Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

Initial Environmental Examination

January 2014

NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and

Sanitation Sector Project-Dhankuta Town Project

Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 31 January 2014)

Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR)

NPR1.00 = $0.0099 $1.00 = NPR100.501

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Urban Development

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

Project Management Office Panipokhari, Kathmandu

IInniittiiaall EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall EExxaammiinnaattiioonn ((IIEEEE))

ooff

DDhhaannkkuuttaa TToowwnn WWaatteerr SSuuppppllyy aanndd SSaanniittaattiioonn

SSeeccttoorr PPrroojjeecctt

DDhhaannkkuuttaa -- KKoosshhii ZZoonnee

((BBaattcchh IIII,, PPaacckkaaggee IIVV))

Submitted To:


Government of Nepal

Singhdurbar, Kathmandu

January - 2014

Submission Information Sheet

Name of Project Second Small Town Water supply and Sanitation Sector Project

Batch/ Package Batch II, Package IV

Town Project Dhankuta

Project Executing Agency Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD)

Project Implementation

Agency

Project Management Office (PMO),

Second Small Town Water supply and Sanitation Sector Project

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage,

Panipokhari, Kathmandu

Financing Agency Asian Development Bank , [ Grant 0157: SSTWSSSP ]

Project Commencement

Date

15 Jan 2012

Consultant Engineer Building Design Authority ( BDA) – Plush Engineering &

Architects ( PEA) – (JV)

Team Leader Er. Dhruba Raj Sharma

Submission Information

Name of the report

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

of

Dhankuta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

No. of Volumes 1

Version No. 2

Date of Submission Jan 2014

Copies produced 15

Report written by 1.Dr. Subodh Sharma -Environmental safeguard Specialist

2.Mr.Indra Kumar Paudyal - Sr. Engineer, BDA -PEA JV

Report reviewed and

checked by Mr. Dhruba Raj Sharma – Team Leader, BDA-PEA JV

Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Dhankuta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS …………………………….…………………………………………………………….….iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Nepali)………………………………………………………................................1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (English)…………………………………………………………………………...3

A. INTRODUCTION . .......................................................................................................................................... 5

1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT . .......................................... 5

a. Name of the Proposal .................................................................................................................................. 5

b. Name and Address of the Proponent . ......................................................................................................... 5

2. BASIS AND EXTENT OF IEE STUDY ................................................................................................................... 5

a. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 . .................................................................................................. 6

b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines . ................................................... 7

c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study . ................................................................................... 10

d. Relevancy of the Project . .......................................................................................................................... 11

e. Approach and Methodology . ..................................................................................................................... 13

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT . ......................................................................................................... 15

1. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................. 15

a. Water Supply ............................................................................................................................................. 15

b. Existing Sanitation Situation . ................................................................................................................... 20

2. TYPE, CATEGORY AND NEED OF THE SUBPROJECT . ....................................................................................... 20

3. SIZE AND MAGNITUDE OF OPERATION . .......................................................................................................... 21

4. PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF IMPLEMENTATION . ................................................................................................. 21

5. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS . .............................................................................................................. 22

a. Project Components . ................................................................................................................................. 24

b. Project Requirements . ............................................................................................................................... 33

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT . ............................................................................................ 37

1. PHYSICAL RESOURCES .................................................................................................................................... 37

a. Geophysical Profile . ................................................................................................................................. 37

2. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................... 40

a. Forest ........................................................................................................................................................ 40

b. Flora .......................................................................................................................................................... 40

c. Fauna ......................................................................................................................................................... 40

3. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES . ............................................................................................................ 41

a. Population and Communities .................................................................................................................... 41

b. Ethnic Composition . .................................................................................................................................. 41

c. Health Facilities and Sanitation . .............................................................................................................. 42

d. Educational Facilities . .............................................................................................................................. 42

e. Physical and Cultural Heritage . ............................................................................................................... 42

f. Employment ................................................................................................................................................ 42

g. Distribution of Monthly Income Levels . .................................................................................................... 43

4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH . .......................................................................... 43

a. Land Use ................................................................................................................................................... 43

b. Infrastructural Facilities............................................................................................................................ 44

c. Economic Development .............................................................................................................................. 44

D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES . ........................ 45

1. BENEFICIAL IMPACTS AND AUGMENTATION MEASURES . .............................................................................. 45

a. Construction Phase . .................................................................................................................................. 45

b. Operation and Maintenance Phase . .......................................................................................................... 45

2. ADVERSE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES . ......................................................................................... 46

a. Pre-construction Phase . ............................................................................................................................ 46

b. Construction Phase . .................................................................................................................................. 46

c. Operation & Maintenance Phase .............................................................................................................. 50

d. Resettlement, relocation and compensation issue . .................................................................................... 50

3. IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES . ............................................................................................ 55


ii

a. Project Design . .......................................................................................................................................... 55

b. Project Contract . ....................................................................................................................................... 55

c. Bill of Quantities . ...................................................................................................................................... 55

E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT . ............................................... 56

1. ALTERNATIVE IN DESIGN ................................................................................................................................ 56

2. ALTERNATIVE IN PROJECT SITE/LOCATION . ................................................................................................... 56

3. ALTERNATIVE IN TECHNOLOGY, IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE AND RAW MATERIALS . ............................. 56

4. NO PROJECT OPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 57

F.INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION . ................................... 58

1. PUBLIC CONSULTATION .................................................................................................................................. 58

2. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ............................................................................................................................ 58

G. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM . .................................................................................................. 59

H. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN . ............................................................................................... 61

1. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN AND OBJECTIVE . .................................................................................. 61

2. MONITORING AND MITIGATION . ..................................................................................................................... 61

3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING COST . .......................................................................................................... 65

4. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURES AND INSTITUTIONS . ..................................................................................... 66

5. REPORTING PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................. 67

6. PROCUREMENT PLAN AND COST ESTIMATES . ................................................................................................ 68

7. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE . ......................................................................................................... 68

I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . ....................................................................................... 70

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Respondents representing different wards in project area……………………..………………. 16

Figure 1.2: Different water sources used in project area…………………………………………………… 17

Figure 1.3: Daily Water Requirements in Project Area………………………….………………………… 17

Figure 1.4: Water Supplied interval in Project Area………………………………….…………………… 17

Figure 1.5: Water Supplied Timings in Project Area……………………………………………….……… 18

Figure 1.6: Adequacy of Supplied Water In Project Area………………………………….……………… 18

Figure 1.7: Availability of Water in Project Area…………………………………………….…………… 18

Figure 1.8: Water Scare Months in Project Area…………………………………………………………… 19

Figure 1.9: Consumers’ Paying Water Tariff in Project Area……………………….……………………… 19

Figure 1.10: Satisfaction Level of Respondents to the Service provided by the Municipality…………… 19

Figure 1.11: Existing Sanitary Situations……………………….. …………………………………….… 20

Figure 1.12: Schematic Layout of Project Component……………………………………………….……… 22

Figure 1.13: Nibuwa Stream Pumping Scheme ……………………..………………………………………. 27

Figure 1.14: Pipe Line System Design Layout ……………………………………. 33

Figure 2.1: Location of Dhankuta in Nepal ……………………..…………………………………………. 37

Figure 2.2: Seasonal and Source Wise Variation of Heavy Metals……………………..…………………. 38

