Section 2 and Section 31. Why did African Resistance movements fail?2. What was the only African country to maintain

independence from Europe?3. What is direct control? Name one specific

example of direct control.4. List two reasons Europeans were interested in

colonizing the Middle East5. What is it called when you make relations with a

country or region to benefit your own country?

After Test:• Read chapter 12 section 1 and take 1 page of

notes.• Focus on the following:1. The meaning of Imperialism.2. What countries were taking part in

imperialism?3. Four reasons for imperialism?4. What areas in the world had become weak

during the 1800’s?5. Forms of Imperial Rule: direct, indirect,

protectorate and sphere of influence

Chapter 12 The New Imperialism

Imperialism-domination of one country over another politically (government), economically and culturally.

Chapter 12 ImperialismAt the end of this chapter you should be able to explain:1.The definition of Imperialism and reason for European expansion.2. Compare the standard of living between European and African countries.3. The impact of imperialism with the modernization of Japan, political and social reform in China, and the exploitation of African resources

Section 1Imperialism- one country’s domination over the political, economic and social life of another country.•Europe , U.S., Russia and Japan were all taking part in Imperialism. Why these countries?•“New Imperialism” aggressive expansion in the world by industrial countries•Most of the world was controlled or influenced by the above countries by the 1900’s

Reasons for Imperialism during the late 1800’s/1900’s

1. Political power and rivalries- European countries, Russia, and U.S. all wanted more power and territory in the world.

2. Desire for New Markets and Natural Resources- Imperial countries wanted more resources for Industrialization and

more people to trade with.

Reasons for Imperialism cont…

3. Civilizing Mission- Imperial countries felt places in Africa and Asia were not civilized and Europeans felt it was their duty to go in and modernize people in those regions. One way to do this was by converting people to Christianity. This attitude is called Social Darwinism.

Social Darwinism• Social Darwinism was a social theory

during the 1800’s. • The theory is based on the idea that

those who were the fittest in society had the most wealth and success and would suppress those that were not.• Example-European nations were

industrialized and enjoyed a higher standard of living. Because they had the money and power they would exploit other cultures (Africa and Asia) for their own gain.

Western Powers Strong• Western nations in Europe, the US and Russia

were all advanced with money and strong armies

• This allowed them to take over weaker countries for resources and trade

• For example, Britain began to influence trade in India during the 1500’s

• This influence turned into Britain totally colonizing India by the 1800’s

3 types of Imperialism• Colony-direct rule through colonial

officials. (Africa)• Protectorate- country has own govt.

but its policies are guided by imperial country. Cost less to run for imperial country. (Africa, Indonesia)• Sphere of influence- imperial country

has exclusive trading rights. (China)

Places that were colonized or influenced by Imperialism during the 1800’s

Western Advantages

1. Western countries had strong economies, well-organized governments and powerful armies

2. Maxim gun-worlds first machine gun

3. Steam engines allowed Europeans to navigate rivers, railroads helped navigate land and communication

Western Advantages cont…4. Quinine drug protected Europeans from diseases

5. Europeans would peg one tribe against another (African tribes were not united due to the many different languages and cultures)

6. Asian and African countries did resist but ultimately could not overpower Western countries

Forms of Control• Direct rule-officials from the colonial

country would be sent to govern the native people in a colony. The colonial countries culture is forced onto native people.

• Indirect control-the colonial country uses sultans, chiefs or other local rulers to govern the colony. This way groomed “westernized leaders”

Section 2The Partition of

Africa

Africa Late 1800’s• Africa is a huge continent consisting of

hundreds of different languages, tribes and many different types of government

• BY the late 1800’s the entire continent will be colonized

• The slave trade ends but Africans will still be completely controlled due to Imperialism

• Islam had spread in North Africa, West Africa and East Africa

• South Africa was controlled by the Zulu tribe under King Shaka

Before Imperialism in Africa• Until the 1800’s Europeans knew little

of Africa until missionary explorer David Livingstone went their in 1840

• What contact did Europeans have with Africans before the 1800’s?

A: slave trade and trade for other items such as beeswax and ivory. Trade was controlled by African tribes

Africa Before Imperialism cont…• Travel into the interior of

Africa was almost impossible due to hard to navigate rivers and diseases

• Before European imperialism Africa was divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups (see map page 395)

Imperialism Begins• The only Europeans who traveled into Africa

early on were missionaries, humanitarians and explorers.

• David Livingstone went there in 1860 • He was no where to be found until an

American reporter-Henry Stanley found him in 1872-”Dr. Livingstone I presume”?

