalsettlementupgradingprojects.Oneofthebenefitsofanincrementalapproachisthatupgradingthenbecomesasharedresponsibilityanddoesnotrestsolelyongovernment.

Theformalapproachtohousingistop-downdelivery.Thiscomprisesaprocess whereby title to the land is provided, the infrastructure isinstalled, the house is built and new owners then move into thehouse,i.e.ontotheland.Theincrementalorinformalprocesscanbedescribedasthereverseofthe formalprocess. Inan informalprocesspeoplemoveonto the landandbuild theirhousesfirst,andthenthedeliveryofinfrastructureandtitletothelandfollows.

Thewaysinwhichhouseholdsbuildincrementallyinclude:

• Self-build: The households build the house themselves, often with the help of familymembers in a process called sweat equity (which refers to the householders makingtheirowncontributions).

• Local contractors: The household accumulatesmaterials and contracts a local builder,generallyonalabouronlybasis,instages,asresourcesallow.





• Community build: This is a processwhere the community as a group accessmaterialsandbuildthehouses.ThisiscalledtheEnhancedPeople’sHousingProcessandenablesaccesstoacertainlevelofgovernmentsubsidy.

ExamplesofIncrementalbuilding

Whatfactorsaffectahousehold’sabilitytoconsolidatetheirhouse?

Themostimportantelementthatinfluenceshousingconsolidationisthe households’ need or desire to improve their own housingconditions.Theirability toaffordhouse improvement is the secondmost important factor. Affordability can be facilitated by availability of a subsidy, savings,disposableincome,creditavailabilityandhouseholdandcommunitycontributions.

Evenwiththedesiretoimprovetheirhousingandtheabilitytoaffordtodoso,householdsareunable to improve their housing unless they can find access tomanagement skills, technicalsupport,buildingmaterialsandcontractors.

The following people or groups play important roles in the process of building housesincrementallyininformalsettlementupgradingprojects:

For more details seeSection9,item2



• Households:Thewholeprocessmustrevolvearoundthehouseholdseitherindividuallyoringroups.

• Government:Thefirstroleofgovernmentistoprovidethepublicenvironment(parks,roads), tenure and basic services. Thereafter, government should play a role insupporting and/or funding and/or facilitating the incremental house consolidationprocess.

• Professionalserviceorganisations:Thiscomprisesprojectmanagerswhoareappointedtoimplementaninformalsettlementupgradingproject.

• Community organisations: Play a role in representing the needs of the wholecommunity.

• Non-profit/community resource organisations (NPOs and CROs): These organisationscan play an essential role in helping communities, and facilitating the developmentprocesses.

• PrivateSector:Privatesectororganisationscanprovidemoneyloanstohouseholdsandsupplybuildingmaterials.

Municipalitiesorauthoritiesareoftenuncomfortablewithanincrementalapproachtohousingdevelopment because it is generally unregulated and during the incremental process isconsidereduntidy.Further, therearesomedisadvantagesorriskstoan incrementalself-buildapproach. Often, particularly where the incremental housing process is not accompanied bysupport, itresults incompromiseddesignswithpoororientation,safetyandhealthissuesandpoorqualitymaterials.Withoutsupport,householdsareoftenunrealisticwiththeirplans.Theymaystartwithtoobigastructureandthendonothavetheresourcestofinishit.Theyendupwithalargeunfinishedshellthatdeterioratesovertime.

Themunicipalitycanworktomitigatethesedisadvantagesandsupporthouseholdstobuildforthemselves.With support households can build a completed small structure,which they canthenaddtoovertimeasandwhentheyhavethefunds.

SupportinghousingconsolidationTherearethreewaysinwhichamunicipalitycansupporthousingconsolidation:

• Municipalprovisionofhousing, i.e.usingahousing contractor toprovidea subsidised(BNG)housethroughtheIRDPSubsidyProgramme;

• A community/NGO-partnership working with local small builders or groups ofhouseholdsthroughtheEnhancedPeople’sHousingProcessSubsidyProgramme;




• Supporting the owner-builder-based approach, to assist households to upgrade theirhousesusinganincrementalapproachandusingtheirownresources.

ResearchersCliveForsterandDavidGardnerinthereport‘FinancingHousing Consolidation in In Situ Informal Settlement UpgradingProgrammes in South Africa’ identify the following categories ofsupportthatmunicipalitiescouldprovideininformalsettlementupgradingprojectsinordertoenableincrementalhousingconsolidation:

• Urbanplanning andmanagement fundamentals:Municipalitiescanstimulatehousinginvestment through landtenuresecurity, townplanning layoutsandhousedesign, thesettlementplan,sitesizeandassistancetosecurebuildingplanapproval.Alsosettingupa planning and urban management forum that will assist with incremental housebuilding.

• Facilitating household investment in housing: Facilitating private or householdinvestmentintheirownhousingdevelopmentprocess.

• Supporting access to the private finance market for households: Implementingapproaches to extend the access to appropriate financial services that are suited toincrementalhousebuildingprocesses.

• House subsidyassistance:Providingsubsidysupport tohouseholds,which issufficientfor safe and healthy incremental house consolidation. This would enable appropriatehousingdesignforeachupgradingcontext.

• Home building technical support: Providing support to households to help them tounderstandthehomebuildingprocessandtomanagerisks.

• Constructionsectorcapacitydevelopment:Facilitatingthedevelopmentandavailabilityof suitably skilled, efficient and cost-competitive contractors and building materialssuppliers.

Itisfundamentaltotheprocessthatadeepparticipativemodelisfollowed.Thismeansthatallthepartiestotheprocessreachagreementonwhat,how,andwhenactionsareimplemented.It is also important to note the following factors that should be considered given that thisapproachisashiftawayfromhowdeliveryiscurrentlyoccurring:

• Politicalsupport:Doesthepoliticalleadershipunderstandtherationaleforadoptingthisapproach?Anddotheyunderstandwhatitimplies?Willtheybeabletosellanddefendtheapproachtotheirconstituencies?Aretheyabletolivewithinformality?

• Communityexpectationsandbuy-in:Isthetargetcommunityalreadyinvestingintheirhousesinthesettlement?Doesthetargetcommunityunderstandwhythisapproachisnecessary? Will they be able to work within this approach? Can the community bemobilisedtomaketherequisiteprivate inputsorwilltheypassivelywaitfortheirBNGunit?