Figure 2.3: Seasonal and Source Wise Variation of Coliforms……………………………..……………… 39

Figure 2.4: Consumers’ Response on Odour as Quality of Water in Project Area …………………..……… 39

Figure 2.5: Methods in Practice to Ensure Safe Drinking Water in Project Area ……………………………. 40

Figure 2.6: Number of Patients Suffering from Waterborne Diseases in Project Area ……………………….42

Figure 3: Grievance Redress Mechanism……….………………..…………………………………………. 61

Figure 4: Implementation Schedule of Project ……………………..……………….………………………... 70


iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply .……………… 12

Table 2: Salient Features of Dhankuta Town Project ……………………………. .……………… 23

Table 3: Safe Yield of sources …………………………………………………….…………… 25

Table 4: Required Reservoirs.. …………………………………………………….……………… 29

Table 5: Power Rating of Pumps ………………………………………………….…………… 29

Table 6: Materials Required ….. ………………………………………………….……………… 34

Table 7: Human Resources ….. ………………………………………………….……………… 35

Table 8: Project Activities ….. ………………………………………………….……………….. 36

Table 9: Community Forests in Project Area…………………………………….……………….. 40

Table 10: Households and Population Structure ..………………………..…….……………….. … 41

Table 11: Distribution of Population by Caste / Ethnic Groups ……. ……….……………….. … 41

Table 12: Distribution of population by Occupation ………… ……. ……….……………….. … 43

Table 13: Distribution of Nos. of HHs by Monthly Income Levels ……….……………….. … 43 Table 14: Biological Environmental Issues and Impacts …… ……. ……….……………….. 49 Table 15: Evaluation of Anticipated Environmental Impacts ……. ……….……………….. …… 52 Table 16: Overview of Environmental Impacts and Augmentation / Mitigation Measures ….. … 53 Table 17: Water Supply : Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures- Pre

construction Environmental Monitoring Plan ……. ……….……………….. …… 64 Table 18: Water Supply : Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures- construction

Period Environmental Monitoring Plan ……. ……….……………….. ……….….. 65

Table 19: Water Supply : Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures- Operation

& Maintenance Period Environmental Monitoring Plan .……………….. ………. 66

Table 20: Monitoring Costs ……. ……….………………………………………………….. … 67

Table 21: Institutions Involved in the Proposed Project…………………………………………… 68

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Terms of Reference

Annex 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA)

Annex 3: Public Notice

Annex 4: Deed of Enquiry

Annex 5: Water quality test report

Annex 6: Sample Questionnaire

Annex 7: Minutes of the meeting

Annex 8: Photographs


iv

ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank

amsl above mean sea level

DDC District Development Committee

DSC Design and Supervision Consultant

DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

EIA Environnemental Impact Assessment

EMP Environnemental Management Plan

EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Act

EPR Environmental Protection Rules

GoN Government of Nepal

GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism

HH Household

lpcd litres per capita per day

LGCDP Local Governance Community Development Project

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

mm millimetre

MoUD Ministry of Urban Development

NEA Nepal Electricity Authority

NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standard

NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation

PMO Project Management Office

REA Rapid Environmental Assessment

RP Resettlement Plan

RSMO Regional Supervision & Monitoring Office

SSTWSSSP Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

TDF Town Development Fund

WUSC Water User and Sanitation Committee

VDC Village Development Committee

ES Environmental Specialist of DSC

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Dhankuta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

1

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2

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3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

The Project Management Office (PMO) of the Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) is the

proponent of the current project. The sub-project is a part of the second phase of the Small Towns Water

Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) of the Government of Nepal which aims to

construct/extend drinking water supply systems, drainage and sanitation facilities as well as provide

sanitary health education to the community in the small urban towns of the country. The project embraces

the community managed demand responsive approach and is being implemented under ADB finance. The

proposed project will facilitate wards 2 to 7 of Dhankuta Municipality, Dhankuta of the Koshi Zone.

Purpose of IEE, ADB policy, GoN acts and rules

The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the environmental implication

of the proposed project and its activities to ensure that it will not damage the environment and to provide

measures to mitigate the adverse impacts.

Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual

developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process.

The statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal, that has to be adhered to for the proposed project,

is the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 (and

amendments 2007). The present IEE study fulfils the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of

Schedule 1 of EPR, 1997 (including amendments). Similarly, as per ADB Safeguard Policy Statement

(SPS) 2009, the project is classified Environment Category B and IEE is required as per the checklist

suggested by ADB.

Components of the project

The proposed Dhankuta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will use surface sources of water by

augmenting presently operating gravity systems and pumping water from Nibuwa stream. Additional water

will be transported from Tankhuwa stream to collection chamber near Nibuwa stream, considering the

scarcity of water in the dry season. The project comprises of two major components - water supply and

sanitation. The system also consists of water treatment facilities, ground reservoirs from where water will

be distributed through distribution pipe lines. The second component is sanitation services. Source

protection works, re-vegetation works and sludge drying bed etc will be provided under the sanitation

component.

Baseline information

Part of the project area, mainly the market area has piped water supply system. The existing water supply

system delivers water to 50% of the households through 1650 private taps and 48 community taps. Water

is distributed for one hour in alternate days. Other households of the community rely on streams. Manual

well boring in the project area is not possible due to the hard geological strata. Majority of households thus

depend on contaminated water. All the schools and about 93 % of the households in the project area have

latrines.

Dhankuta is a heterogeneous town in terms of composition of caste and ethnicity. Average monthly

income is quite above the national average. Majority of the people depend on agriculture, service, business


4

and foreign jobs for their source of income. The project area is surrounded by forests including five

community forests.

Environmental impacts, mitigation and monitoring

No significant adverse environmental impacts have been predicted and the anticipated negative impacts are

of local in nature and low in magnitude. The main environmental concern for water supply system is

related to construction activities such as constructing surface intakes, water treatment units, reservoirs and

distribution network. Excavation works could lead to soil erosion and silt run off. The mitigation measures

are precautionary types such as proper back filling & compaction of the excavated trenches and avoiding

cutting of vegetation.

Regarding the sanitation component the main issues are nuisance odour from sludge drying bed and

possibility of mosquito breeding which are likely to occur during the operational phase. This can be

mitigated by applying lime and periodically cleaning and flushing. The locations of major structures have

been acquired in consultation with the user committee and no households or community will be displaced

or resettled. Therefore there are very few possibilities of adverse impacts on the biological and socio-

economic environment in the project area.

Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of mitigation measures and a detailed monitoring

schedule has been designed specifying the regular and periodic monitoring activities during the project

construction and operation phase. Before the operation of the project, PMO will develop detailed work

plan for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on the Environmental Management

Plan which will be incorporated in the construction and operation contracts.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Considering the nature of the project, environmental and socio-economic situation of the area, and based

on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be concluded that the

proposed project will have only minor negative impacts. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be

easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring schedules.