• Stanley then set out to explore the Congo on behalf of Belgium’s King Leopold II.

• Stanley obtained land for Belgium by having local chiefs sign treaties which gave Belgium control of the land.

Imperialism Begins cont…• Local chiefs signed the treaties because King

Leopold said he was for abolishing the slave trade. • Instead, Leopold hired companies to exploit the

Congolese Africans and force them to collect rubber sap. At least 10 million died.• Soon Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal

and Spain started claiming parts of Africa.

David Livingstone-missionary from Scotland

King Leopold of Belgium

Henry Stanley-US newspaper reporter

Result of Imperialism in Africa• Before the time of Imperialism only 10% of Africa

was controlled by outside countries• During the height of Imperialism only 2 independent

countries remained• European countries took many resources from

Africa such as gold, tin, rubber, salt, iron, ivory and jute.

• Europeans converted some Africans to Christianity, taught Africans their language and culture, and modernized certain parts of Africa.

The race is on

• European countries started grabbing land like it was a race.• The Berlin Conference was set up by

14 countries to lay down rules for the division of Africa to prevent conflict.

Examples of Imperialism in Africa• Congo-taken over by King Leopold from

Belgium. Belgians practiced brutality to force natives to harvest rubber and elephant tusks.• French take territories in North Africa-

Algeria• Italy-took over the “Horn of Africa”

Examples of Imperialism cont…• South Africa-taken over by the British, the

African Zulus tribe fought fiercely but still lost in the end.

• Boer War- S. Africa held a population of Dutch farmers that had been in S. Africa since the 1600’s. The Boers did not want the British or Africans to have control. British and Boers fought in the South African War. Britain won in 1910.

African Resistance• Europeans gained control of Africa through force or

by signing treaties with the Europeans.• In many cases Africans resisted the Europeans but

many were unsuccessful• Ex.-Algeria’s resistance against the Germans• Successful Revolt-occurred in Ethiopia.• King Menelik II played Itlay, France, and Britain

against each other• King Menelik built up his forces and successfully

defended his country

• King Menelik II preserved Ethiopian independence from Europeans until the 1900’s• Implemented western

schooling, roads, modern weapons

What were the positive and negative effects of imperialism in Africa?Positive Negative

Long Term Impact of Imperialism-Rwandan Genocide

• Occurred in 1994 and lasted for 100 days. 800,000 to a million people killed

• Conflict between the Hutu (majority) and Tutsi tribe (minority)

• During Imperialism the Belgians put the Tutsi tribe in charge for indirect rule of the colony

• The Belgians measured the facial features of the Tutsi and deemed the more “white” which in that term meant superior

• Anger festered for years until the colony was independent in the 1960’s

• Both tribes fought over control until it ended in genocide

White Man’s Burden Primary Source Activity 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”?

2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”?

3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think his audience might have said in response to it during the 1800’s versus the response today?

Middle East ImperialismChapter 12 Section 3

Imperialism in the Middle East

• Three major empires controlled the Middle East-Ottomans, Safavids (Persia aka Iran) and Mughals in India-all three declined in power• The Ottoman Empire based in modern

day _______________started to decline by the 1800’s.

Imperialism in the Middle East cont…

• In 1830 Greece and Serbia won the right to govern themselves. Other Balkan nations rebelled also.• European nations wanted control in this

region for trading routes.• _______________________-an interest in

taking land for strategic reasons. (trade, ports, alliances)

Ottoman Empire Declines• By the 1800’s the empire drastically declines• Crimean War -fought between Russia vs. the Ottomans with

the help of Britain and France • Ottomans won but the war revealed their military weakness• They continued to lose land in South Eastern Europe-

Montenegro, Bosnia, Romania, Cyprus, Herzegovina• North Africans revolted along with Arabia, Lebanon and

Armenia

Crimean Peninsula

Ottomans Grant Reform• 1700’s Ottoman rulers started to allow

___________________• Opened up education• Increased industrialization and modern

technologies• Railroads and transportation grew• Healthcare was better and population

increased• Some anti-western _______________ resisted

reform and ruled w/ autocratic power

Armenian Genocide• Nationalists tensions increased

in Ottoman Empire• _____________________ were

Christians who were persecuted and killed during the 1890’s

• Armenians were accused of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman Empire

