SECTION 1 – EARLY HISTORY A. Geography 1. The Plateau ~Most of sub-Saharan Africa is on an...
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Transcript of SECTION 1 – EARLY HISTORY A. Geography 1. The Plateau ~Most of sub-Saharan Africa is on an...
![Page 1: SECTION 1 – EARLY HISTORY A. Geography 1. The Plateau ~Most of sub-Saharan Africa is on an interior plateau ~ Rivers only navigable short distances inland.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f085503460f94c1d5f1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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SECTION 1 – EARLY HISTORYSECTION 1 – EARLY HISTORY
A. GeographyA. Geography
1. The Plateau
~Most of sub-Saharan Africa is on an interior plateau
~Rivers only navigable short distances inland from coast due to rapids or ‘cataracts’
*Kept interior unexplored by outsiders and, therefore, mysterious, giving Africa the nickname “the Dark Continent”
** Few good harbors contributed to the same inaccessibility and mysteriousness
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2. Climate TypesA. Mediterranean (2%) –
C. Sahel –
North and South Coasts
Sahara, Kalahari, Namib *Camel caravans crossed even the vast Sahara *Bushmen – tribal groups who learned to live in the Kalahari
Southern edge of the Sahara *Droughts very common…
B. Desert (40%)–
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D. Savanna (50%) – D. Savanna (50%) –
grasslands dotted with trees and brushgrasslands dotted with trees and brush
100 plus inches of rain per year! 100 plus inches of rain per year! E. Rain Forest (8%) –E. Rain Forest (8%) –
*Problem with soil – slash and burn agriculture *Problem with soil – slash and burn agriculture leads to “leaching” nutrients from the soil leads to “leaching” nutrients from the soil
**Tropical diseases – malaria, sleeping sickness, Ebola, etc…**Tropical diseases – malaria, sleeping sickness, Ebola, etc…
* Safari country!
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3. Other Geographical FeaturesA. Great Rift Valley –
North to South running crack in the earth
*Much anthropological evidence has been found there…
B. Mountains or Highlands –
*Mount Kilimanjaro the most famous…
Atlas Mts(N), Drakensburg Mts(S), Ethiopian Highlands(E)
**Distance running success by Kenyans & Ethiopians…
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B. Early Culture1. Village life
~Government by
a council of elders and or a chief
~ Agriculture usually used as basis for economy
~ Animist (polytheistic, with belief in both ancestor & natural spirits) religions predominate
~ Age and kinship ties historically important
*Some societies were matrilineal
or part matrilineal in nature…
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2. Oral Traditions
~ Few written languages develop
*Griots – oral historians for a village
**”Roots” - Alex Haley’s novel tracing his African-American family roots all the way back to a village in Africa where the Griot remembered his ancestor’s capture into slavery
***This story might not have been entirely true…
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Section 2 Kingdoms and City-States
*Nubia – Area South of Egypt along upper Nile River
A.Kush (1800’s B.C. – A.D. 300’s)
~ Black African Nubian kingdom abutting upper Egypt
~ Trading and iron-working center
~ Built pyramids and temples
*Kush traded with and sometimes fought Egypt
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B. Aksum (A.D. 300’s – 700’s)
~ In Ethiopian Highlands and along the Red Sea~ Early Christian (Coptic) area in Africa
~ Aksum rises to power while Kush will declines
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C. East African City-States (A.D. 700’s – 1300’s)
*Swahili Culture – mix of African (Bantu), Arabic and Persian ethnic groups, languages, and culture
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~ Trade – from interior to coast, from Africa to Arabia, India and Asia
Exs. Slaves, ivory, gold, tortoise shells, etc.
sailing ships of East Africa and the Indian Ocean
~ Islam – came south from Arabia and N.E. Africa
~ Cities included: Mogadishu, Malindi, Kilwa and are later conquered by the Portugese
*Dhows –
*Pirates there today!!
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~ Inland fortress city
~ controlled gold mining region and traded with the coastal cities
~ Mysteriously declines in A.D. 1400’s
*Drought (?), Famine (?)
D. Great Zimbabwe
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E. West African Kingdoms
*Controlled trans-Saharan trade
Ex. gold from the Sahel for salt in the Sahara
~Europe’s primary source for gold until the1500’s and the influx of gold from the New World (Americas)
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1. Ghana (The Land of Gold)~At its peak in AD 1000’s
~Loses power when attacked by Muslim Berber tribes from the North
2. Mali~At its peak in AD 1300’s
~Noted for justice and order by Muslim traveler Ibn Buttuta
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Mansa Musa
~Timbuktu its capital city and center of Muslim learning and trade
~Mansa Musa its most famous king
>Supported arts and education
>Makes noted hajj to Mecca in 1324AD *Which makes Europe aware of W. African wealth and will eventually lead to the slave trade…
Timbuktu
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3. Songhay
*Largest of historic West African Kingdoms
*Gun wielding Moroccans invade in the late1500’s causing its decline
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Drought & famine frequent in many areas
Ex. Sahel area: Ethiopia, Somalia, etc.
Debt & Economic Development are issues for many countries (challenging due to the history of gov’t corruption & civil strife)
Health care HIV/AIDS~ mostly in sub-Saharan Africa where infection rates are high and gov’t’s are struggling to deal with the crisis
*Also: Malaria, Ebola, etc…
F. Modern Issues for Africa
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Ethnic ViolenceEx. 1994 Rwanda – Hutus vs Tutsis 2000’s Sudan (Darfur) Arab vs Black 2000’s Zimbabwe Black vs White
Civil wars – Liberia, Sudan (Darfur), Dem Rep of Congo, etc.
Race relationsEx. South Africa, Zimbabwe
Apartheid – brutal system of racial segregation practiced in South Africa from 1930’s to early 1990’s
*Nelson Mandela’s role – black anti-apartheid leader who helps end Apartheid and becomes the first black President of South Africa **Also: Religious Violence – Muslims vs Christians in Nigeria
*Boko Haram group…
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Environment & Ecology issues
Ex. Poaching, rain forest loss, etc.
Trafficking in humans (modern slavery) still occurs in certain areas
Children soldiers are used in many of the Civil Wars of Africa
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Militant Islamic fundamentalism a big concern today Ex. Sudan, Egypt, Algeria, Somalia
Cultural Pride becoming more and more celebrated
Tourism often a part of many countries’ economies*And what sights, sounds, tastes, and smells there must be to behold…!
*On a positive note:
**Other issues: culture of gov’t corruption, the African diaspora, international aid/intervention, piracy, trade barriers, etc.