• Regulatory system viability: Will the institutional/regulatory systems and institutionsallow you to develop and apply zoning andbuilding regulationswhichofferguidance,ratherthanprescriptiontoincrementalhousingbuildingactivities?

• Social feasibility:Will there be groups in the target communitywhowill be excludedfromthisincrementalconsolidationapproach?Ifso,who?Andwhatcanbedoneaboutthis?

Thenationalbuildingregulationsrequirespecificdesignandconstructionstandards,whichareunlikelytobemetinanincrementalhousebuildingprocess.Asaruleincrementalbuildersdonot have formal building plans, approved or otherwise, and do not adopt national buildingregulation specifications. Notwithstanding the houses built incrementally, particularly wherethere is support and advice, represent a significant improvement in a households livingconditions.Thecriticalissueishowmunicipalitiesaccommodateincrementalhousingprocesseswithinthecontextofthenationalbuildingregulations.

TheHousingCodeindicatesspecifications inrespectofsubsidisedBNGhouses,butnotesthatthese do not have to apply in informal settlements.With respect to the Enhanced People’sHousingProcess(EPHP)compliancewithbuildingregulationsisaddressedthroughensuringthatparticipatinghouseholdshavetechnicalsupport(formoredetailsseebelow).Notwithstandingthe above, currently there are no appropriate regulations in place to effectively enableincremental housing processes. Municipalities need to find innovative approaches that canovercome this obstacle. Some of these approaches include innovative zoning approaches,primary building rights, town planning, building standards and controls and structuredprogrammeapproaches.

Thereareanumberofthingsthatamunicipalitycandotosupportandencouragehouseholdsto invest intheirhouses includingshowpoliticalandcommunitysupport for incrementalself-build, protect prior investment in housing, develop knowledge and capacity, arrangehomebuildingprogrammes, support livelihoodsand incomegenerationand support access toprivate finance. In respect of the latter i.e. supporting access to private finance, finance forhousingconsolidationcancomefrom:borrowingfromfamily;revolvingcreditstokvelfinance;materialssuppliercredit;informalmoneylenders;smallloans/creditandemployerloans.

In respect of providing households with technical support the most important forms offacilitationare:

• Information-sharingregardingbuildingnormsandstandardsandapprovalprocesses;

• Potentialinnovativebuildingoptionstoassistconsolidationsuchassharedwalls;

• Adviceonhouseplacementonsites;

• Determiningboundariesanddisputeresolutionsupport;



• Housedesignandcostingincludingtheprovisionofstandardized,possiblypre-approved,house plans, maybe including basic bills of quantities and indicative costs and theprovisionoflimiteddesignandstructuralengineeringinput

• Negotiatingpartywallsortownplanningconcessionsbetweenneighboursandbetweenhouseholdsandmunicipalitiescanalsoassisttostimulatehousedevelopment.

• Household construction management support including lists of local contractors andartisans;basiclegalorparalegalsupportprovidingcontractingassistanceandmilestone-basedinspectionscoupledwithtechnicaladvice.

• Trainingandassistanceforself-buildprocesses.

• Buildingmaterialsaccess.

EnhancedPeople’sHousingProcess(EPHP)The incremental approach to housing delivery is supported in theHousing Code through the Enhanced People’s Housing Process(EPHP). EPHP is based on the principles of community decision-making/choice;communitycontributionandpartnershipsand leveragingadditional resources.Inthisinstance,communityisdefinedbylocation,forexamplethoselivinginaparticulararea,orbycommoninterest,forexampleahouseholdwhowantsahouseandwillparticipateinthecommunityhousingprocessinordertogetit.

EPHPcanonlybeappliedwhenthereareapprovedcommunityresourceorganisations(CROs).CROs can be NGOs, community-based organisations (CBOs) or a specifically createddevelopment consortium. If necessary, the National Department of Human Settlements willprovidetheskillsneededforaCROtoworkwithacommunityinimplementinganEPHPproject.

EPHP will only be applied where communities are prepared to make minimum communitycontributions(seebelow).TheEPHPismadeupoffourdifferentformsoffunding:

1. Capitalfunding:Thestandardhousingsubsidyamountforthetop-structureisprovided.Ifthemunicipalityisnotabletocoverlandandinfrastructurecoststhenthefullcapitalhousingsubsidywillapply.

2. Capacity building fund: This is funding to facilitate the EPHPprocesses of communityengagement. This capacitybuilding funding relates todifferent aspectsof thehousingprocess.

3. Communitycontributions/equity:FortheprojecttoqualifyfortheEPHPprogrammeatleast four ormoreof the following community contributions need to be incorporatedintotheprojects:

• Time/leadership/participation/ownership of the project by the community,createdbyparticipatingincommunitymeetingsandsettingupaprojectsteeringcommittee.Thisisacompulsorycontribution.




• Agreement on, and selection of, an accredited CRO. This is a compulsorycontribution.

• Land.• Savingscontributions,managedandusedinaccordancewithdecisionstakenby

thecommunity.• Top-up funding through various partnerships forged by the community with

otherstakeholders.• Demonstratedknowledge/skills/expertise.• Labour,notnecessarilyfree(paymentwouldbedecidedonaprojectbasis).• Materials contributions, by setting up of brick-making yards, using recycled

materials,orthroughdonationsfromsuppliers,forexample.• Specialcommunityinitiativesrelatedandconnectedtothehousingproject/area

suchascommunityfoodgardensorcommunitycare.• Bringingincommunityvolunteersoremployers.

4. Bridgingfinance:BridgingfinancemaybenecessarytoensurethattheprogrammecancarryonandtoreducetherisksforCROs.

A component of the subsidy is used to establish support centres from which the managingentities(whicharecommunity-based)undertakethedailyprojectmanagementoftheproject.In addition the Housing Code stipulates that housing support centres will provide technicaladviceanddevelopco-operativearrangementstopurchasematerials,aswellasassistinginthelocalmanufactureofmaterials.

