Secrets to Success for Cost-Effective LNAPL Management

© 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies.

Secrets to Success for Cost-Effective LNAPL Management

John Sohl, President/CEO COLUMBIA Technologies (888) 344-2704 ext. 201

[email protected] www.columbiatechnologies.com

Rapid, Real-Time High Resolution Site Characterization


An advanced global approach for site investigation and remediation to reduce the risk, cost, and uncertainty at LNAPL contaminated properties

May 7, 2013

© 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies. © 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 2

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© 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies. © 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 3

Today’s Presenter

John Sohl CEO COLUMBIA Technologies


U.S. Industry Resources

American Petroleum

Institute (API)

© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 4

American Society for

Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Association for Environmental

Health and Sciences (AEHS)

Contaminated Site Clean-Up

Information (CLU-IN)

Interstate Technology

Regulatory Council (ITRC)

National Ground Water Association (NGWA)

United States Environmental

Protection Agency (USEPA)

Sustainable Remediation

Forum (SURF)

© 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies. © 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies.

- LNAPL saturation level (thickness is one indicator) - Groundwater conditions (now and then; perched, unconfined, confined) - Soil grain size & structure - Pore pressure and pore space availability - Condition of the monitoring wells and their adjacent formation, filter pack, and seals - What elevation (depth) intervals are we working with? - What tools do we have that can provide useful data regarding these conditions?

The LNAPL Challenge

5


What is LNAPL?


NAPL = Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid - Do not mix with water and remain as a separate phase - Include petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents

LNAPL = NAPL that is less dense than water - Gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and crude oil - Multi-component mixtures

Courtesy of:

LNAPL


Underground – It’s Complicated


Courtesy of:


LNAPL Site Conceptual Model Some Factors to be Considered -LNAPL Saturation - In-well thickness (and condition of well) - Saturated vs. unsaturated zones - Pore sharing (water, air, other fluids) - Water level response (current and historical) - Heterogeneous conditions (soil and water) - Head and gradient (both LNAPL and groundwater) - Hydraulic conductivity & transmissivity - Mobile vs. migrating


Courtesy of:


Terminology and Definitions

TPH - Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Csat - Sorbed, dissolved, and soil gas have a finite capacity for organic

chemicals

LNAPL – When the TPH concentration exceeds Csat, then a fourth phase,

LNAPL must exist TPH > Csat -> LNAPL


LNAPL present, but cannot flow into wells

LNAPL can flow into wells

LNAPL

Csa

t

Csat Residual Mobile Migrating


Pores and Pore Pressure

Quick Notes: - LNAPL share pore space with other fluids including air - The head pressure of the LNAPL must overcome the pore entry pressure for LNAPL migration


Courtesy of:

Water LNAPL

Flow

Flow

For water wet media


High Resolution Systems

Method Target Data MIP (Membrane Interface Probe) (MIP-EC, MiHPT, MIP-HTL, LL MIP, MIP-XSD)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) (Dissolved phase petroleum and/or Solvents )

LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence) (UVOST®, ROST®, TarGOST®, FFD)

LNAPL/Residual phase petroleum Light petroleum fuels to coal tars

HPT (Hydraulic Profiling Tool) Soil hydraulics (pore pressure, soil permeability)

PST (Pneumatic Slug Test) Soil characteristic - permeability

EC (Electrical Conductivity) Soil characteristic - electrical

CPT (Cone Penetrometer) Soil characteristic, behavior type

Discrete Groundwater Profiling Short, discrete screen interval (0.2 – 1.0 meter)

VOCs, SVOCs, Metals, Biologics, Gases

Onsite Laboratory Analyses Rapid Laboratory grade GC, GCMS, HPLC, other

VOCs, SVOCs, Metals, Gases

Real Time Data Management Mapping and vertical profile charts

Quality Assurance and Decision Making Results presented via Internet in real time

11 © 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies.


Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) Quick Notes: - Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - Vapor, Dissolved Phase, Sorbed Phase, some NAPL - Typical DL: 1 ppm fuel / 200 ppb solvent (can be lower with special procedures)

- Integrated Electrical Conductivity and/or - Hydraulic Profiling Tool - Optional Heated Trunk Line - Matrix effects - Performance Test Required!



MiHpt Response to LNAPL – Unsaturated Zone


Think Sponge


Sample LIF Log

Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) UltraViolet Optical Screening Tool®(UVOST®)

Quick Notes: - Responds to PAH containing compounds - Residual Phase Petroleum Hydrocarbons - Excellent mapping of NAPL - Matrix effects - Reference Emitter (RE) source test required

Compound Waveforms

Depth


© 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies. 15 © 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies.