Implementation of the project will benefit the local people with safe and sufficient supply of drinking

water and improved sanitary situation thereby raising the living standard of the people. If the project is

properly implemented and environmental issues are duly considered there will be significant improvement

in environment health and the health of the people.


5

A. INTRODUCTION

1. Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report

a. Name of the Proposal

01. The name of the proposal is ‘Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Dhankuta Water Supply and

Sanitation Sector Project’ in Dhankuta District.

b. Name and Address of the Proponent

02. The project proponent is Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

(SSTWSSSP) under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) which will be the

responsible agency for the implementation of the proposal. The name and address of the proponent is

given below.

Name of the Proponent:

Project Management Office

Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage


Government of Nepal

Address of the Proponent:

Panipokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone: 977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348

Fax: 977 1 4413280

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np

2. Basis and Extent of IEE Study

03. Government of Nepal has prepared a fifteen years development plan to implement the water supply

and sanitation programmes in emerging towns or small towns in order to improve the health and the

quality of life of the people living in the project towns by constructing and extending water supply

system, drainage and sanitation facilities and providing health and hygiene education programmes.

The project follow the community managed demand responsive approach where the community will

be involved from planning phase to construction, implementation and operation and maintenance

phases. The project, ‘Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, STWSSSP’ is the

outcome of that effort. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been providing the financial assistance

to implement the project in both the phases (first and second). Department of Water Supply and

Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency whereas Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) is

the executive agency of the project.

04. Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual

developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process and that action is

taken to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. This is carried out through environmental assessment

process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and

implementation worldwide.

05. The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the proposed

infrastructure components and ensure that they will not damage the environment. The IEE will also

provide guidance for their planning, construction and operations of the Project. In the assessment,


6

potential environmental impacts are identified; their significance assessed; and strategies devised to

avoid negative impacts or reduce them to an acceptable level.

06. These strategies (called “mitigation measures”) are then carried forward into the Environmental

Management Plan (EMP). The EMP assigns responsibilities; indicates timescales; and measures

performance for each mitigation measure – to make sure that they are implemented and not ignored.

An environmental monitoring plan is also added to help provide progress on project implementation.

This nominates protocols and responsibilities for checking the operation of the project, to a range of

relevant and agreed performance indicators.

a. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009

07. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 is to consider environmental issues in all aspects of the

Bank’s operations. ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector

loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans and private sector investment

operations.

08. The nature of the assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental

impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and

magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects

are screened for their expected environmental impacts and are assigned to one of the following

categories:

Category A: A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse

environment impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an

area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact

assessment (EIA) is required.

Category B: A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts

are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of

them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for

category A projects. An initial environmental examination is required.

Category C: A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse

environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental

implications need to be reviewed.

Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or

through FI (Financial Intermediaries).

09. The Bank has classified this sub project as of Category B and following normal procedures for

project loans and accordingly an IEE has been conducted.

10. The subprojects comprise of water supply and sanitation improvement works. An initial Rapid

Environmental Assessment (REA) (Annex 2) was undertaken and the Project classified by ADB as

Category B and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was conducted.

11. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) affirms that environmental and social sustainability is a

cornerstone of economic growth and poverty reduction in Asia and the Pacific region. Therefore,

ADB’s Strategy 2020 emphasizes assisting developing member countries (DMCs) as they pursue

environmentally sustainable and inclusive economic growth. In addition, ADB is committed to

ensuring the social and environmental sustainability of the projects it supports. The goal of the

Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 is to promote the sustainability of project outcomes by


7

protecting the environment and people from potential adverse impacts of projects. ADB addresses the

following objectives in its safeguard policy:

• To avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, where possible; • To minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and

affected people when avoidance is impossible; and • To help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to

manage environmental and social risks.

12. ADB’s SPS sets out the policy objectives, scope and triggers, and principles for three key safeguard

areas: • Environmental safeguards, • Involuntary resettlement safeguards, and • Indigenous Peoples safeguards.

13. A project’s environment category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive

component, including direct, indirect, induced, and cumulative impacts. Each proposed project is

scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental

impacts. The level of detail and comprehensiveness of the EIA or IEE are commensurate with the

significance of the potential impacts and risks.

b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines

i. Policy Measures

14. The current policies of government of Nepal (GoN) stress the importance of environmentally sound

economic development and growth through economic liberalization. The proposed Water Supply

Project is in line with these policy measures to the extent possible. Some of these policies relevant to

the proposed project are described below.

• Second Three Year Interim Plan, 2068-2071 BS (2011-2015 AD)

15. The interim plan provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in

particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanization on service levels, water quality and

scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste

management in all urban schemes and specially endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local

authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organizations

playing increasing roles.

• Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 BS (2007 AD)

16. The interim constitution of Nepal realized environmental protection as the policy of the state. Clause

(4) of Article (35) of the constitution states that ‘The State shall, while mobilizing the natural

resources and heritage of the country that might be useful and beneficial to the interest of the nation,

pursue a policy of giving priority to the local community’. The Clause (5) states that ‘The State shall

make necessary arrangements to maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to

special protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical

development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental

cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, their

sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them’.

• National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy, 2066 BS (2009 AD)

17. It was formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in

service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are


8

mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial

incentives where so required. It aims to ensure that the roles and responsibilities of central and local

government bodies, external development partners, private sector including NGOs and user groups

are clearly defined in scheme implementation and regulation and performance management in

accordance with national decentralization policy

• National Policy on Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004

18. Provides guidance on water and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led

participatory approaches. While partially relevant in the urban context, particularly around the

integration of inputs and local capacity building, it generally fails to address the complex operational

challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services.

ii. Acts and Regulations

• Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2001

19. The section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states

“Nobody shall engage a child in a work as a labour, who has not completed fourteen years of age”

and sub clause 2 states “Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the

Schedule”. The section 4 states “Child not to be engaged in work against his will by temptation or

fear or pressure or by any other means”

• Local Self Governance Act, 1999 & Local Self Governance Regulations, 2000

20. The Act empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and

implements environmental conservation activities. It also describes about the user group formation to

implement the programs in the local areas. The Regulation has provisions for Village Development

Committee (VDC), District Development Committee (DDCs) and municipality to coordinate and

implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed

project.

• Water Resources Act, 1992 & Water Resources Regulation, 2000

21. Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of

priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for

the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets out the

procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA

and license holders.

• Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1997 & Environmental Protection Regulations (EPA), 1999

(and amendments)

22. EPA and EPR have several provisions to institutionalize environmental consideration in development

projects. Section (5) of EPA stipulates that ‘a proponent who is desirous of implementing any

proposal shall have to submit such a proposal, accompanied by the report on Initial Environmental

Examination or Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposal, to the concerned agency for the

approval of such a proposal. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the scoping report,

Terms of Reference (TOR), and IEE/EIA report for approval and includes public consultation

processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detail

information on impacts and environmental protection measures, including implementation plan,

monitoring and evaluation and environmental auditing. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the

prescribed projects.

• Drinking Water Regulations, 1998

23. Regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of

quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by

consumers.