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Content

1.Incrementalhousing

1.1 Whatisincrementalhousing?Incrementalhousingisastep-by-stepprocessofbuildingandupgradingahouse.Wealsoreferto it ashousing consolidation,and it goesbyother,differentnames, suchas starterhousing,phased-development housing or owner-driven housing. Basically, incremental housing is aprocesswherebyhouseholdsbuildandextendtheirhousesonanadhocbasis inresponsetotheir needs and the availability of resources.Generally it is an approach used by householdswithloworirregularincomes,andlimitedornoaccesstocreditandloans,whostartbybuildingasmallaffordabledwelling.Overtimetheyexpandandimprovethehousebasedontheirneedsandresources.Thisprocessofextensionandmodificationcantakedecades.

Theessentialelementofincrementalhousingisthatitenableshouseholdstorespondtotheirown priorities and needs, and to have a greater level of authority over their own housingsolutions.

1.2 PeoplearedoingitforthemselvesSouthAfrica’snationalprogrammeforhelpingpoorhouseholdstoaccesshousing isbasedonthe premise that the governmentmust build a house for each household. However in SouthAfrica,andallovertheworld,poorpeoplearebuildingtheirownhouses.Asshowninthe2011Census therewere 1.25million households in informal settlements and a further 700 000 inbackyards.

While these structuresare informal, theyprovide shelterand representa significantpersonalinvestment. In addition, as discussed in Section 7, once households feel that their tenure ismore secure, they start to improve their informal dwellings intomorepermanent structures.

“IfwecanfigureouthowtotapintothevitalityandcreativityofthepeoplelivingininformalityDESPITEthepowerdifferences,andhowtoLIBERATEthecreativityfromthe

bottomupwewillbetakingabigsteptowardsthefuturewehopetosee”.

UNHabitat:JanicePerlman.UrbanInformality–MarginalorMainstream?



Generally, when people start to improve their dwellings they manage the improvementsthemselves,andtheydotheupgradesincrementally.

Advantagesofincrementalhousing

• It enables households to invest constantly in improving their living conditions, as andwhentheyareabletoaffordit.

• Households are improving their housing circumstances rather than waiting in poorconditionsuntilahouseisdeliveredbygovernment.

• It enables government to use its funds to improve services, incorporating informalsettlementintothemunicipalmanagementsystem.

• Governmentcaninvestinsocialandcommunityfacilities,ratherthaninbuildinghousesforindividuals.

• Householdscanbuildquickerinitially,astheyarebuildinglesstostartwith.

• Itisneeds-oriented,beingspecifictothesiteanduser.

• Thehouseisbuiltovertime,withinaperiodthatisspecifictothehousehold’savailableresourcesandaffordability.

• Thehousecanbedesignedforflexibility.

• Nomortgageorformalcreditisusuallyinvolvedorrequired.

• Havingaregularwageincomeisnotarequirementtobuildahouseincrementally.

1.3 Willincrementalhousingbecomemoresignificant?Thenumberofinformalsettlementsaroundthecountryhasgrownfromapproximately300in1994toanestimated2600in2014.Mostofthesesettlementsarelocatedinlargemetropolitanandurbancentres1.The2011SouthAfricancensusshowedthatthereareatotalof3.05millionhouseholds living in incrementally developed/developing houses in South Africa,made up asfollows:

• Approximately1.25millionhouseholdsareininformalsettlements;

• 700000householdsareinbackyardsofexistingformalhouses;

1NUSPandthecaseforinformalsettlementupgrading,WesternCapeWorkshop,14-15November2013



• 1.1millionaretraditionaldwellings.

Thisindicatesthatasignificantnumberofhouseholdsinthecountryarecurrentlybuildingtheirhousesincrementally.

Researchshowsthatatpresentthemostcommonformofgovernmenthousingdeliveryisstillaservicedsiteplusa top-structure,asapartofPhase4of theUISP,or through relocationandgreenfield development. However, because of existing resource constraints delivery of theservicedsiteand thehousedon’thappenat thesametime.This leavesagrowingnumberofhouseholds with perhaps one, two or three elements of an upgrading programme (such astenureand/orsanitationand/orwaterreticulationand/orelectrificationand/orshelter)butinmostcasesnotallofthesesimultaneously.

There is increasing recognition amongst housing practitioners and the government of thegrowingpressureonthefundsavailableforhumansettlement.Manyfactors, includingasloweconomic growth rate and competing demands for the available money, continue to putpressureonthedeliveryofhousing.

Inaddition, indicationsarethatSouthAfrica’sbacklogremainsat roughlythesame levelas itwasin1994andthatmanypeoplecontinuetowaitforhousingafter20yearsofdemocracy.Asa result there isnow increasingemphasison informal settlementupgrading,and theneed todevelopmechanismsandapproachesforthebuildingorconsolidationofhouseswithininformalsettlementupgradingprojects.Oneofthebenefitsofanincrementalapproachisthatupgradingthenbecomesasharedresponsibilityanddoesnotrestsolelyongovernment.

IncrementalhousingapproachesarefurthersupportedbytheNationalDevelopmentPlanwhichindicatesthefollowing:

Largeamountsofmoneyhavebeenspenton thehousingsector,butmajorproblems remain.The system of state-provided housing has benefited many poor households, but may haveunderminedtheincentiveforpeopletoupgradetheirownhousingcircumstancesandmayhaveincreased a dependency on the state for the supply of private goods. A national discussion isrequired on the future funding of housing in South Africa, and on the respective roles of thestate,theprivatesectorandindividualhouseholdsinprovidinghousingandcreatingintegratedandsustainablehumansettlements.(NDPp270)

1.4 Howdopeoplebuildincrementally?Theformalapproachtohousingistop-downdelivery.Thiscomprisesaprocesswherebytitletothe land is provided, the infrastructure is installed, the house is built and new owners thenmoveintothehouse,i.e.ontotheland.Theincrementalorinformalprocesscanbedescribedas the reverse of the formal process. In an informal process peoplemoveonto the land andbuildtheirhousesfirst,andthenthedeliveryofinfrastructureandtitletothelandfollows.



Thewaysinwhichhouseholdsbuildincrementallyinclude:

• Self-build: The households build the house themselves, often with the help of familymembers in a process called sweat equity (which refers to the householders makingtheirowncontributions).

• Local contractors: The household accumulatesmaterials and contracts a local builder,generallyonalabouronlybasis,instages,asresourcesallow.

• Community build: This is a processwhere the community as a group accessmaterialsandbuildthehouses.ThisiscalledthePeople’sHousingProcessandenablesaccesstoacertainlevelofgovernmentsubsidy.



