SECTION 12-3 RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. RNA STRUCTURE SINGLE STRAND MADE OF A LONG CHAIN OF...

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SECTION 12-3 RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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Transcript of SECTION 12-3 RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. RNA STRUCTURE SINGLE STRAND MADE OF A LONG CHAIN OF...

Page 1: SECTION 12-3 RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. RNA STRUCTURE SINGLE STRAND MADE OF A LONG CHAIN OF NUCLEOTIDES RNA NUCLEOTIDE IS MADE OF A NITROGEN BASE, A PHOSPHATE.

SECTION 12-3

RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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RNA STRUCTURE

SINGLE STRAND MADE OF A LONG CHAIN OF

NUCLEOTIDES RNA NUCLEOTIDE IS MADE OF A

NITROGEN BASE, A PHOSPHATE GROUP AND THE 5 CARBON SUGAR, RIBOSE

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3 WAYS THAT RNA DIFFERS FROM DNA

5-CARBON SUGAR IS RIBOSE SINGLE-STRAND CONTAINS THE NITROGEN BASE URACIL

INSTEAD OF THYMINE (A PAIRS WITH U) 4 NITROGEN BASES ARE ADENINE,

URACIL, CYTOSINE & GUANINE

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TYPES OF RNA

MESSENGER RNA mRNA TRANSFER RNA (tRNA) RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA) MESSENGER RNA – READS, COPIES AND

CARRIES THE INFORMATION IN DNA TRANSFER RNA – TRANSFERS EACH AMINO

ACID TO THE RIBOSOME AS SPECIFIED BY MESSENGER RNA

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RNA

RIBOSOMAL RNA – PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE RIBOSOME

RIBOSOMES ARE THE SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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TRANSCRIPTION

OCCURS IN THE NUCLEUS M RNA READS & COPIES INFO IN DNA; RNA POLYMERASE IS THE ENZYME

USED IN TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS VERY QUICKLY – PROCEEDS

AT A RATE OF 60 NUCLEOTIDES PER SECOND.

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TRANSCRIPTION

RNA POLYMERASE BINDS TO DNA AT A PROMOTER-A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF DNA THAT ACTS AS A START SIGNAL FOR TRANSCRIPTION

RNA POLYMERASE SEPARATES THE DNA STRANDS

USING ONE STRAND OF DNA AS A TEMPLATE TO ASSEMBLE RNA NUCLEOTIDES INTO A STRAND OF MESSENGER RNA

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TRANSCRIPTION

ENDS WHEN A TERMINATOR IS REACHED

THE NEW STRAND OF MESSENGER RNA LEAVES THE NUCLEUS AND MOVES TO THE CYTOPLASM

THE DNA MOLECULE REASSEMBLES ITSELF INTO THE DOUBLE HELIX

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TRANSLATION STEP 2 OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DURING TRANSLATION, THE INFORMATION IN MESSENGER RNA IS TRANSLATED INTO A PROTEIN BY USE OF THE GENETIC CODE.

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THE GENETIC CODE

THE LANGUAGE OF MESSENGER RNA INSTRUCTIONS

CONTAINS THE AMINO ACIDS AND START AND STOP SIGNALS, OR CODONS, THAT ARE CODED FOR BY MESSENGER RNA.

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MESSENGER RNA & THE GENETIC CODE

MESSENGER RNA CONTAINS CODONS WHICH ARE THE THREE-BASE SEQUENCES ONLY IN MESSENGER RNA.

THERE ARE 64 POSSIBLE THREE BASE CODONS.

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VOCABULARY – GENETIC CODE

THE GENETIC CODE CONTAINS START AND STOP CODONS.

START CODON – AUG; TELLS TRANSLATION TO START

STOP CODON – UAA, UAG, UGA; TELLS TRANSLATION TO STOP

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TRANSLATION

TAKES PLACE IN THE CYTOPLASM ON THE RIBOSOME

IS THE DECODING OF A MESSENGER RNA INTO A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN

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TRANSLATION

BEGINS WHEN A MESSENGER RNA MOLECULE ATTACHES TO THE RIBOSOME

AS EACH CODON OF M-RNA MOVES THROUGH THE RIBOSOME,THE CORRECT AMINO ACID IS ATTACHED TO THE GROWING POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN BY T-RNA

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TRANSLATION

TRANSFER RNA CARRIES THE ANTICODON-THE 3-BASE SEQUENCE THAT IS COMPLEMENTARY TO THE M-RNA CODON

EXAMPLE: M-RNA – CUG; T-RNA IS GAC. THE ANTI-CODON SPECIFIES A SPECIFIC

AMINO ACID

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TRANSLATION

CONTINUES UNTIL A STOP CODON IS REACHED ON THE M-RNA MOLECULE

NEWLY FORMED POLYPEPTIDE IS RELEASED INTO THE CYTOPLASM

POLYPEPTIDE = PROTEIN – A CHAIN OF AMINO ACIDS LINKED BY PEPTIDE BONDS.

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TRANSLATION

THE RIBOSOMES AND TRANSFER RNA CAN BE USED IN THE MAKING OF ANOTHER PROTEIN;

THEY ARE RECYCLED.

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NECESSARY VOCABULARY

PROTEINS – CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS AMINO ACIDS – 20 DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL

UNITS THAT FORM PROTEINS POLYPEPTIDE – LONG CHAINS OF PROTEINS CODONS – 3 BASE SEQUENCE IN MESSENGER

RNA THAT DETERMINES WHICH AMINO ACID IS ADDED TO THE POLYPEPTIDE

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VOCABULARY

ANTI-CODON – 3 BASE SEQUENCE ON A TRANSFER RNA MOLECULE WHICH ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO ONE OF THE MESSENGER RNA CODONS.

START CODON – AUG; TELLS TRANSLATION TO START

STOP CODON – UAA, UAG, UGA; TELLS TRANSLATION TO STOP

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GENES

CODED DNA INSTRUCTIONS THAT CONTROL THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL

MOST GENES CONTAIN LITTLE MORE THAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASSEMBLING PROTEINS


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Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Lecture. Order! Genes are made of DNA, a large, complex molecule. DNA is composed of individual units called nucleotides. Three.

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