9

• Forest Act, 1993 & Forest Regulations, 1995 (including amendments)

24. Since forest has an important role in managing water resources, Forest Act has many provisions

effecting the integrated water resources management of the country. The basic objective is developing

and conserving the forests of the country. The government can provide parts of any type of forest for

the implementation of national priority plan with the assurance that it does not adversely affect the

environment. The Regulation further elaborate legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild

animals.

• Labor Act, 1992

25. The Act emphasizes on occupational health and safety of workers and stipulates provision of

necessary safety gears and adopting necessary precautionary measures against potentially hazardous

machine/equipment in the workplace. It also stipulates to make arrangements such as removal of

waste accumulated during production process and prevention of dust, fume, vapour and other waste

materials, which adversely affect the health of workers

• Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management

Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act, 2006

26. These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the

legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation

applicable to all urban schemes.

• Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987 & Solid Waste (Management and

Resource Mobilization Rules), 1990

27. As solid waste has direct impact on water supply system, discharge of solid waste in either public or

private places have been prohibited under this Act. The rules entrusts Solid Waste Management and

Resource Mobilization Centre, established under the Act, to provide necessary service to individual or

institution in managing solid waste. As such any water resource projects may obtain such service and

maintain the water resource clean.

• Town Development Act, 1988

28. The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to

implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that

town.

• Land Acquisition Act, (2034 BS) 1977 & Land Acquisition Rules, 1969

29. These are two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and

compensation. Under these, the Government is allowed to acquire any private land paying reasonable

compensation to the affected party for any public purposes or for operation of any development

project initiated by government institutions and the water resources laying and originating within such

acquired area is spontaneously acquired under this process.

• Water Tax Act, 1966

30. Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to

pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as

fixed by the law.

iii. Standards and guidelines

• National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and Directives, 2005

31. Provides details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set

out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also


10

ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking

water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and

surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards.

• Water Resource Strategy, 2002

32. Provides a systematic framework for water resource development and identifies action plans to avoid

and resolve conflicts and achieve water related development objectives. It has identified the need to

integrate and coordinate all the uses of natural resources within the catchment basis and has laid

emphasis on the development and management of water resources in a holistic, systematic manner,

relying on integrated water resources management.

• National EIA Guidelines, 2050 BS (1993 AD)

33. In the process of implementing National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1990, the government of

Nepal in collaboration with The World Conservation Union - IUCN developed a locally suitable

environmental assessment guideline. Although National EIA guidelines are procedural guidelines, it

substantially encouraged the proponent to prepare an EIA report of the prescribed development

projects and programmes and serves as the primary source of integrating environmental aspects in

major development projects. The National EIA Guidelines contains objectives, methods of screening

projects requiring the level of environmental assessment (IEE or EIA), scoping, impact identification

and prediction, report review, monitoring and evaluation and impact auditing ensuring public

participation during the preparation of the IEE/ EIA report.

c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study

34. IEE is a tool for incorporating environmental concerns at the project level and is carried out as a part

of the detailed study. The objectives are:

• provide information about the general environmental settings of the project area as baseline data • provide information on potential impacts of the project and the characteristic of the impacts,

magnitude, distribution, affected groups and duration • provide information on potential mitigation measures to minimise the impact including

mitigation costs • assess the best alternative project with most benefits and least costs in terms of financial, social

and environmental aspects • provide basic information for formulating management and monitoring plans

35. The present IEE has been conducted for the water supply and sanitation subproject proposed for

Dhakuta Town Project of Dhankuta Municipality, Dhankuta District. It discusses the environmental

impacts and mitigation measures relating to the location, design, construction and operation and

management of the scheme.

36. The scope of the study is to study and prepare IEE report as per the format indicated by EPR 2053 BS

(1997AD) together with the instructions provided by the project management office. The task during

the preparation of this report included description of the project with reference to the physical,

biological and social environment, and identification of potential impacts, mitigation measures and

monitoring plan and related topics. However, the study does not limit itself only here, but has strived

to completeness and objectiveness. As the proposed sub-project is classified as environment Category

B project as per the ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, an Initial Environmental

Examination (IEE) has to be carried out.

37. However, after the enforcement of GoN's Environmental Protection Acts 1996 and Environmental

Protection Regulation (EPR) 1997 (including amendments 1999), all projects under consideration are

required to fulfil either IEE or EIA applications. The screening criterion for the application of IEE or


11

EIA is clearly mentioned in the schedule 1 and schedule 2 of EPR. The points of the schedules

determine whether the project should undergo IEE or EIA.

38. The structural components of Sub- Project including the sources (surface sources e.g. Tankhuwa

stream, Nibuwa Stream, Charchhare, Aitabare etc ) and reservoirs will be located at the land

procured by the WUSC. Transmission mains and distribution network of the proposed project passes

along the forest area and existing road tracks. As a whole, the project does not fall in any restricted

areas, places of cultural, historical and archaeologically important/monuments, conservation areas,

wildlife, National Parks, and other places where the law of the land prohibits any construction

activities. Also the scale of human settlement or human lives affected because of project activities is

quite insignificant.

39. In this way, all the criteria lie within the range of schedule 1 of EPR. As per the ADB's

Environmental Assessment Requirements and Environmental Guidelines for selected infrastructure

Development Projects and GoN's Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997, Initial Environmental

Examination (IEE) is sufficient for the proposed project.

40. The current studies have been conducted as per the TOR approved by MoUD on dated 2070/2/19 BS

(June 2, 2013 AD). The environmental issues identified by the TOR have been looked into in detail

by this study and EMP and has been designed to address these issues.

41. The impacts of providing infrastructure in the areas have been assessed and the Initial Environmental

Examination (IEE) Reports and Environmental Monitoring Plans produced. Studies were conducted

according to ADBs Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 and GoNs Environmental Protection Rules

(1997) and amendments.

d. Relevancy of the Project

42. As per the TOR, it is stated that the project needs to be studied from the environmental point of view

as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed water supply and

sanitation project is an extension and rehabilitation of the existing district water supply and sanitation

system which is meant primarily for the market area but has also been supplying a part of the

proposed service area. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be

able to avail adequate amount of safe drinking water. The project needs to go through IEE process as

stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall be using surface

water. The treatment capacity of the proposed units are 24.46 lps ie, less than 25 lps. The Project

does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to

settle any households above the gravity source, and construction of river training works (more than 1

km) is not required. The project shall benefit more than ten thousand persons in the area with higher

and better water services.

43. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and

2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE is required. The regulation stated in

Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of

Annex 3.

44. Table 1 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by

Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments

2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.


