Secondary Treatment Configurations
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Transcript of Secondary Treatment Configurations
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Secondary Treatment Secondary Treatment ConfigurationsConfigurations
SOP Pretreatment WorkshopSOP Pretreatment Workshop
August 2011August 2011
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NDWRCDP DisclaimerNDWRCDP DisclaimerThis work was supported by the National Decentralized Water This work was supported by the National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project (NDWRCDP) with Resources Capacity Development Project (NDWRCDP) with
funding provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency funding provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through a Cooperative Agreement (EPA No. CR827881-01-0) through a Cooperative Agreement (EPA No. CR827881-01-0) with Washington University in St. Louis. These materials have with Washington University in St. Louis. These materials have
not been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. not been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These materials have been reviewed by representatives of the These materials have been reviewed by representatives of the
NDWRCDP. The contents NDWRCDP. The contents of these materials do not necessarily reflect the views and of these materials do not necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the NDWRCDP, Washington University, or the U.S. policies of the NDWRCDP, Washington University, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade Environmental Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute their endorsement or names or commercial products constitute their endorsement or
recommendation for use.recommendation for use.
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CIDWT/University DisclaimerCIDWT/University Disclaimer
These materials are the collective effort of individuals from These materials are the collective effort of individuals from academic, regulatory, and private sectors of the academic, regulatory, and private sectors of the
onsite/decentralized wastewater industry. These materials have onsite/decentralized wastewater industry. These materials have been peer-reviewed and represent the current state of been peer-reviewed and represent the current state of
knowledge/science in this field. They were developed through a knowledge/science in this field. They were developed through a series of writing and review meetings with the goal of formulating series of writing and review meetings with the goal of formulating a consensus on the materials presented. These materials do not a consensus on the materials presented. These materials do not
necessarily reflect the views and policies of University of necessarily reflect the views and policies of University of Arkansas, and/or the Consortium of Institutes for Decentralized Arkansas, and/or the Consortium of Institutes for Decentralized
Wastewater Treatment (CIDWT). The mention of trade names or Wastewater Treatment (CIDWT). The mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement or
recommendation for use from these individuals or entities, nor recommendation for use from these individuals or entities, nor does it constitute criticism for similar ones not mentioned.does it constitute criticism for similar ones not mentioned.
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Pretreatment componentsPretreatment components Section objectivesSection objectives
Describe various engineered systems that maintain Describe various engineered systems that maintain high-rate aerobic digestion of organic compounds high-rate aerobic digestion of organic compounds found in domestic wastewaterfound in domestic wastewater
Provide an understanding of the typical issues Provide an understanding of the typical issues associated with these componentsassociated with these components
Describe basic operation and maintenance Describe basic operation and maintenance procedures required to keep these systems functionalprocedures required to keep these systems functional
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Basic aerobic treatment Basic aerobic treatment environmentsenvironments
SaturatedSaturated Suspended growthSuspended growth Fixed/attached growthFixed/attached growth Integrated fixed/activated sludge (IFAS)Integrated fixed/activated sludge (IFAS)
UnsaturatedUnsaturated Media filtersMedia filters Trickling filtersTrickling filters
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Saturated treatmentSaturated treatment
Suspended growthSuspended growth Fixed/attached growthFixed/attached growth Integrated fixed/activated sludge (IFAS)Integrated fixed/activated sludge (IFAS)
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Saturated aerobic units:Saturated aerobic units:Primary distinctionsPrimary distinctions
PackagingPackaging Flow of effluentFlow of effluent Aeration methodAeration method Biomass managementBiomass management
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Suspended growth reactorsSuspended growth reactors
Activated sludge processActivated sludge process Biomass is thoroughly mixed with nutrients Biomass is thoroughly mixed with nutrients
and biodegradable compoundsand biodegradable compounds Organisms flocculate and form active Organisms flocculate and form active
mass of microbes - biological flocmass of microbes - biological floc Extended aeration to limit biomass wastingExtended aeration to limit biomass wasting
Endogenous respirationEndogenous respiration
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Suspended Growth Suspended Growth
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Suspended growthSuspended growth
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Suspended growthSuspended growth
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Suspended growthSuspended growth
USEPA Manual, 1980USEPA Manual, 1980
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Sequencing Batch ReactorSequencing Batch Reactor
Suspended growth treatment processSuspended growth treatment process Utilize a Utilize a single chambersingle chamber for achieving aeration, for achieving aeration,