ExamplesofIncrementalbuilding



2.Whatfactorsaffectahousehold’sabilitytoconsolidatetheirhouse?2

Desiretoconsolidatehousing

Themost importantelementthat influenceshousingconsolidation is thehouseholds’needordesiretoimprovetheirownhousingconditions.Themainfactorscontributingtothisare:

• Theextenttowhichthehouseholdneedsahouseasopposedtotemporaryshelter.

• Afundamentalconditionthatmustbepresentbeforepeopleare prepared to improve their houses is tenure security.There is evidence that shows that from the moment aninformalsettlementisformallyrecognised,householdsaremorewillingtoinvestintheiraccommodation,asthefearoflosingthisinvestmentdiminishes.

• Alackofknowledgeofhousingprocessesisamajorobstacletobeingabletomobiliseresourcesandundertakehomeconsolidation.

• Households will weigh up the different alternatives available to them. The mostimportant consideration is the extent to which they think there is the potential ofsecuringalternativehousing,particularlyafullysubsidisedhouse.

• Thehomebuildingprocessiscomplexandisinfluencedbyarangeoftownplanningandbuilding regulations and constraints. The extent towhich thesemaybeovercomeorsimplifiedaffectshouseholds’willingnesstoimprovetheirhouses.

• The extent to which there is government investment in the area can also influencehouseholds’ decisions to invest. As a settlement becomes more welcoming andprogressively becomes home rather than shelter, households generally becomemorewillingtoinvest.

Affordabilityofhousingimprovements

While it is firstly important, or even critical, that households are willing to invest in houseconsolidation, theirability toaffordhouse improvement is thesecondmost important factor.Affordabilitycanbefacilitatedbythefollowing:

• Availability of a subsidy: The availability of any government subsidy for top-structuredevelopmentwouldhelphouseholdsaffordimprovements.Thesubsidymaybeappliedtothefullstructure(BNGhousingapproach)orastarterelement(suchasafoundationslab).

2ThissectionisadaptedfromFinancingHousingConsolidationinInSituInformalSettlementUpgradingProgrammesinSouthAfrica,CliveForsterandDavidGardner,preparedfortheWorldBankandNUSP,17July2014

TenuresecurityisdiscussedinSection7.



• Savings:Moneysaved,orbuildingmaterials thehouseholdshavebeenable tocollect,canprovideabasefornewhousedevelopment.

• Disposable income: Themoney the household can invest in housing and the possiblecredittheymaybeabletogetforhousingconsolidation,isdeterminedbytheamountofmoney left over after all other household expenses (food, transport, education) havebeen covered.Given thatmost households in informal settlement upgrading schemeshave low income levels, this is a major obstacle to households being able to affordimprovementsortoraisecreditforhouseconstruction.However,whereasettlementiswelllocated,savingsintransportcosts,forexample,mayfreesomemoneytoinvestinhousing.

• Credit availability: The ability of households to raise credit for house construction orimprovementisakeyfactorinaffordability.Creditmaybeobtainedfromoneormoreofthe following:buildingmaterials credit, loans from family and friends, revolving creditschemes,unsecuredsmallloans,pension-backedloans,and/ormortgagefinance.

• Householdandcommunitycontributions:Thelabour(orsweatequity)thathouseholdsarewillingtocontributetomeettheirhousingneedsstronglyinfluencesthepercentageoftheirresourcesthattheyallocatetohousingconsolidation.

Accesstosupportforincrementalhousebuilding

Evenwiththedesiretoimprovetheirhousingandtheabilitytoaffordtodoso,householdsareunabletoimprovetheirhousingunlesstheycanfindaccessto:

• Management skills:Theextenttowhichhouseholdscanmanagetheprocessofhouseupgrading is uneven, but nevertheless determines how successful home constructionmay be. Assisting households to developmanagement skills, or to find someone elsewhoalreadyhassuchskills,canpositivelyaffectthepaceandsuccessofconstruction.

• Technical support: Households may not be skilled at home construction. As a result,there are a range of technical support activities that can help, including building plandevelopment,plancosting,contractingsupportandaccesstocredit.

• Accessing building materials: Initiatives aimed at improving access to affordable,appropriate building materials, close to informal settlement upgrading areas, cansubstantially assist house upgrading. In addition theremay be opportunities for usingbuildingmaterialsdevelopmenttechnologies(e.g.brickmakingandtrussmanufacture)locally,whichwillhelpthisprocess.

• Contractordevelopment:Whilemostcommunitieshavecontractorswhocanassistwithhouse development, the contractors’ skills can be very uneven. This provides anopportunity for development activities aimed at improving small contractor skills andprofessionalism. The result will be ensuring that the accommodationmeets statutorynormsandstandards.



Actors(androles)inincrementalhomebuilding

The following people or groups play important roles in the process of building housesincrementallyininformalsettlementupgradingprojects:

• Households:Themostimportantpeopleinvolvedinincrementalhousebuildingarethehouseholds who are living in informal settlements. The whole process must revolvearoundthehouseholdseitherindividuallyoringroups.

• Government:Thefirstroleofgovernmentistoprovidethepublicenvironment(parks,roads), tenure and basic services. Thereafter, government should play a role insupporting and/or funding and/or facilitating the incremental house consolidationprocess.

• Professionalserviceorganisations:Thiscomprisesprojectmanagerswhoareappointedtoimplementaninformalsettlementupgradingproject.Projectmanagerscanplayakeyroleinmakingincrementalhouseconsolidationpossible.

• Community organisations: Play a role in representing the needs of the wholecommunity.Theycanliaisewiththevariousagentsandofficials,andpotentiallyassistinmanaging community facilities, resources and programmes aimed to assist withincrementalhouseconsolidation.

• Non-profit/community resource organisations (NPOs and CROs): These organisationscan play an essential role in helping communities, and facilitating the developmentprocesses.Theycanalsohelptoaccessprivateandgovernmentresources,andmaybeable to serve as project managers. Specialist NPOs may also offer more specificassistance in the incrementalhouseconsolidationprocesses.Thismay include:design,building industry development, contracting and development support during houseconstruction.