12

Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1

and Schedule 1-G and Annex 3 Schedule 1-H of EPR, 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the

Situation of the Project

S.N Condition described in

the Act and Regulations

IEE Required as

per the Regulation

Annex 1 G

EIA Required as

per the Regulation

Annex 3 H

Conditions in this Project

1 River Control (training) Up to 1 kilometer Over 1 kilometer NA

2 Channeling Water from

one Watershed to Another

Applicable Applicable NA

3

Rain Water Collection

and Use of Spewing

Wetland

Up to 200 hectares More than 200

hectares

NA

4

Supply of Water in Dry

Season from Surface

Water Source with a safe

yield of

Up to 1 cusec and

utilizing up to 50 %

of the available

quantity

More than 1 cusec

and utilizing the

total available

quantity

(1 cusec = 28.34 lps)

Total required supply is

24.86 lps from different

surface sources

5 Ground Water Recharge Up to 50 % of total

aquifer

More than 50 % of

aquifer

NA

6 Water Treatment 10- 25 litre per sec Within limit (25 lps)

7 Construction of Tunnel

for Channeling Drinking

Water

Not more than one

kilometer

more than one

kilometer

Tunnel construction not

required ( NA)

8 Water Resource

Development which

Displaces People

(Permanent Residents)

25 to 100 people Over 100 people Not done

9 Settlement of People

Upstream of Water

Source

Settlement of up to

500 people

Settlement of

above 500 people

Not done

10 Supply of water to a

population of

2,000 to 20,000 Over 20,000 Within 20,000

(Present Population 15,139)

11 Connection of New

Source to Supply Water

to existing water supply

system for a population of

10, 000 - 100, 000 More than

100, 000

Population within the given

envelope

[Present Population 15,139

Design year (2030)

population 22,475]

12 Extraction of water from

point and non-point

sources or underground

water sources (over

mining of biologically or

Chemically polluted

point and non point

sources)

NA Applicable No non-point and point

sources of pollution in the

vicinity of the water source

13 Operation of water supply

project included in a

multipurpose project

utilizing a source of 25

liter per sec water.

(Construction of Multiple

Purpose Reservoir

Required)

Not operated Operated This is not a multipurpose

project and is solely for

water supply


13

e. Approach and Methodology

45. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the Terms of

Reference (TOR) approved by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of Nepal dated on

2070/2/19 BS (June 2, 2013 AD).The study has followed the provisions outlined in the

Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and Safeguard

Policy Statement, 2009 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The major activities undertaken

during the preparation of IEE are outlined below.

i. Desk Study

46. Existing secondary data relevant to the proposed project was collected from various published and

unpublished sources from different governmental and non-governmental organizations. All the related

maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles were gathered and studied. The engineering report of the

project and other relevant documents were thoroughly reviewed. Policies, legislations and guidelines

relevant to the project were also referred.

47. The desk study also involved the preparation of questionnaire (see annex) for detailed field study to

collect the primary data within the Zone of Influence (ZOI). In order to specify the area that would be

covered by the assessment, the geographical boundary of the influence area was delineated on the

topographical map. Depending upon the nature and extent of the expected impact area, the Zone of

Influence (ZOI) was categorized into Direct Impact Zone (DIZ) and Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ).

• Direct Impact Zone (DIZ)

48. The project directly affected by the project activities are demarcated as Direct Impact Zone. DIZ can

also be said to be the project area. The area bounded by Hile Bazaar in the North , Dadagaon in the

West , Nibuwa / Tankhuwa streams in the East and areas connecting Tallo Atmara and Nasal Chowk

in the West were delineated as Direct Impact Zone. Koshi Highway passes through the DIZ.

• Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ)

49. The area around the DIZ that could be indirectly affected due to project construction and

implementation activities such as mobility of people, equipment, vehicles, noise, dust, vibration are

demarcated as the Indirect Impact Zone.

ii. Field Work

50. Water sampling was carried out in dry and wet seasons of 2012/2013. Random sampling method was

used so that overall study area was covered. Grab sampling method was used for collection of

samples. A total of forty samples were collected representing Dhankuta Municipality Water Supply

including ward 2 to 7. A detailed field investigation was carried out during February, 2013 to collect

baseline information on the physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area.

The local communities were consulted to understand the social and physical nature of the area. A

walkover survey was carried out to identify the environmental structures and to gather relevant

baseline information on physical, biological and socio- economic spheres. A questionnaire survey

covering 10% of the households were conducted to examine the socio-economic condition of the

service area. In addition to it a questionnaire survey was carried out to examine public awareness

about drinking water quality of Dhankuta municipality. Data related to number of patients suffering

from water borne diseases from 2068 B.S. to 2070 B.S. was collected from Dhankuta Hospital.

• Physical Assessment

51. Existing physical attributes of the project area were studied through topographical map and site

observation, complemented by secondary source of information from reports and interviews.

Information on the location, topography, land use, geology, and soil hydrology were collected during


14

field work through reports obtained from different institutions eg, Dhankuta Municipality,

Department of Survey etc

• Biological Assessment

52. The ecological attributes of the area was gathered during the field survey. Information on vegetation

pattern, wildlife, parks and reserves, sensitive habitats were collected. Identification of wild flora and

fauna, rare and endangered species were done during field observation and by questionnaire survey.

The scientific names of the flora and fauna were later recorded referring to the secondary sources of

data books.

• Socio-economic Assessment

53. Socio-economic and cultural environment of the project such as population, community structure,

distribution of income and sources of livelihood, and expected water users obtained through various

secondary and primary sources of data. These included literature review, questionnaire survey, focus

group discussion, and the suggestions and comments obtained from all relevant stakeholders though

public notice and consultation process.

iii. Data processing

54. The information obtained from the desk study and field works were processed in a standard format to

maintain consistency. The data were tabulated and maps were interpreted. The mitigation and

monitoring measures were then proposed based on the impacts identified during the study.

iv. Consultation and Information Dissemination

55. Public consultation and information dissemination process has been necessary to inform the local

people and concerned agencies about the project and to obtain their concern, issues and suggestions.

The methods adopted for conducting public consultation included holding meetings with district

officials, concerned departments, institutions and NGOs. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and

meetings were also held with the stakeholders within the Zone of Influence (ZOI).

56. Similarly the information about the project was disseminated through publication in national

newspaper giving details about the project and by inviting any comments and concerns. A copy of

the publication was also displayed in the Municipality office, health institutions and other public area

in the project. The final IEE report, after incorporating the comments from concerned department and

ADB, will be made available in their respective websites and will be made available to anyone

interested upon request.


15

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure

a. Water Supply

57. A system of 7 public stand posts of water supply was built during the Rana regime (before 1930) The

intake of this system known as Sawa khola has the discharge of 0.5 lps located at foothills of Hile

bazaar. Later in 1980, DWSS upgraded the system with 115 taps by collecting water from the sources

Trisule, Mudhe, Thulo khola, Sarki khola and Raniban. The intakes: Sarki khola and Thulo khola

intakes are now under the control of Hile water supply system committee. This was further improved

in 1994 with the grant aid from British Gurkha Welfare Fund collecting the additional sources of

Aitbare, Chharchhare, Devi Khola and Thodne. The total extraction was 9 lps. This gravity flow

system contains a treatment plant with plain sedimentation, roughing filter and reservoir tank

constructed at Schooldada whereas slow sand filter, chlorination unit, WUSC office building are near

to the army barrack at Sallaghari. The existing Dhankuta Water Supply system was constructed with

the cooperation from UK/India /S.Korea/DWSS/WUSC/Users in different periods of time.

