Section 1-Main Idea The BIG Idea Order and Security New farming practices supported population growth, and the revival of trade led to a money- based economy and the rise of cities. Section 1 The New Agriculture New inventions for farming and more efficient use of land contributed to population growth in the High Middle Ages. Section 1 The European population doubled in size between 1000 and The large population increase in Europe was due in part to a more peaceful environment and changes in technology.technology Food production was increased by using scythes, axes, and hoes. The New Agriculture (cont.) Section 1 A new plow called the carruca led to the growth of farming villages. People had to work together to buy the iron needed to make the plow and share the team of animals needed to pull the plow.carruca Europeans also started using three-field rotations, harnessing wind and water, and using animal power to save labor and produce more crops. The New Agriculture (cont.) Section 1 The Manorial System Under the manorial system of the Middle Ages, serfs worked the lands of lords. Section 1 The manor was an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by serfs.manor Serfs provided labor services, paid rents, and were subject to the control of the lord. By 800 A.D. 60% of Western Europeans were serfsSerfs The life of European peasants was very simple. They lived in wood framed cottages, generally consisting of one or two rooms. The Manorial System (cont.) Section 1 The seasons of the year dictated peasant activities. Religious holidays provided peasants with time away from work and brought them into contact with the Church. Peasant women had to work in the field, raise children, and manage the household. The Manorial System (cont.) The Peasants Wheel of Life Section 1 Grains were used for making bread, the daily food of peasants, and ale. Vegetables, cheeses, and sometimes meat supplemented the meals of peasants. Water was not easy to obtain, so wine was the drink of the upper classes and ale was the drink of the poor. The Manorial System (cont.) BY Describe a manor A.Agricultural estate run by a lord and worker by peasants B.Agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by serfs C.Land that peasants owned and serfs worked D.None of the above BY What is one contribution to population growth during the high middle ages A.New inventions for farming and more efficient use of land B.War led to expansion of European Kingdoms C.People became nomads and traveled throughout Europe. D.None of the above BY Which of the following was a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare? A.Oxcart B.Carruca C.Shovel D.Cabochon BY By 800, approximately what percentage of the western European population were serfs? A.20% B.40% C.60% D.80% Section 1 The Revival of Trade The revival of trade during the High Middle Ages gave rise to a commercial revolution. Section 1 As trade increased, demand for gold and silver coins increased. Eventually, a money economy replaced the barter system.money economy New trading companies and banking firms led to the economic system of commercial capitalism.commercial capitalism The Revival of Trade (cont.) Section 1 The Growth of Cities The revival of trade spurred the growth of cities, which became centers for manufacturing and trade. Section 1 The revival of trade led to a revival of cities. Merchants and artisans moved into these newly revitalized cities and became known as bourgeoisie.bourgeoisie The people in the cities and towns slowly gained their independence from local lords. The cities created their own governments, and patricians were elected legally or illegally.patricians The Growth of Cities (cont.) Medieval Trade Routes Section 1 Medieval towns were surrounded by stone walls and were cramped and dirty. Pollution and the threat of fire plagued the city inhabitants. People began to organize themselves into business associations. These guilds played a leading role in the economic life of cities.guilds The Growth of Cities (cont.) Section 1 A person who wanted to learn a trade went through a series of steps. People started as unpaid apprentices, earned wages as a journeyman, and could become a master by producing a masterpiece.apprenticesjourneyman masterpiece The Growth of Cities (cont.) BY Serfs were different from peasants in that serfs A.Owned the land they worked on B.Could live anywhere they chose except land that was part of the lords estate C. Were legally bound to the land upon which they worked and lived D.Lived in the cities and were not farmers like the peasants BY Merchants and artisans living in walled cities came to be called? A. Burghers or bourgeoisie, from the German word burg. B.Highwaymen, members who are wealthy C.Masters D.Apartment dwellers BY A tenth of ones produce is called a A. Basket of produce B.Tithe C.Groupon D.Wealthy Man BY At which point in the guild system did a person work for no wages? A. apprentice B.journeyman C.master D.guild director Section 1-End Section 2-Main Idea The BIG Idea Ideas, Beliefs, and Values With its strong leadership, the Catholic Church became a dominant and forceful presence in medieval society. Section 2 The popes of the Catholic Church had political and religious power since they controlled the Papal States. Pope Gregory VII wanted to free the Church of political interference from lords and kings and ended the practice of lay investiture.lay investiture Gregory claimed that the pope had authority over the entire Christian world including its rulers. If rulers did not accept this, they would be removed.removed