• 600,000 to 1.5 million were killed or died of disease/starvation

Middle Eastern Empires Decline• Overall, Middle Eastern Empires declined by

the 1900s.• This opened up territory for European

___________________________• Some areas opened up were:• Iran• Afghanistan • Egypt

Great Game

• Great Britain and Russia engaged in wars over ______________ and Pakistan.• India was Britain’s colony so they

had to defend it.• The Russians wanted Afghanistan for

trade routes

Middle Eastern Countries try to Modernize

• Some countries try to modernize to strengthen themselves against imperialism

• Egypt-planted cash crops like cotton, built the Suez canal

• Egypt also took over territory like Syria and part of Saudi Arabia

Suez Canal

Persia

• Known as Present day Iran

• Russia and Britain both interested in taking Persia

• ________ discovered in 1908

• Western business (mostly Britain) started drilling the oil

• This started the process of bringing Western influence into a Muslim country

Imperialism in India• European trade with Asia was heavy

even before the 19th century.• By the 1600’s trading Companies were

set up in India- Dutch East India Company.• Through trade Britain expanded their

influence and gained control over India by 1857. • The British East India Company had

ruled parts of India and even had their own army-Sepoys (Indian soldiers)

Imperialism in India cont…• India became Britain’s Crown Jewel providing

Britain with raw materials and a major market place to sell goods.• India’s economy was undercut by the British-

they were forced to buy British goods and competition with British industries was not allowed.• Due to all of the trade in India, the British

modernized certain parts of India and built R.R. for better transportation.

Impact of Imperialism on IndiaPositive Negative

Sepoy Mutiny• By 1850, many Indians resented British rule,

control over land, racism and the attempt to convert Indians to Christianity.

• Rumors spread that the English greased the sepoy’s rifle cartridges with beef and pork fat. (cows are sacred to Hindus and Muslims do not eat pork)

• This rumor led to soldiers refusing to use the cartridges and later an organized rebellion by the sepoys.

Sepoy Mutiny cont…• The British East India Co. took more than a

year to regain their control over India and the British government sent troops to help.

• The rebellion was finally put down because the Indian people could not unite-(conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims created division).

• Many Muslims would have rather been under British rule than Hindu rule and vice versa.

Result of the Mutiny• The British government took control over

India• Trust was broken between the British and

Indian people• Britain ruled with tighter control and as a

result rebellion grew in India• Two nationalist groups that developed-Indian

National Congress and the Muslim League.• You will hear more about these groups in

World B

Imperialism in China• During 1500’s Chinese civilization was

advanced• China had little interest to trade with Europe • From 1500’s -1800’s China fell behind in

modernization and was surpassed by Europe.• China became weak politically and

economically.• China was now vulnerable to other countries

who wanted to come in and control trade

Imperialism in China• Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan all

held spheres of influence in China.• Britain forced the Chinese to abide by Un-equal

treaties when China failed to defeat Britain during the Opium Wars.

• Opium addiction resulted from British merchants paying the Chinese for their goods with opium rather than money. The Chinese were no match for the British in this fight.

• Because China was weak, reform groups rebelled in China to get a better government,. replace the emperor, and improve the Chinese economy.

• Ex. Taiping Rebellion and Boxer Rebellion

Modernization of Japan• Japan also shut themselves off from the western

world• In 1835 Commodore Mathew Perry from U.S.

sailed to Japan and forced Japan to open up trade

• Under the Meiji Era Japan industrialized and modernized

• Japan became an imperial power instead of being taken over.

• This will lead to Japan’s dominance before WWII

Chinese Boxers

World History- last two weeks of trimester schedule

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday11/2/15

•Cover Chapter 12 Sections 1 and 2•HW-Complete sections 1 and 2 of study guide

11/3/15•Cover Chapter 12 sections 3 and 4•HW-complete section 3 of the study guide

11/4/15•Review sections 1-3 and cover chapter 12 section 4•HW-Complete section 4 of study guide

11/5/15•Finish sections 4 and 5 of Imperialism •Cover small portion of CH. 13-1 on Japan•Finish the rest of the study guide for Chapter 12 section 5

11/6/15•Test over Imperialism Chapter 12•After test, begin reading and notes on Chapter 14 WWI.

11/9/15•Begin WWI Chapter 14•Practice for Final Exam on Quizzlet

11/10/15•Continue notes on WWI•Study guide help/review for final

11/11/15•Wrap up WWI Notes•Study guide help

*periods are shortened due to

Veteran’s Day Assembly*

11/12/15•Finals for periods 1,3,5

11/13/15•Finals for period 2 & 4

Note-I’m here everyday after school until 3:00 if you need help!