58. WUSC took over the scheme in 1997 when the number of taps was 700. Later the Indian Embassy

donated HDPE pipe and materials for the construction of another treatment plant at Salleri. The

treatment plant has the capacity to treat 9 lps.

59. Two treatment plants with the capacity of 18 lps and 9 lps capacity located at Schooldada

(constructed under British Gurkha Welfare Scheme) and Salleri ( Constructed under Indian Embassy

Welfare Scheme) are functioning well.

60. Salient features of existing water supply is presented below:

i) Flow : Gravity flow system

ii) Intake : 17 nos

iii) Transmission length : 41 Km

iv) Air valve : 12 nos

v) Valve chamber : 7 nos

vi) BPT/IC : 8 nos

vii) Plain sedimentation : 2 nos/2 x9 lps

viii) Roughing filter /capacity : 2 nos/2x9 lps

ix) Slow sand filter

At Schooldanda 18 lps

Salleri 9 lps

x) Chlorination unit : 2 nos

xi) Distribution Reservoir/capacity : 34 nos/(300)m3

xii) Community reservoir : 7 nos

xiii) Community Taps : 48 nos.

xiv) Private tap connections : 1650 nos

xv) Governments tap connections : 100 nos

xvi) Distribution hours : 1-1.5 hours a day

xvii) Altitude of water sources : 1650 m to 1400m

xviii) Reservoirs altitude : 1390 m ( Schooldanda) and 1250 m ( Salleri)

61. Almost 34 reservoirs / distribution tanks are functioning in the town. Most of them are of masonry

structure of smaller capacity ranging from 3 m3 - 8 m

3. These are leaking and are in deteriorating

conditions. Major reservoir tanks are:

• Schooldada : 50 m3 (RCC) ( in good operating condition)


16

• Lahare Choutara ( Salleri) : (20+20+25) m3 (Masonry structure) • Chuliban ( Dadagoan) : 50 m

3 (Masonry)

62. The present Water Supply and Sanitation situation for most of the project area is not satisfactory.

Presently WUSC is serving 1650 private and 48 community taps in the parts of wards numbers 2 to 7.

There is a serious shortfall of water supply. Some of the wards e.g. ward no 7 water supply is about

120 liters per house per day (about 24 lpcd). HHs who do not have the facility of piped water supply

are facing problems as WUSC has stopped providing new connections since 2004. In order to fulfil

their daily need, the household members of this ward are bound to go to their neighbours daily to

obtain and often beg for drinking water. They are compelled to go to the spring which takes about one

hour down from the settlement for washing and bathing purpose.

63. A set of questionnaire relating to drinking water of Dhankuta municipality were asked to sixty HHs

from two to seven wards. Random selection of houses was performed. Those respondents represented

different toles of Dhankuta Municipality as Mathilo Kopche, Hatiya, Gokundeshwor, Saraswati,

Siraan Bazaar, Hulak Chowk, Sitalpati, Sangam Chowk, Bardang, Bal Mandir, Ghaletar, School

Danda, Debrebaas, Adhikari Gaun, Jaalkanya, Kachedi, Aatamara, Sipting, and Nawadeshwor. The

questionnaire covered people belonging to different ethnic group with castes such as Rai, Limbu,

Magar, Dahal, Shrestha, Pradhan, Joshi, Malla, Bastola, Guragai, Bista, Pariyar, Adhikari, Dhungel,

Duwadi, Rasaili, Mishra, Subedi, Thechmi, and Bakhati. The questionnaire was organized so as to get

information on respondent representing different wards, family structure, water source, water

requirement, water supplied interval, water supplied time, adequacy of supplied water, consumers

response on need of water, methods used to ensure safe drinking water, consumers response on odour,

water availability, response on water scarce months, water tariff, willingness to pay and consumers

satisfaction. There were sixty respondents representing from ward two to seven of Dhankuta

Municipality. The analyses of different questions surveyed are given below:

Figure 1.1: Respondents Representing Different Wards in Project Area

64. Households with private water tap connection covered 93% (figure 1.2). Others acquire water from

community taps. When there is shortage of water supplied by piped system, people fulfil their water

requirement from Kuwa and also there are few tankers which supply water at certain cost.

Community tap are for those who cannot afford private tap. It is provided to certain group of people

who use and also pay water tariff accordingly. Those who use community taps and Kuwa, walk for a

minimum of 30 minutes to fetch water.


17

Figure 1.2: Different Water Sources Used in Project Area

`

65. Daily water requirement for 75% of respondents is less than 135 L per capita while about 25%

respondents consume more than 135 L per capita to perform all household tasks including their farm

(figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3: Daily Water Requirements in Project Area

66. About 38% of the respondents believed that the water is supplied daily, whereas for about 27% water

is supplied more than once in a day, and for 35% it is supplied only once in two days. This

distribution of water is according to water availability. There seems to be irregularity in water supply

(figure 1.4).

Figure 1.4: Water Supplied Interval in Project Area


18

67. Water supplied timings to public taps and community taps is about an hour (figure 1.5). In some

places water is supplied for less than an hour. About 42% each respondents receive water for less or

equal to an hour, whereas about 16% only receive water for more than an hour.

Figure 1.5: Water Supplied Timings in Project Area

68. About 76% of respondent said water provided is not enough to perform their day to day activities.

Only 24% believed that the water supplied is adequate (figure 1.6).

Figure 1.6: Adequacy of Supplied Water in Project Area

69. When people were asked about water availability, 76% of them said water was available all the year

round (figure 1.7). Though water was received all the year round; in rainy times, it is believed that the

water is not fit for drinking owing to high turbidity.

Figure 1.7: Availability of Water in Project Area

70. There is shortage of water mostly in the months of Falgun, Chaitra, Baisakh and Jestha (February, March,

April, and May) (figure 1.8).


19

Figure 1.8: Water Scarce Months in Project Area

71. The minimum tariff for using municipal water is Rs. 250 per month. All respondent (100%) pay tariff for

using the service. About 63% of respondent pay less than Rs. 300 per month. There are users who pay

more than Rs. 500 per month. The households are found willing to pay on an average Rs.207 per month if

the households get enough water as per their needs and better services.

Figure 1.9: Consumers’ Paying Water Tariff in Project Area

72. In response to the question about satisfaction with the service provided by municipality, 58 %

expressed their dissatisfaction (figure 1.10). They want municipal water supply to provide adequate

water with improved quality. Also some of them want the pipeline distribution to be improved.

Figure 1.10: Satisfaction Level of Respondents to the Service Provided by the Municipality


20

b. Existing Sanitary Situations

73. Almost 93% of the households of the service area possess latrines. The main reasons for having

latrines are awareness of the people towards the importance of sanitation and personal hygiene.

Regarding the types of household latrine, 53% of the households have water seal typed, followed by

23 % of ventilated type 17% pit latrine type and 7% of households do not have toilets.

74. Two public toilets one in buspark area and the other in Bihibare Hat (market place) are serving

people. It was learned that about 300 people use the toilets every day. Operation and maintenance is

carried out from the money raised from the users.

