Covalent Bonding: Molecular Geometry Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Molecular Orbitals
Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum...
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Transcript of Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum...
![Page 1: Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum mechanics in terms of atomic orbitals Identify characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a33/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Section 6.6-6.9
Electron Configurations
![Page 2: Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum mechanics in terms of atomic orbitals Identify characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a33/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives• Arrange electrons in atoms• Describe quantum mechanics in
terms of atomic orbitals• Identify characteristics of
electrons described by various laws of physics
![Page 3: Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum mechanics in terms of atomic orbitals Identify characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a33/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Electron Configurations
• Electron location when atom is in the ground state
• 3 rules or laws–The Aufbau principle–Pauli Exclusion principle–Hund’s Law
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Aufbau Principle• Electrons occupy lowest energy
orbital available–All orbitals of a sublevel are equal
energy–Sublevels within a principal energy
level have different energies. •Ex: 3p orbitals have higher energy than 2s orbital.
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Aufbau (cont.)– In order of increasing energy
within a principal energy level is s, p, d, and f.
–Orbitals within one principal energy level can overlap orbitals of another• Ex: 4s orbitals are lower energy than 3d orbitals.
![Page 6: Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum mechanics in terms of atomic orbitals Identify characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a33/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Electron Configurations
![Page 7: Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum mechanics in terms of atomic orbitals Identify characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a33/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Electron Filling Order
Which orbital will fill first, 4s or 3d?
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Periodic Table Helps!
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
–Maximum of 2 electrons in an orbital, but only if they have opposite spin.
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Hund’s rule
– Electrons with same spin must occupy each equal energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbital.
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Summarizing the 3 Rules
•Orbital filling order:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
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Remember…• How many electrons each orbital can
hold:•s = 2•p = 6•d = 10•f = 14
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Electron Configurations
• Four methods 1. Electron Configuration
Notation2. Noble Gas Notation3. Orbital Diagrams4. Electron-Dot Diagrams
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Electron Configuration Notation
• Describes arrangement of electrons in atoms
• Designates principal energy level and sublevel associated with each orbital
• Superscript represents number of electrons in orbital
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Electron Configuration Notation
• Ex: Write the electron configuration notation for Nitrogen.– Number of electrons?
• Start with the 1s orbital and fill it with 2 electrons, then the 2s orbital gets 2 electrons, then the 2p orbital gets the remaining 3 electrons– 1s22s22p3
– The superscripts should add up the total number of electrons in the element.
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Electron Configuration Notation
•You try … Zinc
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Electron Configuration Notation
•Answer:
1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s23d10
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Assignment• Write the electron configuration
notation for the following elements:–Boron (B), Neon (Ne), Sulfur
(S), Magnesium (Mg), Vanadium (V), Arsenic (As), Silver (Ag), Bromine (Br), Promethium (Pm) and Gold (Au)
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Noble Gas Notation• Shorthand configuration–Find the noble gas closest to the
element (without going over).–Ex: For gold (79) that noble gas
would be Xenon (54)–We write [Xe] and start counting
from there–The first orbital after xenon is 6s
so that’s where we start
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Noble Gas Notation• [Xe]6s24f145d9
• Check: (Xe’s atomic number) 54 + 2 + 14 + 9 = 79 (gold’s Atomic number)!
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Assignment
• Mn• Kr• P• Zn• Zr• W
• Pb• Ra• Sm• Bk
•Noble gas configurations for:
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Orbital Diagrams• Show the orbital distributions of
electrons related to a sublevel• Include a box for each orbital
• = orbital with 1 electron• = orbital with 2 electrons
• Dashed lines can be substituted for boxes
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Orbital Diagrams• Nitrogen: 1s22s22p3
– We start by writing the orbitals for Nitrogen
– Then we fill them with electrons using the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s law
pppss 22221
pzpypxss 22221
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Orbital Diagrams• You try another example: Cu – 29
electrons
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Orbital Diagrams• Answer
dddddspppspppss 333334333322221
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Assignment• Orbital Notation for:–Beryllium–Aluminum–Nitrogen–Sodium
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Electron Dot Structures
• Valence electrons: electrons in outermost energy level.–Responsible for chemical and some
physical properties–Number of electrons that still need to
be filled after starting a noble gas notation.•Ex: S = [Ne] 3s23p4 has 6 valence electrons
![Page 28: Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum mechanics in terms of atomic orbitals Identify characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a33/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Electron Dot Structures
• Represents the valence electrons for that element
• Place ‘dots’ around the elements symbol
• 4 sides of the element are orbitals• Fill these orbitals one at a time
according to Hund’s law
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Electron Dot Structures
![Page 30: Section 6.6-6.9 Electron Configurations. Objectives Arrange electrons in atoms Describe quantum mechanics in terms of atomic orbitals Identify characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a33/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Assignment• Electron Dot Structures for:–Carbon–Arsenic–Polonium–Potassium –Barium