• PrivateSector:Privatesectororganisationscanprovidesomeoftheimportantelementsrequired for incremental house consolidation. In particular they can provide moneyloanstohouseholdsandsupplybuildingmaterials.



3.Supportinghousingconsolidation

3.1 Optionsforthemunicipality

Phase4oftheUISPBelow is an extract from the Housing Code, Volume 4, Incremental Intervention, UpgradingInformalSettlementsregardingPhase4oftheUISP,HousingConsolidation,p45.

Upon completion of the first three phases, the final phase of township establishmentfinalisation, ownership registration (where appropriate), and house construction willcommence.Anyoutstandingsocialamenitieswillalsobeconstructedduringthefinalphase.

The final phase assistance will be administered in terms of the provisions of the relevantNational Housing Programme opted for. For example, beneficiaries of IRDP projects willreceiveasubsidyamountequaltotheresidualofthesubsidyamount(butnotlessthantheapplicable Consolidation Subsidy amount) after the deduction of any costs incurred duringPhases 1 to 3 that contributed towards the permanent development of the property,excluding funds expended for land acquisition, community participation facilitation, socialamenities,relocationassistancecost,etc.

Avarietyofoptionswillbeavailable for the implementationofPhase4.Thesewill includePeople’s Housing Projects, individual ownership options, contractor-built houses, rentalaccommodation and medium density options that may include rental and individualownershipoptions.

Duringthesephases,qualifyingresidentswillbeencouragedtodevelophousingproposalsinaccordancewiththeirindividualandcommunalneeds,affordabilityandaspirations.

Therearethreewaysinwhichamunicipalitycansupporthousingconsolidation:

• Municipalprovisionofhousing, i.e.usingahousing contractor toprovidea subsidised(BNG)housethroughtheIRDPSubsidyProgramme;

• A community/NGO-partnership working with local small builders or groups ofhouseholdsthroughtheEnhancedPeople’sHousingProcessSubsidyProgramme;

• Supporting the owner-builder-based approach, to assist households to upgrade theirhousesusinganincrementalapproachandusingtheirownresources.

Risksoftheself-buildapproachtoincrementalhousing

Earlier we discussed the advantages to an incremental self-build approach to improvingdwellings, aswell as the reasonswhy incremental housingwill becomemore significant.Wealsodiscussedthefactorsthatlimithouseholdsfromupgradingtheirhouses.Inaddition,there



are some disadvantages or risks to an incremental self-build approach. Themunicipality canworktomitigatethesedisadvantagesandsupporthouseholdstobuildforthemselves.

Often, particularlywhere the incremental housing process is not accompanied by support, itresultsincompromiseddesignswithpoororientation,safetyandhealthissuesandpoorqualitymaterials. The provision of support can limit this disadvantage. The key elements that arecritical to good house design and which are often compromised in an incremental housingprocessinclude:

• Orientation:Thehouseisnotorientedonthesitetomaximisesunlightandallowfutureexpansion;

• Firesafety:Thehouseisbuiltwithflammablematerialsortooclosetootherstructures;

• Floor to ceiling heights: These are too low which negatively affects comfort andventilation;

• Ventilation:Windowsanddoors arenot located soas toensureproper ventilationofthedwelling;

• Durability:Thehouseisbuiltwithmaterialsthatdonotlast;Municipalitiesorauthoritiesareoftenuncomfortablewithanincrementalapproachtohousingdevelopment because it is generally unregulated and during the incremental process isconsidereduntidy.Thisisdiscussedinmoredetailinsection3.

Withoutsupport,householdsareoftenunrealisticwiththeirplans.Theymaystartwithtoobigastructureandthendonothavetheresourcestofinishit.Theyendupwithalargeunfinishedshell that deteriorates over time. With support households can build a completed smallstructure,whichtheycanthenaddtoovertimeasandwhentheyhavethefunds.

Oneoftherolesofthemunicipalityistosupporthouseholdstoavoidthesedisadvantagesandovercomethefactorsthatlimithouseholdsfromupgradingtheirhomes.

3.2 HowmunicipalitiescansupportincrementalhousingResearchersCliveForsterandDavidGardner3identify thefollowingcategoriesofsupport thatmunicipalities could provide in informal settlement upgrading projects in order to enableincrementalhousingconsolidation:

• Urban planning and management fundamentals: Setting up a planning and urbanmanagementforumthatwillassistwithincrementalhousebuilding.

• Facilitating household investment in housing: Facilitating private or householdinvestmentintheirownhousingdevelopmentprocess.

3FinancingHousingConsolidationinInSituInformalSettlementUpgradingProgrammesinSouthAfrica,CliveForsterandDavidGardner,preparedfortheWorldBankandNUSP,17July2014



• Supporting access to the private finance market for households: Implementingapproaches to extend the access to appropriate financial services that are suited toincrementalhousebuildingprocesses.

• House subsidyassistance:Providingsubsidysupport tohouseholds,which issufficientfor safe and healthy incremental house consolidation. This would enable appropriatehousingdesignforeachupgradingcontext.

• Home building technical support: Providing support to households to help them tounderstandthehomebuildingprocessandtomanagerisks.

• Constructionsectorcapacitydevelopment:Facilitatingthedevelopmentandavailabilityof suitably skilled, efficient and cost-competitive contractors and building materialssuppliers.

It is fundamental to the process that a deep participative model isfollowed. This means that all the parties to the process reachagreementonwhat,how,andwhenactionsareimplemented.

It is also important to note the following factors that should be considered given that thisapproachisashiftawayfromhowdeliveryiscurrentlyoccurring:

• Politicalsupport:Doesthepoliticalleadershipunderstandtherationaleforadoptingthisapproach?Anddotheyunderstandwhatitimplies?Willtheybeabletosellanddefendtheapproachtotheirconstituencies?Aretheyabletolivewithinformality?

• Communityexpectationsandbuy-in:Isthetargetcommunityalreadyinvestingintheirhousesinthesettlement?Doesthetargetcommunityunderstandwhythisapproachisnecessary? Will they be able to work within this approach? Can the community bemobilisedtomaketherequisiteprivate inputsorwilltheypassivelywaitfortheirBNGunit?

• Regulatory system viability: Will the institutional/regulatory systems and institutionsallow you to develop and apply zoning andbuilding regulationswhichofferguidance,ratherthanprescriptiontoincrementalhousingbuildingactivities?