75. A sanitary land fill site located in Atmara ward # 3 of Municipality has an area of 47 Ropani (24,000

m2) and is expected to cater for 30 years. It was constructed in 2010AD with the cooperation of GoN-

LGCDP (Local Governance Community Development Programme), users group and municipality.

One tractor is utilized to collect waste from the market. Presently 13 staffs are providing day to day

service for managing the solid waste. It is learnt that the waste mainly consists of plastic materials eg,

bottles, wrappers, etc. These are segregated and sold to scrap dealers.

Figure 1.11: Existing Sanitary Situations a) Percentage Households with Latrine Types (left),

b) Percentage of Households with Solid Wastes Management Types (right)

76. Regarding the knowledge on appropriate site for solid waste (garbage) disposal or management, about

61% reported that they are using pits near the houses. Similarly, about 35% use can / bin managed by

the Municipality for waste disposal.

77. There were 1250 cases of community people suffering from water borne diseases last year. No cases

of mortality were recorded for children below 5 years of age. Dhankuta District Hospital is in the

project area.

78. About 14 km storm water drainage constructed of stone masonry can be observed along highway and

in the market area. Rest of the service area does not have surface drainage facilities.

2. Type, Category and Need of the Subproject

79. This proposed project falls in category B of ADB environmental categorization. There is a mixed use

of gravity and surface water based pumping system, treatment plants, reservoirs at ground level and

pipe network system to provide house connection to the majority of the household and institutions.

80. The service area is a part of Dhankuta Municipality (ward# 2-7) and lies along the Koshi Highway. It

is the district and regional headquarter of the Eastern Development Region of the Country.

81. The existing water supply system has been providing drinking water to the community for years. It is

observed that the system has outreached its design capacity; only 52% households are covered, and


21

are not able to cover more areas. In some of the wards water is distributed on alternate days for 1

hour.

3. Size and Magnitude of Operation

82. The project is situated in Dhankuta Municipality in Dhankuta district of Koshi zone. The project area

is situated along the Koshi Highway. The town project area is located at 260 58’29.27” latitude and

870 20’36.51” longitude, having altitude ranging from 1169m to 1560m above mean sea level and

covers ward no 2 to 7 of Dhankuta Municipality.

83. The scheme is designed for the design year population of 22,475 in 4,644 households (in the year

2030). Three major existing surface sources which are providing 8 lps of water to the system will

also be continued in this project. Considering the scarcity of water in the dry season 8 lps of water

from Tankhuwa will be collected down at the bank of Nibuwa Stream. After jointly treating the water

from both sources ( Nibuwa and Tankhuwa) 16 lps of the water will be pumped from Nibuwa Stream

to Schooldanda (665 m height) to cater the demand for the design year 2030.

84. Part of the proposed project is under operation. Similarly in some places structures like stream

intakes, slow sand filter, roughening filters, and reservoirs are in operation. These existing structures

are to be utilized. Because of land topography and the settlement patterns, existing water supply

structures, the Project area has been sub divided into four different subsystems, so that each part is

served by its own water supply system. As per the system layout the separate service area coverages

are:

i) Nigale Subsystem covering part of ward 2: This subsystem will mainly covers Nigale,

Kagate, Mathillo Sifting, Tallo Sifting etc. Three numbers of 20 m3 RCC reservoir are in good

operating condition. One additional 20 m3 RCC reservoir is proposed. Treatment plant

including roughening filter, sedimentation unit and slow sand filter are provided to serve

treated water to the people of these areas.

ii) School danda subsystem: This subsystem will serve part of ward no 3 and 4. One 50 m3 and

two 20 m3 RCC ground reservoirs are operating in good condition. This subsystem will serve

Mathillo Kachide, Tallo Kachide, Mathillo Atmara, Tallo Atmara, of ward number 3 and other

parts of ward # 4 eg Wagle Utasahi, Amaltar, Adhikari tole, Mohan Biscuit etc.

iii) Salleri subsystem: This subsystem will cover the main bazaar area i.e, part of ward numbers 5

and 6. A Slow Sand Filter (SSF) having capacity of 15 lps is already in good operating

condition. A 300 m3 RCC ground based reservoir has been proposed to serve this subsystem.

iv) Chuliban (Dadagaon) subsystem: This subsystem aims to serve part of ward 7. A 125 m3

RCC ground based reservoir has been proposed at Dadagaon.

85. The length of transmission pipe has been estimated as 51 km (including 41 km existing, proposed 2.2

km for pumping scheme, 7.85 km for Tankhuwa to Nibuwa). Similarly the length of distribution pipe

network is proposed to be 57.85 km. The cost of the Project is estimated at NRs 268,714,040 (water

supply component only) and NRs 13,434,431 for sanitation component.

4. Proposed Schedule of Implementation

86. The work will be contracted to a contractor, the standard procedure for selection and tendering will be

followed as per the norms of the Fiscal Act and Regulations. These will comprise of • tendering and approval of contract, • presentation of security performance, • field mobilization of workers, technicians and professional of the contractor,


22

• procurement and transportation of materials, • installation of structural works, mechanical works, pipe works and finishing works.

5. Description of the Subprojects

87. The Dhankuta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project has been conceptualized as a piped

water supply system based on existing gravity systems and pumping of water from surface sources for

additional water to cater the demand with ground reservoirs for distribution. The system has been

formulated for a reliable continuous 24 hours drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality

to the consumers of the service area at the desired service level. The schematic system layout of the

project components is given in Figure 1.12 for easy conceptualization.

Figure 1.12: Schematic Layout of Project Components

Tamor river

Sludge

Drying Bed

Nibuwa stream

Tankhuwa Stream


23

Table 2: Salient Features of Dhankuta Town Project

S.No. Items Description

1 Name of the Project Second Small Town Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project,

Dhankuta Town Project

2 Type Gravity & Pumping Scheme

3 Location Area

Region Eastern Development Region

District Dhankuta

VDC/Municipality Municipality

Ward 2 to 7

4 Source Characteristics

Source Name Nibuwa & Tankhuwa (proposed for Pumping Scheme) (stream

intakes)

Other spring sources for gravity system : Aitebare, Tindobhane,

Lungdang (in operation)

Source type & location All surface sources

Ward # 1 for Gravity and

Ward # 5 for Nibuwa and Tankhuwa VDC for Tankhuwa Stream

Tapped yield (lps) Gravity :8.46 lps

Pumping from Nibuwa : 16 lps

Pumping Head 665 m

Pumping hours: 19 hrs @ 16 lps

Pumping station 3 #, 50 m3 reservoir for initial stage and 20m3 reservoir in other

two stations

Pump type Submersible type 32 HP each with

2 # 32 HP in operation in each pumping station

Storage Tank Existing 20 m3 ground reservoir in Tallo Shifting

Existing 20 m3 ground reservoir in Mathillo Shifting

Existing 20 m3 ground reservoir in Syaule

Proposed 20 m3 ground reservoir in Syaule

Existing 50 m3 ground reservoir in School danda


Existing 20 m3 ground reservoir in Schooldanda

Proposed 300 m3 ground reservoir in Salleri

Proposed 125 m3 ground reservoir in Chuliban

TOTAL 595 m3 of reservoir

Intake Stream Intake 1.5m ht : 2# for Nibuwa and Tankhuwa streams

Other existing operating intakes will be used

Household Connection (Nos.) 3130 for base year 2015

Total Length of pipe (Km) Transmission :

Existing: 41 km

Pumping mains GI(150 mm dia) = 2.2 Km

Tankhuwa to Nibuwa (HDPE 6kg class) : 7.85 km

Distribution : 57.85 Km

Electrical Generator-3, Transformer-3, 11 Kv Transmission 2.1 Km

Treatment Unit Existing Conventional Treatment Plant with Sedimentation, SSF

and Chlorination

Grit chambers, Sedimentation, Roughening filters are proposed

using existing SSF at Schooldanda for pumping scheme.


