Chapter 8: The Progressive Era 1890-1920

Chapter 8: The Progressive Era1890-1920Section 1: The Drive for ReformProgressivism Emerged in the 1890s Believed that new ideas and honest, efficient government could bring about social justice.

Text Notes The progressives shared the belief that industrialization and urbanization had created troubling social and political problems. Progressives wanted to being about reforms that would correct the injustices. Muckrakers Journalist who exposed the ills of society and talked about the need for reform.

A muckrake was a tool that was used to clean manure and hay out of an animals stable. T.R. gave them this name.

Lincoln Steffens Editor for McClures Magazine. Wrote The Shame of the CitiesA collection of articles exposing political corruption.

Jacob Riis A photographer for the New York Evening Sun.He took pictures of the crowded, unsafe, rat infested tenement buildings the urban poor lived in. How the Other Half Lives

Ida Tarbell The History of the Standard Oil Company Discussed Rockefellers ruthless business practices.

Upton Sinclair Published The Jungle a novel that depicted the unsanitary conditions at a meat packing industry.

Text Notes The work of the Muckrakers increased popular support for Progressivism and helped the Progressives bring about reform. Progressives promoted laws to improve living conditions, public health, and schools. Social Gospel Called for people to apply Christian principles to address social problems.

Walter Rauschenbusch

Settlement Houses Community service centers in poor neighborhoods.

Offered educational opportunities, skills training, and cultural events.

Jane Addams 1860 1935

Dedicated her life to helping the urban poor. Also promoted womens suffrage

The Hull House

A settlement house in Chicago (1889)Ellen Gates Star and Jane Adams opened it.

Offered educational opportunities, skills training, and cultural events.

Florence Kelley

A lawyer who helped convince Illinois to ban child labor.Many states soon followed. helped form the National Child Labor CommitteeKeating-Owens Act 1916Banned child laborA few years later SC said it was unconstitutional.Child labor would finally be banned for good in 1938Triangle Shirtwaist FireMarch 1911Workers could not escape the fire because managers had locked all the exit doors.Killed 146 womenMany jumped from the windows.

Galveston 1900 a hurricane left the city of Galveston, Texas in ruins. 8,000 died

Galveston Plan

To deal with disaster the mayor was replaced with a five person commission.

Text Notes Many cities in the U.S. decided to take up the Galveston Plan of govt. By 1900 nearly 500 cities had adopted some form of the Galveston Plan. The new form of city govt curbed the power of bosses and their political machines. The reform governments purchased public utilities so that electric, gas, and water companies could not charge city residents unfairly high rates. Direct Primary An election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for an upcoming election. Initiative Gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot by the next election by collecting citizens signatures. Referendum Allowed citizens to approve or reject law passed by Congress.Recall Allowed citizens to remove public servants from office before their term ended. Text Notes There were many Progressives that became the leaders of several states. These men would seek change and the nation would soon have to follow. Chapter 8: The Progressive MovementSection 2: Women Make ProgressText Notes In the early 1900s a number of women wanted to do more than fulfill their roles as wives and mothers. They wanted to expand their role in the community. Florence Kelly Believed that women were hurt by the unfair prices of items they bought to run their home.

National Consumers League Florence Kelly helped create this.Gave special labels to goods produced under safe and healthy working conditions. Advised women not to buy products w/o this labelStill active today.

Temperance Movement Led by the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Margaret Sanger Opened the first birth control clinic. 1921Founded American Birth Control League.

Ida B. Wells Helped form the National Association of Colored Women.

Suffrage The right to vote.

Women wanted to vote.

Carrie Chapman Catt

A female activist that lobbied for womens suffrage.President of NAWSA and IWSA

National American Women Suffrage Association

Took a nonpartisan, local approach, trying to get women the right to vote.

Little success at first.By 1901, only 4 states had given women full voting rights.

Alice Paul

She believed that drastic steps were needed for women to win the vote, Organized National Womens Party.

Focused on passing an amendment that guaranteed women the right to vote.

Text Notes The NWP became the first group to march with picket signs outside the White House. Hundreds of women were arrested in these protests. Some went on hunger strikes, refusing to eat until they could vote. The NWP angered many people, including women involved in the suffrage movement. Nevertheless, the NWP did help women gain the right to vote. The Nineteenth Amendment

Granted women full voting rights 1920 (ratified)

Catt urged women that this was just a start and they still had to force their way through the political doorTennessee

The final state to ratify the 19th Amendment.

Harry Burn

A Tennessee State Representative that voted yes to ratifying the 19th Amendment.He was the swing vote. Chapter 8Section 4: Roosevelts Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt In 1900 he ran for Vice President

Eventually, President of the USA and a leading progressive politician.

September 6, 1901Leon Czolgosz assassinated President McKinley.

Roosevelt becomes president.Caolgosz claimed to have done it for the poor and forgotten

Text Notes During the Gilded Age US presidents generally took a hands off approach to govt. Roosevelt, however, believed that the president should use the office as a bully pulpit to speak out on vital issuesThe United Mine Workers Strike1902, some 150,000 coal miners went on strike for higher wages and recognition of their union.