clarification and anoxic conditionsclarification and anoxic conditions Flow equalization chamber for dosing effluent into Flow equalization chamber for dosing effluent into
the treatment chamberthe treatment chamber
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Sequencing batch reactorsSequencing batch reactors
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Sequencing batch reactorsSequencing batch reactors
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Fixed/attached growth reactorsFixed/attached growth reactors Fixed-film processFixed-film process Inert medium is submerged in the aeration Inert medium is submerged in the aeration
chamberchamber Effluent circulated through media and Effluent circulated through media and
attached microbesattached microbes Colloidal and dissolved organics Colloidal and dissolved organics
compounds absorbed by biological filmcompounds absorbed by biological film Extended aeration to limit biomass wastingExtended aeration to limit biomass wasting Food brought to bugsFood brought to bugs
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Fixed-film reactorsFixed-film reactors
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Rotating Biological Contactor Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)(RBC)
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Membrane bioreactorsMembrane bioreactors
Wikipedia
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Flow schemesFlow schemes
Continuous inflowContinuous inflow Batch processesBatch processes
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AerationAeration
Air supply and delivery componentAir supply and delivery component Distribution deviceDistribution device Venting deviceVenting device
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Air supply deliveryAir supply delivery
MethodsMethods Aspirator/AeratorAspirator/Aerator CompressorCompressor BlowerBlower Free AirFree Air
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Aerator/AspiratorAerator/Aspirator
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Aerator/AspiratorAerator/Aspirator Spinning shaft or impeller creates a vacuum (venturi)Spinning shaft or impeller creates a vacuum (venturi) Vacuum pulls air into the waterVacuum pulls air into the water
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CompressorCompressor Two distinct types of Two distinct types of
compressorscompressors RotaryRotary LinearLinear
Both types fitted with Both types fitted with filtersfilters
Relative to blowers:Relative to blowers: Greater pressure Greater pressure Lower air flowLower air flow
Rotary
Linear
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BlowersBlowers Fitted with inlet Fitted with inlet
screens/filtersscreens/filters Relative to compressors:Relative to compressors:
Lower pressure Lower pressure Greater air flowGreater air flow
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Air distribution deviceAir distribution device
Introduces air into the waterIntroduces air into the water Includes any supply line(s)Includes any supply line(s) Various methodsVarious methods
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Aspirator/aeratorAspirator/aerator
Shaft piping delivers Shaft piping delivers the air supplythe air supply
Distribution relative Distribution relative to pressureto pressure
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Diffused air distributionDiffused air distribution
Compressor or Compressor or blower delivers airblower delivers air
Mode of distribution Mode of distribution is manufacturer is manufacturer specificspecific Solid pipeSolid pipe Perforated pipePerforated pipe
• HolesHoles• SlotsSlots
Porous materialPorous material
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Diffused air distributionDiffused air distribution
Perforated Pipe
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Diffused air distributionDiffused air distribution
Porous ceramic diffuser
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Diffused air distributionDiffused air distribution SpargersSpargers
small interconnected passageways inside a ceramic small interconnected passageways inside a ceramic matrixmatrix
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Oxygen transfer into solutionOxygen transfer into solution
Small diameter Small diameter bubbles bubbles More surface area per More surface area per
unit volumeunit volume Oxygen transfer takes Oxygen transfer takes
place across interface place across interface between air and waterbetween air and water
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Point of injectionPoint of injection Usually near Usually near
bottom of tankbottom of tank more time for oxygen more time for oxygen
to go into solutionto go into solution more hydrostatic more hydrostatic
pressure on bubblepressure on bubble more mixing of more mixing of
contentscontents
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““Free” airFree” air
Alternately rotates media Alternately rotates media through air space in top through air space in top of unit and down into of unit and down into effluent in basineffluent in basin
Water accepts oxygen Water accepts oxygen from air from air
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Aeration and MixingAeration and Mixing Aeration system Aeration system
also encouragesalso encourages
mixingmixing displacement of displacement of
water as air is water as air is introduced causes introduced causes turbulenceturbulence
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Air supply operationAir supply operation
ContinuousContinuous TimedTimed
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VentingVenting Air entering systemAir entering system Air must exit Air must exit
somewheresomewhere UnitUnit House ventHouse vent BiofilterBiofilter
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Biomass managementBiomass management
Returning sludge to a previous point in Returning sludge to a previous point in treatment systemtreatment system
Keeps the biological processes workingKeeps the biological processes working
At some point, accumulated solids will At some point, accumulated solids will have to be removedhave to be removed
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Passive sludge return systemPassive sludge return system