• Social feasibility:Will there be groups in the target communitywhowill be excludedfromthisincrementalconsolidationapproach?Ifso,who?Andwhatcanbedoneaboutthis?

Urbanplanningandmanagementtostimulatehousinginvestment

Municipalitiescanstimulatehousinginvestmentthrough:

• Land tenure security: Secure tenure is a major incentive to households to invest inimprovingtheirhousing.

• Town planning layouts and house design: The layout and size of sites in an informalsettlementinfluencewhatcanbebuilt.

ThisisdiscussedinSection4.



• Settlementplan:Thesitelayoutapprovedforaninformalsettlementwillfundamentallydetermine where, whether and how house construction and consolidation will occur.Whethersitesareevenlyspacedorirregularinlayout,alsoaffectshowhouseholdsmayextendandimprovetheirdwellings.

• Site size: Sites should be big enough to provide for the types of incremental houseconsolidationactivitiesenvisagedinthearea.

• The type of design to be adopted is also critical. Very dense settlements will needsubstantialrelocationofhouseholdstomakespacefortheremainingresidentstobuildhouses. Alternatively a medium-density option can be adopted. This has majorimplicationsforhowhouseconstructionoccurs.Additionalstructuralframeworkorslabsmayberequiredtoenableverticaldevelopmenttosecondstoreys.

• Municipalassistance:Forlow-incomehouseholdssecuringbuildingplanapprovalcanbea major stumbling block to their legally pursuing incremental house consolidation.Municipalities should assist residents, therefore, to access and obtain information,supportandapprovalforhouseplansandtheacceptanceofanyspecificmaterialsbeingused. This can substantially reduce uncertainty and transaction costs in the buildingprocess.

Dealingwithbuildingregulations

Thenationalbuildingregulationsrequirespecificdesignandconstructionstandards,whichareunlikelytobemetinanincrementalhousebuildingprocess.Asaruleincrementalbuildersdonot have formal building plans, approved or otherwise, and do not adopt national buildingregulation specifications. Notwithstanding the houses built incrementally, particularly wherethere is support and advice, represent a significant improvement in a households livingconditions.Thecriticalissueishowmunicipalitiesaccommodateincrementalhousingprocesseswithinthecontextofthenationalbuildingregulations.

TheHousingCodeindicatesspecifications inrespectofsubsidisedBNGhouses,butnotesthatthese do not have to apply in informal settlements. TheHousing Code also deals specificallywith compliance with the National Home Builders Registration Council, with respect to theEnhancedPeople’sHousingProcess(EPHP),asfollows:

The programme recognises the risk of no involvement by the National Home BuildersRegistrationCouncil (NHBRC)forgovernment,butalsoneedstoallowforcommunity initiativeand participation in the process. EPHP therefore requires project enrolment with the NHBRCthrough the province to foundation and slab level, but will not require individual houseenrolment.InadditiontheNHBRCwillberequiredtoparticipateasapartnerintheprogrammetobuildthecapacityofthecommunityinwhichtheprojectisbeinginitiated.

Essentially the EPHP addresses compliance with building regulations through ensuring thatparticipatinghouseholdshavetechnicalsupport.



Notwithstanding the above, currently there are no appropriate regulations in place toeffectively enable incremental housing processes. Municipalities need to find innovativeapproachesthatcanovercomethisobstacle.Someoftheseapproachesinclude:

• Innovative zoning approaches: Consideration should begivento implementingnewzones inwhichreducedbuildingregulationswouldapply.Thesewouldbemoreappropriatetoincremental housing processes. Examples of this are the Single Residential Zoneintroduced by the City of Cape Town and the City of Johannesburg TransitionalResidentialSettlementAreas.

• Primary building rights: Where possible, primary house construction rights, includingstandardizedapprovedhousedesigns, canease theadministrativeburdensofbuildingcontrol and approvals. This can also substantially reduce official transaction costs forhouseholds.

• Townplanning,buildingstandardsandcontrols:TheHousingConsumerMeasuresActprovidesopportunityforexemptionofowner-buildersfromNHBRCregulations.

• Structured programme approaches: Evidence suggests that incremental developmentmay be positively influenced by structured programmes with balanced controls andenforcement.ForexampleinCosmoCitythedeveloper,inliaisonwiththemunicipality,undertook a development control function to ensure that only formal secondary(backyard) structureswere constructed, and that these adhered to basic constructionnorms.

Facilitatinghouseholdinvestmentinhousing

Thereareanumberofthingsthatamunicipalitycandotosupportandencouragehouseholdstoinvestintheirhouses.

• Show political and community support for incremental self-build: Send a clear andconsistentmessage frompolitical office bearers, provincial andmunicipal officials andcommunityrepresentativesthat the incrementalapproach is theapproachthatwillbefollowed.

• Protectpriorinvestmentinhousing:Acriticalincentivetohomebuildingistofindwaysof encouraging using, or re-using, investments alreadymade by households in houseconstruction.

• Developknowledgeandcapacity:Mosthouseholdsdonothaveskillsandknowledgeinplanning, designing, costing, financing, contracting and implementing home building.Theseareallcomplicatedprocessesthathouseholdsmaynotbeadequatelyequippedtopersonallyhandle.Therefore, supporting communities and households by providing them with relevantknowledgeandtoolsisanimportantstartingpointinpromotinghouseconsolidation.

ThisisdiscussedinSection7.



• Arrangehomebuildingprogrammes:Atriedandtestedmethodofassistinghouseholdsto construct their own dwellings is through co-ordinated homebuilding programmes,eitheronanindividual(self-build)orgroup(mutualbuild)basis.Thismethodisusedbyinternational organisations such as Slum Dwellers International and Habitat forHumanitytoassistgroupsofhouseholdstobuildtheirownhouses.

• Support livelihoodsand incomegeneration:Lowincomesarethelargestimpedimentsto house consolidation. Any mechanisms that improve income generation within thetargetcommunitywillincreasedisposableincomeavailableforhousedevelopment.

• Supportaccesstoprivatefinance(seebelow).