As the strike raged on a reform minister asked TR to help.

ArbitrationA process by which two opposing sides allow a third party to settle a dispute.

Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines and this persuaded the owners to agree to arbitration.

Decision Arbitrators gave workers a shorter work day and higher pay, but the mining companies did not have to recognize the union.

First time the federal govt stepped in to protect the interest of the workers and the pubic,

Text Notes Roosevelt was so popular with the public no Republican dared to challenge him.

Square Deal Roosevelts campaign slogan.

He promised to see that every man has a square deal, no more no less

Text Notes President Roosevelt sought to regulate large corporations during both his terms in office. Although, he considered big business essential to the nations growth, he also believed companies should be forced to behave responsibly.

Northern Securities Company1902TR directed the US Attorney General to sue NSC. The company monopolized railroad from Chicago to the Northwest.In 1904 The Supreme Court ruled the monopoly violated the Sherman Anti-trust Act and ordered it to dissolve.

Elkins Act (1903)Forbade shipping companies from accepting rebates, or money given back in return for businessHepburn ActAuthorized the ICC to set railroad rates and to regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce.

Text Notes Roosevelt also responded to growing public concern about the practice of food and drug industries. By the early 1900s, clear evidence showed that some industries were selling dangerous products. Chemists learned that churning spoiled butter with skim milk would make it look fresh. The chemical formaldehyde was added to rotten eggs to take away the odor.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 Required govt inspection of meat that crossed state lines.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and medicine containing harmful ingredients.

John Muir Environmentalist Established Yosemite National Park.

TR admired him.

Gifford Pinchot

A conservationist, forester, and friend to TR.

Will be head of the US Forest Service under Taft.

Reclamation The process of making damaged land productive again.

National Park Service

Created in 1916 to help supervise parks and monuments.

Text NotesA highly controversial natural resource was water. Over centuries Native Americans had used various irrigations methods. This changed when private persons bought and owned land. The question of who should own water rights and how the water should be shared was brought up.National Reclamation ActGave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed. The govt would build and manage dams.

Text Notes Roosevelt had served two complete terms as president, in addition to the term he finished for McKinley, and said he wanted to retire and enjoy private life. However, he was still a powerful force in the Republican Party helping Secretary of War Taft win the presidency.William Howard TaftUS President 1909-1913.

It quickly became clear that Taft would be a different president than Roosevelt.Taft was fearful of overstepping his boundaries as president.

Mann-Elkins Act1910Extended the regulatory powers of the ICC to telephone and telegraph companiesText Notes Despite these reforms, President Taft lost the support of the Progressive Republicans. The split began in April 1909 with a passage of a bill on tariffs.

Payne Aldrich TariffA high tariff measure.

Progressives disapproved, but Taft signed it anyway.

Progressives were outraged and accused Taft of betraying the reform cause.

Richard BallingerTafts Secretary of Interior.He believed the Roosevelt administration had overstepped their boundaries when they stopped the sale of private land.Approved the sale of a vast tract of Alaska timber land.

Ballinger-Pinchot AffairPinchot attacked Ballinger for favoring private interest over conservation.

Pinchot was fired by Taft.

Text Notes Completely at odds with Taft Roosevelt decided to run again for the presidency. He declared, my hat is in the ring. Tafts allies firmly held control of the partys machinery and at the Republican Convention they refused to seat any of Roosevelts delegates. Taft ended up winning the partys nomination and Roosevelts supporters ended up walking out. Progressive PartyBull Moose Party TR split with the Republican Party and created his own party.

Election of 1912Wilson wonThe split in the Republican Party helped Wilson.

TR won 88 Electoral Votes.

Chapter 8Section 5: Wilsons New Freedoms Woodrow Wilson 28th President 1913-1921The split Taft and Roosevelt created helped Wilson win.

New FreedomWilsons plan that would place strict govt controls on corporations.

Sixteenth AmendmentAllowed Congress to levy taxes based on a persons income.

Graduated income tax.

TariffsWilsons first goal was to lower tariffs.Wilson addressed both houses of Congress in person. Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Act in 1913.Reduced tariffs to their lowest level in 50 years.To make up for lost revenue the act introduced a graduated income.

BankingFederal Reserve ActAt the top was the Federal Reserve Board, the group that ran the system.Second level- 12 Federal Reserve banks, under private and public control. (served other banks)Third level- private banks, which could borrow from the Federal Reserve.

. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)Authorized the investigation of corporations. Targeted abuses such as; mislabeled products and false claims.

Clayton Anti Trust ActClarified and extended the Sherman Antitrust Act by clearly stating what corporations could not do.Companies could not sale items below price to drive competitors out of business.Could not buy other companies stocks to create a monopoly Govt had to prove they were doing it

Text Notes Throughout his first term, Wilson supported legislation to aid working people.

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)Provided low interest loans to farmers.Given to needy farmers

Adamson ActReduced the workday for railroad workers from 10 to 8 hours without a cut in pay.

Workingmans Compensation Act 1916Gave wages to temporarily disabled civil service employees.

What lasting effects did the Progressive Era have on American Society?