Section 1

First Migration to America

Beringia

• Hunters-gatherers moved after food across the landmass called Beringia

• As they moved they changed their tools and social organization

• They also changed the food they consumed as the environment changed

Make a list of things that make up your culture

• List them in your notebook

New civilizations developed further south

• Olmec Society

• Aztec society in Mexico

• The Inca Society in South America

• Mayans replaced the Aztecs in Mexico

Mayan Civilization

• The following slides show how sophisticated the societies were

• Creating temples and pyramids to study astrology

Mayans

Mayans

Aztecs in the capital of Tenochtitlan

Aztecs in colorful dress

Aztecs Society

• Had calendar system and crop rotating system.

• Pochteca or special merchants that did all the long distance trade.

• Clans existed in Aztec society but were later changed because Nobility class emerged.

• Rank in military achieved through capturing enemy soldiers for sacrifice.

Anasazi

• Present day Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona

• Built their homes in the sides of cliffs

Mound Builders (Great Serpent Mound)

• Built mounds to honor the dead and honor those in powerful positions

Section 2

North American Native Americans

Pacific Coast Totems

Inuit Igloos

Kiva

Great Plains

Wigwam

Iroquois Longhouses

Natchez

Section 3

• Leif Eriksson was the first European sailor to reach North America

• As a result of Indian wars, he returned to Scandanavia and 400 years go by before Columbus returns to make his glorious discovery for Spain

Middle Ages

• Middle Ages (also known as the Dark Ages)

• A period of struggle for Europe from 500 A.D. to 1500

• Feudalism emerged as the way of life during this time

• A few lords rose to power and during this time vassals worked as soldiers and laborers for the lords to receive land

• Copy the organization of the feudal system

• Once you were born into the category of peasant or serf you were there for life

The Catholic Church

• During the Middle Ages money and power was located in the Catholic Church

• Churches paid for art projects and the amazing architecture of the day

• Monks lived in monasteries where they spent their days in pray and studies

• Nuns did much the same in convents

Nations on the rise

• Many of the nobles lost their power in the late Middle Ages to Kings

• England and France were of the first Nations to be formed

• William of Normandy (which is in France) took over Englandin 1066

King John

• During the Crusades (if you don’t remember them we will get there soon), King John had taxed his people to death and many were dying in the fight

• The nobles of the time decided they would not continue to obey the command of King John without some say in the government

• King John signed the Magna Carta which gave some voting power to the nobles only in England

• Read the Magna Carta handout and answer questions

Crusades and Travel

• Traveling back and forth to Jerusalem allowed the European population to become addicted to goods of the Far East

• Trade picked up between the foreign nations and as it did cultures were exchanged

• The more people learned of other cultures the more they questioned their own

• This brought about the RENAISSANCE

Section 4Trade Across Continents

Spread of Islam

MuhammadMuhammad was born about 570 c.e. into the leading tribe of Mecca..

Muhammad was an orphan and was raised by his uncle.

He was a hard-working boy, honest and dependable who began his life as a shepherd and later went into the trading business.

He was a caravan manager for a wealthy widow, Khadija, whom he eventually married.

Muhammad was 25 and Khadija was about 40!

They had at least 6 children and a long and happy marriage.

Muhammad as a prophet

Citizens of Mecca were hostile to the message.

Most of Arabia were converted to Islam by the

time of Muhammad’s death in 632.

The religion grew as Muslims traded throughout Europe and Africa

The religion spread quickly and when it moved into Europe and into the area of land the Christians considered Holy, the Pope felt compelled to stop the spread of Islam

Arab Conquests

Holy Land

The 1st Crusade• Pope Urban II called upon all Christians to join

a war against the Turks- a war which would count as full penance.

• Crusader armies marched to Jerusalem, sacking several cities on their way. – Nicaea in May 1097

• In 1099, they took Jerusalem and massacred the population.

• As a result of the First Crusade, several small Crusader states were created, notably the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

The 1st Crusade• Byzantine emperor Alexius I called for help with

defending his empire against the Seljuk Turks, in 1095• Pope Urban II called upon all Christians to join a war

against the Turks- a war which would count as full penance.

• Crusader armies marched to Jerusalem, sacking several cities on their way. – Nicaea in May 1097

• In 1099, they took Jerusalem and massacred the population.

• As a result of the First Crusade, several small Crusader states were created, notably the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

The 1st Crusade

The Crusades

• The third Crusade was a disaster 1189-1192– Richard the Lionhearted

• Crusaders for the next century united Europe– France and England

became powers– Spain and Portugal rose

• 7 Crusades in all

Ghengis Khan• Grandfather of Kublai Kahn

• First to unify the divided Mongol tribes

• Built a small, very structured army that was able to defeat huge armies (Hooker)

• Army was known for great horsemen

• Elected “Great Khan” in 1206

(“Ghengis”)

Ghengis Khan

Kublai Khan Takes Over—The Beginning of a Dynasty

• In 1260, Kublai Khan became the “Great Khan.”

• In 1264 he moved the capital from Mongolia to Cambuluc, present day Beijing (Hooker).

(Dowling)

(“China”)

Map of China

Yuan Dynasty

• In 1271 Kublai Khan named his dynasty the Yuan Dynasty.

• A few years after he named the dynasty, he captured all of China.

• He gradually adopted Chinese political ideas and built a strong central government.

•He eventually became an absolute ruler (Hooker).

(“Arts”)

• Kublai Khan created a summer capital in Shangdu, commonly referred to as Xanadu.

• He built a magnificent summer home for himself there called Xanadu (Hooker).

• In 1275, Marco Polo visited this palace and created many reports about it.

• These reports made Europeans more interested in the east.

(Dowling)

Marco Polo

Ming dynasty

• Ming dynasty overthrew the Mongol Empire

• Zheng He was an explorer for the Ming dynasty

• China stopped the sea exploration to stop western influence and deal with internal affair

Menzies Views• Zheng He’s voyages of exploration began in

1405 and culminated in early 1421

• As Yongle emperor’s favorite eunuch, Zheng He was ordered to take Ming’s huge armadas to the unknown world beyond China

• On the sixth voyage (1421-22), Zheng He’s ships reached Antarctica, the Arctic, North and South America, Pacific, Australia

Read the handout on Zheng He

African Trading Kingdoms

• East African Kingdoms gained wealth through trade

• City-states shared a common religion, Islam, and a common language, Swahili

• West African Kingdoms were tied to the East through trade and religion