Supportingprivatefinancemarketaccess

Financeforhousingconsolidationcancomefrom:

• Borrowingfromfamily;

• Revolvingcreditstokvelfinance;

• Materialssuppliercredit,whichiscreditprovidedonbuildingmaterialspurchases;

• Informalmoneylenders;

• Smallloans/credit;

• Employerloans.Theprimarywaytoassisthouseholdstoobtainfinanceistofacilitateconnectionsbetweenthehouseholds and reputable financial institutions. The following types of arrangements aresuggested:

• Household/consumerfinancialeducationprogrammes;

• Housingaffordabilityassessments;

• Indebtednesscounselling;

• Recommendingreputablefinancesuppliers;

• Facilitatingsavingsgroupsor‘housingclubs’;

• Introducingorofferingofficespacetoreputable finance institutionswithincommunityresourcecentres.

Householdtechnicalsupport

Themostimportantformsoffacilitationare:

• Information-sharingregardingbuildingnormsandstandardsandapprovalprocesses;

• Potentialinnovativebuildingoptionstoassistconsolidationsuchassharedwalls;

• Adviceonhouseplacementonsites;

• Determiningboundariesanddisputeresolutionsupport;



• Housedesignandcosting:

o Provision of standardized, possibly pre-approved, house plans. These should bedevelopedinawaythatclearlysupportsanincrementalconstructionprocess;

o Maybe include basic bills of quantities and indicative costs to assist householdswithplanningaffordabilityandphasingofconsolidation;

o Where standardisedplansarenotprovided,orhouseholdswish tobuild largerormorecomplicatedstructures,limiteddesignandstructuralengineeringinputearlyonintheprocesswillsetasolidbaseforlong-termhouseconsolidation;

o Inmoredensesettlements,structuraldesignrequirementswithconstructingpillarandslabarrangementsthatprovidefortwo-storeyconstructionarealsocritical;

• Negotiating party walls or town planning concessions between neighbours andbetweenhouseholdsandmunicipalitiescanalsoassisttostimulatehousedevelopment.

• Householdconstructionmanagementsupport,including:o Lists of local contractors and artisans can assist households to source service

providers;o Basic legal or paralegal support providing contracting assistance is a critical

intervention. While most construction activity occurs without formal contracts,educating households regarding the importance of having a basic constructioncontract inplace,andassistingwithsimple,standardizedcontractdocumentsisanimportantinput;

o Milestone-based inspections coupled with technical advice. Inspection pointsshouldbeatcriticalstagessuchassitelayout,foundationcompletion,wall-plateandrooftoensureriskmanagementandtoavoidwastedcosts.

• Trainingandassistanceforself-buildprocessesiscritical;

• Buildingmaterialsaccess:o Local building materials distribution points for formal and informal materials

suppliers;o Supportformaterialsrecyclingandre-applicationtoconsolidatedhouses.

3.3 TheEnhancedPeople’sHousingProcess(EPHP)The incremental approach to housing delivery is supported in theHousing Code through theEnhancedPeople’sHousingProcess(EPHP).EPHPisbasedontheprinciplesof:

• Communitydecision-making/choice;

• Communitycontribution;

• Partnershipsandleveragingadditionalresources.Inthisinstance,communityisdefinedbylocation,forexamplethoselivinginaparticulararea,orbycommoninterest,forexampleahouseholdwhowantsahouseandwillparticipateinthecommunityhousingprocessinordertogetit.



PracticallyEPHPprojectscanbeappliedto:

• Projectswhereownership(individualorgroup)isthetenureformorinruralareaswherepermissiontooccupy(PTO)lettershavebeenprovided;

• Arangeofdifferentbuildingprojectsincludingnewbuild,hostelrefurbishment,informalsettlementupgrade;

• Different housing contexts such as informal settlements, rural settlements, greenfielddevelopments;

• Projectswheredifferentdensitiesareintroduced;

• Projectswheredifferentproductsandprocessesareencouraged.EPHPcanonlybeappliedwhenthereareapprovedcommunityresourceorganisations(CROs).CROs can be NGOs, community-based organisations (CBOs) or a specifically createddevelopment consortium. If necessary, the National Department of Human Settlements willprovidetheskillsneededforaCROtoworkwithacommunityinimplementinganEPHPproject.Before being placed on an approved list, which will be issued to provinces, the CROs arescreened toensure that theyhaveall theskills required.However, it is for thecommunity toselectwhichCROtheywanttoworkwith.

DiepslootNDOHSwebsite

Entshongweni|DurbanKwaZulu-Natal,NDOHS

websiteEPHP will only be applied where communities are prepared to make minimum communitycontributions(seebelow).TheEPHPismadeupoffourdifferentformsoffunding:

5. Capitalfunding:Thestandardhousingsubsidyamountforthetop-structureisprovided.Ifthemunicipalityisnotabletocoverlandandinfrastructurecoststhenthefullcapitalhousingsubsidywillapply.

6. Capacity building fund: This is funding to facilitate the EPHP processes of communityengagement. This capacity building funding relates todifferent aspects of thehousingprocessincluding:

• Pre-projectconsumereducationfunding;



• Project-specific capacity building and facilitation funding which is providedthroughouttheprojectperiod;

• Funding for building the physical structure, to be used through establishing ahousingsupportcentre.

7. Communitycontributions/equity:FortheprojecttoqualifyfortheEPHPprogrammeatleast four ormore of the following community contributions need to be incorporatedintotheprojects:

• Time/leadership/participation/ownership of the project by the community,createdbyparticipatingincommunitymeetingsandsettingupaprojectsteeringcommittee.Thisisacompulsorycontribution.

• Agreement on, and selection of, an accredited CRO. Alternatively agreeing tohaveascreenedCROworkwiththecommunitytoachievethedesiredoutcomes.Thisisacompulsorycontribution.

• Land.• Savingscontributions,managedandusedinaccordancewithdecisionstakenby

thecommunity.• Top-up funding through various partnerships forged by the community with

otherstakeholders.• Demonstratedknowledge/skills/expertise.• Labour,notnecessarilyfree(paymentwouldbedecidedonaprojectbasis).• Materials contributions, by setting up of brick-making yards, using recycled

materials,orthroughdonationsfromsuppliers,forexample.• Specialcommunityinitiativesrelatedandconnectedtothehousingproject/area

suchascommunityfoodgardensorcommunitycare.• Bringingincommunityvolunteersoremployers.