The Papal Monarchy (cont.) Section 2 Henry IV of Germany disagreed with the popes view and a struggle known as the Investiture Controversy ensued. Under the Concordat of Worms agreement in 1122, a bishop in Germany was elected by the Church, and then the bishop paid homage to the king. The Papal Monarchy (cont.) Section 2 Papal power was strengthened under Pope Innocent III who used the interdict to get his way.interdict People feared not receiving sacraments, and pressured rulers to listen to the pope.sacraments The Papal Monarchy (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Lay investiture was a practice by which A.Craftsmen joined the church B.Secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office C.Merchants invested in foreign goods for the purpose of making a profit D.Guilds determined the maximum and minimum prices that could be charged for a certain good or service A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 The struggle between Henry IV and Gregory VII was known as the A.The Investiture Controversy B.The Seven Years War C.The Mega Argument D.The Concordat of Worms A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Who fought the idea that the pope is the supreme ruler of all Christian lands? A.Gregory VII B.Henry IV C.Innocent III D.Philip Augustus A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 To achieve his political ends, Pope Innocent III often used an interdict, which A.Allowed the pope to choose a kings successor B.Prohibited priests from giving sacraments of the Church to a particular group of people. C.Forbade certain groups from holding office D.Declared a holy war against enemies of the Church Section 2 New Religious Orders As religious enthusiasm spread through Europe, new monastic orders emerged. Section 2 In the 1200s, the Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Francis was a wealthy merchant from Assisi who decided to give up his worldly possessions and preach to the poor. The Franciscans became popular for their simplicity and devotion to the poor. New Religious Orders (cont.) Section 2 The Dominicans were dedicated to defending Church teachings from heresy.heresy To deal with heretics, the Church created the Inquisition. This court had regular proceedings to find and try heretics. New Religious Orders (cont.) Section 2 Some people, because of their holiness, were called saints and were revered by the people. Relics were usually the bones of saints or objects connected to saints.Relics Worshipping relics and pilgrimages to holy sites were important to European Christians. Religion in the High Middle Ages (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Born to a wealthy merchant family, Francis Assisi A.Used his status in society to improve the life of women. B.Eventually abandoned all worldly goods and material pursuits to live and preach in poverty. C.Was both a wealthy and successful merchant and poet D.Gave up his claim to the family fortunes to join the Benedictine monastic order and compose music A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Court created by the Church to find and try heretics. A.Interdict B.Inquisition C. Lay investiture D.Ordeal A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 The denial of basic Church doctrines A. Schism B.Relics C.Heresy D.Commandment Section 2-End Section 3 Architecture Gothic cathedrals, an artistic triumph of the High Middle Ages, were built in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Section 3 In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, churches were built in the Romanesque style. The construction of the Romanesque churches was similar to the basilicas of the Roman era, except that instead of flat roofs, they had arched vaults.construction Architecture (cont.) Section 3 Romanesque churches required massive pillars to hold up the stone roofs, and had little light due to the lack of windows. A new style, called Gothic, utilized ribbed vaults and flying buttresses to allow for higher ceilings and thinner walls. Architecture (cont.) Section 3 Universities Medieval university students applied scholasticism to the study of theology. Section 3 The High Middle Ages saw the rise of universities. The first European university was established in Bologna, Italy. Soon, universities were set up in Paris, France, and Oxford in England. Students could earn a doctorate in law, medicine, or theology.theology Universities (cont.) University Locations Section 3 Theology, the most highly regarded subject, was influenced by scholasticism.scholasticism Scholasticism attempted to reconcile Christian teachings with the works of the Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, who reached conclusions by rational thought, not by faith. In the 1200s, Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote his masterpiece Summa Theologica which concluded that reason could not conflict with truths arrived at through faith. Universities (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Where was the first university in Europe located? A.Rome, Italy B.Bologna, Italy C.Oxford, England D.Paris, France Section 3 Vernacular Literature Troubadour poetry and the heroic epic poem were popular forms of vernacular literature in the twelfth century. Section 3 Latin was the universal language used in the Church and schools. New literature began to be written in vernacular, or everyday speech. vernacular The most popular vernacular literature of the twelfth century was troubadour poetry. Vernacular Literature (cont.) Section 3-End A.A B.B Section 4-Polling Question Do you think