Settled material Settled material automatically returns automatically returns to the aeration to the aeration chamberchamber
No moving partsNo moving parts Limited flexibility for Limited flexibility for
including anoxic including anoxic treatment processtreatment process
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Active sludge return systemActive sludge return system
Pump on bottom of Pump on bottom of settling chambersettling chamber
Control panel with timerControl panel with timer Timing of returnTiming of return Volume returnedVolume returned Location for returned Location for returned
materialmaterial
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Proprietary configurationsProprietary configurations
Modular units with complete configurationModular units with complete configuration Subcomponents installed in prefab tanksSubcomponents installed in prefab tanks Specific to proprietary productsSpecific to proprietary products
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Basic aerobic treatment Basic aerobic treatment environmentsenvironments
SaturatedSaturated Suspended growthSuspended growth Fixed/attached growthFixed/attached growth Integrated fixed/activated sludge (IFAS)Integrated fixed/activated sludge (IFAS)
UnsaturatedUnsaturated Media filtersMedia filters Trickling filtersTrickling filters
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Unsaturated treatmentUnsaturated treatment
Media filtersMedia filters Trickling filtersTrickling filters
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Media filtersMedia filters A container or lined A container or lined
excavation containing excavation containing a specific media a specific media through which through which wastewater flowswastewater flows
Treatment occurs in Treatment occurs in unsaturated conditionsunsaturated conditions
Designed to follow Designed to follow primary treatmentprimary treatment
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Flow regimes for media filters Flow regimes for media filters
Single passSingle pass RecirculatingRecirculating
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Single-pass media filterSingle-pass media filter
NSFC
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Recirculating media filter schematicRecirculating media filter schematic
Septic Tank Recirculation Tank Final Effluent Tank
Recirculating Media Filter
From House To Soil
Filter Drainage
Effluent Filter Float Valve in Tank Effluent PumpDosing Pump
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Typical configurationTypical configuration
24 – 36 inches of media24 – 36 inches of media Methods of distributionMethods of distribution
Pressure distribution - most common Pressure distribution - most common • Spray nozzlesSpray nozzles• DriplinesDriplines
GravityGravity
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Increasingly, timer-controlled dosing is being usedIncreasingly, timer-controlled dosing is being used Usually lined to collect filtrate for external dispersalUsually lined to collect filtrate for external dispersal May be configured to drain into rock pad beneath May be configured to drain into rock pad beneath
unit in certain soil/site conditionsunit in certain soil/site conditions
Typical configurationTypical configuration
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Single-pass: 1 – 2 gal / ftSingle-pass: 1 – 2 gal / ft2 2 /day/day Multiple-pass filters: up to 5 gal / ftMultiple-pass filters: up to 5 gal / ft2 2 /day/day Increased loadings may be allowed for Increased loadings may be allowed for
certain proprietary designscertain proprietary designs
Typical hydraulic loadingTypical hydraulic loading
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Single-pass filters:Single-pass filters: Historically - 4 times/dayHistorically - 4 times/day Current recommendations - as high as 12-24 Current recommendations - as high as 12-24
times/daytimes/day Multiple-pass: 12-72+ times/dayMultiple-pass: 12-72+ times/day
Dosing frequencyDosing frequency
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Treatment processTreatment process
Wastewater applied in small dosesWastewater applied in small doses Percolates over media in thin filmPercolates over media in thin film Organisms on media contact wastewaterOrganisms on media contact wastewater Air is maintained in media poresAir is maintained in media pores Oxygen is transferred into the thin film and Oxygen is transferred into the thin film and
to organismsto organisms Aeration typically passiveAeration typically passive
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Treatment occurs by:Treatment occurs by:
Filtration and trappingFiltration and trapping AdsorptionAdsorption Biological decompositionBiological decomposition Biochemical transformationBiochemical transformation
NitrificationNitrification Denitrification (especially if recirculated) Denitrification (especially if recirculated)
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Types of mediaTypes of media Washed, graded sandWashed, graded sand GravelGravel Foam chips and cubesFoam chips and cubes Expanded polystyreneExpanded polystyrene PeatPeat Synthetic textile materialsSynthetic textile materials Bottom ash from coal-fired plantsBottom ash from coal-fired plants Crushed glassCrushed glass OtherOther
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Sand and gravel filtersSand and gravel filters
Single pass or recirculating modeSingle pass or recirculating mode Sand/Gravel media specificationsSand/Gravel media specifications
Must (generally) be processed to provide the right Must (generally) be processed to provide the right gradationgradation
Screened for proper gradationScreened for proper gradation WashedWashed
Must be handled carefully after processing to Must be handled carefully after processing to maintain the specification and remain free of maintain the specification and remain free of finesfines
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Cutaway demoCutaway demo
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Single pass sand filterSingle pass sand filterwith pump basinwith pump basin
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Questions?Questions?