How do you think the president should be chosen?

A. By the current system with an electoral college

B. By the popular vote of the people

C. By the Congress 0% 0%0%

A. A

B. B

C. C

Chapter 11 The Jackson Era (1824-1845)

Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy

Chapter Time Line

Chapter Time Line

How did political beliefs and events shape Andrew Jackson’s presidency?

James Monroe Leaves Office• From 1816 and 1824,

the US had only one political party

• The Republicans• James Monroe refused

to run for a third term• Four candidates from

the party ran for president

• The candidates views different and they represented different regions

Candidates of 1824• The Party nominated William

H. Crawford, a former congressmen from Georgia

• The other three were favorite sons (Backed by their home states instead of a party)

• Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson came from Tennessee (West) and war hero

• Henry Clay from Kentucky (West) and Speaker of the House of Representatives

• John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams from Massachusetts (Northeast) and son of former son John Adams

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Who won the Republican Party nomination in the presidential election of 1824?

A. William Crawford

B. Andrew Jackson

C. Henry Clay

D. John Quincy Adams

The Election of 1824• Jackson received the

largest number of popular votes

• But, no one received a majoritymajority of the electoral vote

• Jackson won a pluralityplurality• According to the 12th

Amendment, when no candidate receives a majority of electoral voted, the House of Reps selectsselects the president

The House Decides• Henry Clay met with John

Quincy Adams• Clay agreed to use his

influence as Speaker of the House to defeat Jackson

• In return, Clay hoped to gain popularity as secretary of state

• With Clay’s help, Adams was elected president

• Adams quickly named Clay secretary of state (traditionally a stepping stone to the presidency)

• Jackson’s followers accused the two men of making a “corrupt bargain” and stealing the election

The Adams Presidency• Adams and Clay denied any

wrongdoings• The charge of “corrupt

wrongdoing” cast a shadow over Adams presidency

• Adams had an ambitious program of legislation

• Also improving roads and waterways

• Adams wanted to have a national university

• Adams proposals horrified his opponents who wanted a more limited role for the federal government

• In the end, Congress granted money for improving rivers, harbors, and roads

The Republican Party• By 1824, the Republican

Party split• Democratic-Republicans

supported Jackson• National Republicans

supported Adams• Jackson’s “Democrats”

favored states’ rights and mistrusted strong central government

• Many Democrats were people from the frontier, immigrants, or workers in the big cities

The National Republicans• Wanted a strong central

government

• Supported federal measures like road building and the Bank of the United States

• They believed this would help the economy

• Many were merchants or farmers

Campaign of 1828• Both partied resorted to

mudslinging (insults)• Adams was accused of

betraying the people• The Democrats said the

election was a contest “between an honest patriotism, and an unholy, selfish ambition, on the other.”

• The National Republicans fought back with a song embarrassing incidents of Jackson’s life

• John C. Calhoun, Adams’ Vice President, switched parties to run with Jackson

• Jackson won an overwhelming victory

“Old Hickory”• Like many of his

supporters, Jackson was born in a log cabin

• He was a war hero• His troops called him

“Old Hickory” because he was as tough as a hickory stick

• Many felt that Jackson’s rise from a log cabin to the White House demonstrated the American success story

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Who could vote in the presidential elections of the 1820s?

A. Females

B. African Americans

C. White males

D. Native Americans

New Voters• President Jackson promised “equal

protection and equal benefits” for all Americans

• At least for all white American men• During his first term, a spirit of

equality spread throughout American politics

• Many states loosened the restrictions for voting (Owning property)

• Democracy expanded as people who had not been allowed to vote became new voters

• More men participatedparticipated in the political process

• Women could not vote. African Americans and Native Americans had few rights of any kind

• 22 of the 24 states changed their constitutions to allow the people to choose presidential electors

The Spoils System• Democrats wanted more

ordinary people in government jobs

• They felt that the federal government had become a bureaucracy (a system in which nonelected officials carry out laws)

• Jackson replaced workers with his supporters

• The fired employees protesting, saying Jackson was acting like a tyrant

• One Jackson supporter said: “To the victors belong the spoils”

• The practice of replacing government employees with the winner’s supporters is called the spoils systemspoils system

Electoral Changes• Jackson’s supporters

abandoned the unpopular caucuscaucus (Candidates chosen by Congress)

• Nominating conventions replaced them

• Delegates from the states chose the party’s presidential candidate

• This allowed many people to participate in selecting candidates

The Tariff Debate• A high tarifftariff on European

manufactured goods pleased Northeastern factory owners

• By making European goods more expensive, more American made goods would be sold

• Southerners hated it because tariffs meant higher prices

• John C. Calhoun argued that a state had the right to nullifynullify (cancel) a federal law if it was considered to be against state interests

• Daniel Webster (North) disagreed, claiming that nullification would destroy the Union

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

How would Northeastern factory owners react to a high tariff?

A. They would be upset and oppose high tariffs.

B. They would decrease production of goods.

C. They would be very pleased.

D. They would consume more European products.

Nullification• Jackson spoke to

Calhoun- “Our federal Union… must be preserved”

• Calhoun responded- “The Union- next to our liberty, most dear”

• Calhoun meant that the Union must take second place to a state’s liberty to overrule the Constitution if its interests were threatened

• 1832- Congress lowered the tariff, but the protests from the South continued

South Carolina’s Response• South Carolina passed the

Nullification Act, declaring it would not pay the “illegal” tariffs of 1828 and 1832

• South Carolina threatened to secede if the government interfered

• To ease the crisis, Jackson backed a bill that would gradually lower the tariff

• Jackson also had Congress pass the Force Bill, allowing him to use the military to enforce acts of Congress

• South Carolina accepted the new tariff, but nullified the Force Bill

How did political beliefs and events shape Andrew Jackson’s presidency?

-Limiting the strength of the federal government-States’ rights-Broadening democracy-Spoils system-Nullification challenged his ideas

Chapter 11 Section 1 Quiz

John C. Calhoun believed that states had a right to nullify acts of the federal

government.

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%

A. True

B. False

Presidential candidates who receive the backing of their home states rather than that

of the national party are called

hom

e st

ate

candi

dates

.

nat

iona

l par

ty c

andid

...

favo

rite

son c

andid

ates

.

sta

te p

arty

can

didat

es.

0% 0%0%0%

A. home state candidates.

B. national party candidates.

C. favorite son candidates.

D. state party candidates.

Andrew Jackson's supporters replaced caucuses with

sel

ectio

n mee

tings

.

sta

te c

onventio

ns.

del

egat

e co

nventio

ns.

nom

inat

ing c

onven

ti...

0% 0%0%0%

A. selection meetings.

B. state conventions.

C. delegate conventions.

D. nominating conventions.

The only Americans allowed to vote in 1824 and 1828 were

Afri

can A

mer

ican

s.

white

men

.

white

wom

en.

all

of th

e ab

ove.

0% 0%0%0%

A. African Americans.

B. white men.

C. white women.

D. all of the above.

What law allowed the president to use the United States military to enforce acts of

Congress?

Mili

tary

Act

Pre

side

ntial A

ct

Congr

essi

onal

Bill

Forc

e Bill

0% 0%0%0%

A. Military Act

B. Presidential Act

C. Congressional Bill

D. Force Bill

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