a deadly, communicable disease would significantly change your community economically and socially? A.Yes B.No Section 4 The Black Death Spreading throughout Europe during the mid-fourteenth century, the Black Death had disastrous social and economic effects. Section 4 During the 1300s, the Black Death killed approximately one-third of the European population. The plague generally followed trade routes. It devastated urban centers, and villages in Germany and England were wiped off the map. The Black Deaths most common form was the bubonic plague, which was spread by fleas on rats. The Black Death (cont.) Spread of Black Death Section 4 The disease was so lethal, that family members often had to abandon one another.abandon Effects of the Black Death: The Black Death (cont.) Approximately one-third to one-half of the population killed Rise in anti-Semitismanti-Semitism Decline in trade, labor shortages, and decreased demand for food Spread of Black Death Section 4 Decline of serfdom and the influence of the Church Growth of cities and peasant revolts The Black Death (cont.) Effects of the Black Death A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 What animal is blamed for carrying the deadly bubonic plague? A.Dog B.Bird C.Rat D.Cat Section 4 Decline of Church Power The Great Schism of the Catholic Church caused great political conflict and left Europe divided for four decades. Section 4 In the 13 th century, a struggle began between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France over the kings right to tax the clergy. The struggle ended when Boniface VIII died after fleeing Philips forces. Philip then engineered the election of a French pope, Clement V, in Decline of Church Power (cont.) Avignon Section 4 The election of the Italian Pope Urban VI was declared invalid by French cardinals, who elected a French pope. The dispute over who was to be Pope began the Great Schism. Decline of Church Power (cont.) Section 4 John Hus, a Czech reformer, was burned at the stake for heresy for his attempts at reforming the Church. Both the papacy and the Church lost political and religious power due to the crises of the fourteenth century. Decline of Church Power (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 What caused the struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV? A.Boniface took control of the French army. B.Philip wanted a French pope. C.Philip wanted to tax the clergy. D.Boniface wanted to move the Papal States to France. Section 4 The Hundred Years War England and France waged the long, violent Hundred Years War. Section 4 The Hundred Years War began in 1337 when the king of France seized English controlled lands of Gascony in France. English archers using longbows devastated the French knights. The Hundred Years War (cont.) Hundred Years War Section 4 In 1415, the English king Henry V again defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt and the English controlled northern France. A peasant named Joan of Arc believed that God had chosen her to save France. The inspired French army seized Orlans. The French eventually won the war in 1453, aided by the use of the cannon and gunpowder. The Hundred Years War (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 How were the English able to defeat the French knights at Agincourt? A.Horses B.Longbows C.The navy D.Cannons Section 4 Political Recovery France, England, and Spain emerged as new monarchies by the late 1400s. Section 4 The New Monarchies: France Political Recovery (cont.) France became unified after the Hundred Years War. There was a permanent royal income due to increased taille.taille The monarchy relied on the lesser nobles and middle class for royal power. Industry and commerce was promoted. Section 4 England The Tudor dynasty was established when Henry Tudor ended the Wars of the Roses. Henry VII abolished private armies. Henry VII became popular with his low taxes. Political Recovery (cont.) Section 4 Spain During the Middle Ages, Christian kingdoms regained land from the Muslims. The Christian kingdoms were unified when Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in Ferdinand and Isabella enforced strict conformity to Catholicism. Political Recovery (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 How did the French monarchy become wealthier during the reign of Louis XI? A.Annexing more land B.Promoting trade C.Selling the land of the clergy D.Increasing the taille Section 4-End VS 1 Society in the HIGH MIDDLE AGES Farming inventions and efficient use of land contributed to population growth. Under the manorial system, serfs were legally bound to the land they worked for the lord. Revival of trade changed the economy from a barter system to one based on money. As trade grew, cities expanded and became manufacturing and trade centers. VS 2 CATHOLICISM, INNOVATIONS, AND INTELLECTUAL REVIVAL in the Middle Ages Political power of the Catholic Church peaked during the papacy of Pope Innocent III. Religious fervor led to new monastic orders. Advances in technology allowed the building of impressive Gothic cathedrals. Europes first universities were founded. Popular troubadour poetry and heroic epic poems were written in the vernacular. VS 3 Disruptive Forces of the LATE MIDDLE AGES The Black Death spread through Europe, devastating societies and economies. The Great Schism damaged the Churchs power and divided Europe. In the Hundred Years War, peasant foot soldiers, not knights, won the chief battles. Recovery began in the late 1400s as new monarchies emerged in France, England, and Spain. VS-End