LIF Principles of Operation

• PAHs fluoresce when struck with UV light • Each PAH has a unique fluorescence spectrum • Heavier PAHs are more red-shifted

LIF responds to free-phase PAHs – anything with more than one benzene ring


LIF Principles of Operation

• PAHs fluoresce when struck with UV light • Each PAH has a unique fluorescence spectrum • Heavier PAHs are more red-shifted

LIF responds to free-phase PAHs – anything with more than one benzene ring

16


Linear Response Over Wide Range of Saturation


Optical Spectroscopy:

- FOUR different frequency bands - Fluorescent light received from the down hole window - Lighter, shorter chain hydrocarbons blue-green - Heavier, longer chain hydrocarbons orange-red - Matrix effects - Reference Emitter (RE) source test required

Kerosene/Diesel at water table

Deeper but lighter LNAPL

UltraViolet Optical Screening Tool®


Sample HPT Log

Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)

Quick Notes: - Used to profile hydraulic pore pressure and permeability “effective K” - Integrated EC - Positive pressure flow of water supplied from surface - Determine migration pathways, remediation injection regions, and placements for monitoring wells



Classic “shark fin” Evidence of higher NAPL saturations above

Supported by high pore pressure – low flow zone beneath

Combined HPT and LIF


$$ of Monitoring

Wells

NA

PL D

istribu

tion

Laser Mapping of Petroleum Pipeline Leakage

Cost-effectively characterize Contaminated sites



Starting with The “Monitoring” Well

Situation: - Historical release - Multiple MWs installed - New or recurring free product thickness (1.5-ft) in one or more wells - Investigate for unidentified source


Fact: - Recurring presence of LNAPL in a monitoring well OR continued elevated groundwater concentrations of hydrocarbons are clear evidence of a remaining source…it just may not be mobile or moving


Initial LIF Profile Adjacent to the MW

Quick Notes: - Performance test is GOOD - Background check is GOOD - Material in the formation is different than performance test standard and repeatable - Material is at 17 and 19 feet below grade



LIF Profile of Product in the MW

Quick Notes: - Performance test is GOOD - Background check is GOOD - Material in the well is lighter (more fresh, less degraded) than product in the formation - Material in the well is different than the performance test standard - Response is repeatable



MIP Response Adjacent to the MW


Remember Csat


Options and Next Steps: Is the problem the LNAPL concentration, the Well

performance, the formation, or GW levels? • Are we at Csat, Residual, Mobile, or Moving? • What are the historical records for groundwater levels? • Are the hydrocarbons competing for pore space with the groundwater? • Has a lowering groundwater level in the past opened pore space that enabled LNAPL to move into the well? • What is the relative elevation relationship between the formation response, the monitoring well screen, the filter pack, the seal, and the groundwater level (now and historically) • Do we have a confined LNAPL situation beneath a clay with tight pore space? • Is the MW performing as expected?



Concept of Vertical Equilibrium


LNAPL

LNAPL

Water Water

Clay

Gravel


Pneumatic Slug Test (PST)

Quick Notes: - Used to measure hydraulic conductivity “K” - Portable, manual tool kit - Pressurizes formation and then monitors formation recovery after releasing the pressure - Test performed in existing monitoring well or via direct push drive point - Development and condition of the well or drive point screen critical to the quality of the test



Sample PST Log

Pneumatic Slug Test (PST)

29 Geoprobe Systems, Salina KS


Important Final Thoughts • LOE – Use a (Multiple) Lines of Evidence Approach (no one

tool, sampling methodology, or analytical method works in every soil and every situation)

• Measure the heterogeneity - Local lithologic changes and local hydraulics control your outcome

• LNAPL thickness can be an important contributor to head, the pressure, of the LNAPL and therefore an indictor of mobility – however, make sure you measure true thickness in both the formation on the well

• Equally important are the competing hydraulic conductivity and pore pressure

• Remember Csat!


Next in the HRSC Webinar Series

Tips for Identifying Contaminant Transport and Storage Zones

Tuesday, May 21, 2013 | 12:00 PM EST

Register at:

www.columbiatechnologies.com/HRSCWebinar


One More Final Thought

It is far better to be approximately correct with a huge data set than precisely wrong with a limited data set.

Thank You!

Questions?

www.columbiatechnologies.com


Secrets to Success for Cost-Effective LNAPL Management

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