8. Bridgingfinance:BridgingfinancemaybenecessarytoensurethattheprogrammecancarryonandtoreducetherisksforCROs.

If a community/NGO or owner-builder-based approach is used it will need a co-ordinated,incremental intervention that involves several different people to stimulate the process ofprivatehousingdevelopment.

TheEPHPpromotestheuseofhousingsupportcentresaspartofprovidinghouseholdtechnicalsupport.

Housingsupportcentres

One of the key tasks of housing support centres is to promote autonomous people-drivenhousing delivery through a self-help mechanism. A component of the subsidy is used toestablish support centres from which the managing entities (which are community-based)



undertakethedailyprojectmanagementoftheproject.InadditiontheHousingCodestipulatesthat housing support centres will provide technical advice and develop co-operativearrangementstopurchasematerials,aswellasassistinginthelocalmanufactureofmaterials.Furthermore,housingsupportcentresarealsoresponsiblefor:

• Selectingandsupportinghousingbeneficiaries;

• Supportingemerginglocalcontractors;

• Providinginformationonbuildingregulations,methodsandmaterials;

• Providingmeetingandtrainingvenues;

• Promotingecologicalapproaches.

Examples:Skillsmobilization—threesettlementsinKhayelitsha

Scale:Over500households

Date/timeperiod:1997-2002

Background:ThecasestudyreviewsthetransferandmobilizationofskillswithinaPeople’sHousing Process (PHP) project that took place in three settlements in Khayelitsha in theWestern Cape. The projects were led by residents who came together to form theMasithembane People’s Housing Association, Homeless and Squatters Housing Project(HOSHOP) and Sinako Ukuzenzele with the intention of helping themselves and others toacquire adequate housing. The settlements at the time had very high densities andMasithembaneSiteBaloneconsistedof9000servicedsiteswithover50000peoplelivinginshackstructures.ThecommunitiescontactedtheDevelopmentActionGroup(DAG)toassistwiththePHPprocess.Collectivelyitwasdecidedthatthepartnershiphadtwokeygoals:

• Improvinghousingconditions,and

• Thecapacitationofthelocalcommunities.

Project intervention:Apartfromassistancewithasavingsscheme,whichwastobeusedinaddition to the state subsidy to increase the size and quality of the units, DAG offeredconsistentadviceandinformationandsupportinengagingwithcontractors,andalsofocusedmuchofitssupportandattentiononthecapacitationofthelocalcommunity.

Theintentionwastoskillmembersinanumberofareas,includinghousebuilding,butalsointraining community members who could become permanent resources in the housingsupportcentresthattheyalsowantedtoestablishwithintheareas.

DAGofferedthefollowtypesofskillsmobilisation:



• Assistanceinmaterialsdevelopment,inwhichablockyardwasstartedinHOSHOPwithfunds from theProvincialDepartmentof Social Services todevelop skills, create jobsandsavemoneybysupplyingblocksatreducedpricestobeneficiariesintheproject.

• DAG through their Housing Leadership Course, Community Housing DevelopmentManagement,trainedHOSHOPcommunitymembersaroundmaterialsmobilisation,inparticulartheorderingofmaterialsandmonitoringconstruction,andthensupervisedthe first sixmonths of the implementation phase in theHOSHOP project to assist inembeddingtheseskills.

• Workshopsandtrainingsessionswereprovidedforcommunitymembersontechnicalissuessuchasthehousingdeliverycycle,governmentsubsidiesandhousedesign.

Thiscasestudyisusedasanexampleonlytohighlightaspecificaspectorissue.

Localconstructionsectorcapacitydevelopment

Themostimportantformsoffacilitationare:

• Traininganddevelopmentoflocalhousebuildingcapacity.Inmanycasestherequiredmixofhomebuildingandextensioncontractorswillbepresentinthesettlementoritsneighbourhood. In some cases, however, particularly where higher density housingsolutions or complex foundation technologies are required, there is a need forprogrammesdesignedtoimproveorprovidetheskillsoflocalcontractors.Itisoftenalsothecasethatwhilebuildingskillsmayexist,smallhomebuildingcontractors lackskillsrelatingtomaterialsestimatingandmanagement,andbasicbusinessmanagement.

• Materialsmanufacture/assemblyandsupply.Researchhasfoundthatorganisedaccessto construction materials has proved to be an effective method of supportingincrementalbuilders.Optionsrangefromtheestablishmentofbuildingmaterialsbanks,managedbyprogrammepromoters, to agreementswith local retailers tomonitor thepricesandqualityofthematerialsacquiredbythebeneficiaries.Thedevelopmentoftheconstructionmaterialsindustryisavitalareaofpublicpolicytosatisfytheneedsofself-helpbuildersandimproveincrementalconstruction.

Seevideo‘Movingfromshackstohouses’.



Toolkit

YouwillfindthefollowingresourcesontheToolkitCD:

• National Housing Code, Volume 4, Incremental Interventions: Upgrading InformalSettlements

• National Housing Code, Volume 4, Incremental Interventions: Expanded People’sHousingProcess

• Video:MovingFromShackstoRealHouses(FedUp)

ReferencesandResources

References

• FinancingHousingConsolidation in InSitu InformalSettlementUpgradingProgrammesinSouthAfrica,CliveForsterandDavidGardner,preparedfortheWorldBankandNUSP,17July2014

• DesignfortheRealWorld–VictorPapanek• HousingbyPeople–JohnTurner• HousingwithoutHouses–NabeelHamdi• CityscapesJournal–editedbySeanO’Toole,TauTavengaandEdgarPieterse• APlaceMaker’sGuide–NabeelHamdi• SmallChange–Hamdi• SpatialAgency–Schneider,Till,etal

Links

• http://www.spatialagency.net• http://www.informalstudio.co.za• http://www.sdinet.org/• http://www.sasdialliance.org.za/• http://www.gcro.ac.za/• http://www.oppinstitutions.org/• http://www.codi.or.th/housing/fron

tpage.html• http://www.achr.net/

• http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/resources/useful-downloads/WallChart.pdf

• http://www.africancentreforcities.net/

• http://www.pptrust.org.za/• http://www.dhs.gov.za/content/peo

ples-housing-process• http://www.vpuu.org.za/

SECTION 9: BUILDING HOUSES INCREMENTALLY

Documents

Transcript of SECTION 9: BUILDING HOUSES INCREMENTALLY