24

S.No. Items Description

5 Social Status

Present Population (2012) 15,139

Base Year Population (2015) 16,169

Design Year Population (2030) 22,475

Adopted Growth Rate % 2.22 (Average)

Household Numbers (2012) 3130

Average Family Sizes 4.84

6 Total Water Demand

Base year 2015 (m3/day) Total 1,270.73

Design year 2030 (m3/day) Total 1,766.31

7 Total Cost of the Project (NRs.) 282,148,471.72 with 15% contingencies & 13%VAT

Water Supply Sector NRs 268,714,040.59

Sanitation Sector NRs 13,434,431.13

Sanitation Components

a) equipment for Solid waste

management

NRs 1,635,000.00

b) Sludge Drying bed & Sludge

suction Tanker mounted on

trailer

NRs 2,901,542.00

c) Bio engineering works including

plantation, wicker works etc

NRs 6,202,990.00

d) Protection works ( Gabion

Work)

NRs 1,149,345.00

8

Cost Sharing Arrangement for

water supply component (NRs)

268,714,040.59

a) GoN / ADB @ 50% NRs 134.357 million

b) WUSC Contribution

c) Users contribution @ 5% to 15

%

NRs 13.44 to 40.31 million

d) Loan through TDF @ 35% to

45%

NRs 94.05 to 120.92

9


Sanitation component (NRs)

NRs 13,434,431.13

a) ADB/ GON NRs 11.42 million

b) Local body /users etc NRs 2.014 million

10 Environment

ADB Category Category B

IEE finding No adverse effect, IEE required

a. Project Components

i. Water Supply System

Source Location:

88. The designated sources to serve the service area are existing surface sources namely Tindhobhane

source, Aitabare-Lungdang as gravity sources and combination of Nibuwa and Tankhuwa stream as

pumping scheme.


25

89. Location of existing major three sources are situated in ward no 1, almost 13 km north of Dhankuta

Bazaar. Nibuwa stream is located on the eastern boarder of the municipality. About 8 lps of water

from Tankhuwa stream which lies 8 km distant will be collected near Nibuwa and collectively

pumped for distribution purpose. A pumping transmission main requiring 2.2 km in length and 665m

of head is to be developed from Nibuwa stream.

Source Yield:

90. Nigale and Schooldanda subsystem will be catered by Chuliban and Aitabare sources respectively.

These existing gravity sources are yielding 1.17, 2.07 and 5.22 lps respectively for years in the dry

season. Considering the scarcity of water in the dry season 8 lps of water from Tankhuwa will be

collected down at the bank of Nibuwa. After jointly treating water from both sources 16.0 lps will be

pumped. Following table describes the safe yield of sources.

Table 3: Safe Yield of Sources S.No Source Type Safe

Yield

(lps)

Remarks

1 Chuliban Gravity 1.17 In operation

2 Aitabare Gravity 2.07 In operation

3 Tindobhane Gravity 5.22 In operation

4 Nibuwa

+Tankhuwa

Pumping 16.0

proposed

TOTAL 24.46

91. For the monsoon season the entire systems will be run from gravity sources. From Aitabare source,

WUSC has already laid pipes to carry additional 4lps of discharge in monsoon season and is in

operation. By laying additional transmission pipe to carry about 11 lps of water from Tindhobhane

source, pumping duration could be reduced even after the rainy season.

92. Discharge of the Tankhuwa stream was measured as 52 lps in the month of December 2012. Similarly

that of Nibuwa river at the proposed intake site was measured to be in order of 60 lps ( in April 2012

discharge was measured to be 42 lps). Both of these are ground water fed streams and are perennial.

Dhankuta WUSC is allowed to use pipe size not exceeding 125 mm to transmit water from Tankhuwa

stream. WUSC can thus indisputably utilize both the sources. Hence, availability of water for

pumping will be sufficient.

Intake:

93. The total water demand in the project area comes out to be 1766 Cu m/day for 2030. From existing

gravity sources 691 Cu m/day (8.46 lps) will be collected from existing operating sources. Additional

water of 16 lps will be collected from Nibuwa and Tankhuwa streams. Stream intakes of 1.5m height

from bed level are proposed for Tankhuwa and Nibuwa streams. These concave shaped gravity dam

type intakes are proposed to be constructed with rockfill (dry stone masonry) in the core and covered

with RCC. Two layers of 1m high check dams will be provided upstream for arresting unwanted

materials. Further protection will be carried out by providing 1m high dry stone masonry using

gabions. Similarly existing intakes are proposed to be cleaned and damaged portions repaired.

Transmission mains:

94. The existing gravity sources are located about 13 km from the bazaar. For three sources about 41 km

of transmission mains are in operation. Though these are GI ( Chuliban source) and HDPE (other two


26

sources), are functioning well. Other transmission main required is from Tankhuwa to Nibuwa from

where water is proposed to be collected down to Nibuwa. HDPE pipes of 125 mm size of class 6

kg/cm2

is proposed. For Nibuwa river to Schooldanda where 665 pumping head is needed, GI pipes

of size 150 mm is proposed as the site has steep slopes and is rocky. Most of the pipe line shall be

above ground and suitable support pillars shall be provided.

Treatment Facilities:

95. Water quality assessments of the presently used and proposed sources were carried out. Though

most of the physical parameters are found within the NDWQS, 2062 bacteriological parameters are

found not within the NDWQS. The Total and Faecal Coliforms in proposed sources are found high

and are not within the standards set by NDWQS, 2062. The water quality has worsened in the rainy

season due to increase in runoff of the sources with associated increase in suspended solids, turbidity

and dissolved minerals. Hence, water from these sources cannot be considered safe and requires

treatment before supplying to the public.

96. The water treatment system consisting of grit chambers, sedimentation tank, roughing filter, slow

sand filter and disinfection is proposed in both the Tankhuwa-Nibuwa Stream subsystem and other

gravity flow water supply subsystems to make the water safe for drinking purpose as per the

requirements of the NDWQS.

Grit Chamber:

97. Grit chamber of 10 lps capacity each is proposed near the intake site of the Tankhuwa Stream and

Nibuwa Stream in Tankhuwa-Nibuwa Stream subsystem to remove the grits and suspended particles

and reduce loads in the subsequent treatment components. The horizontal flow rectangular grit

chamber made of stone masonry with 10 minutes detention time is proposed. The surface overflow

rate of the grit chamber is 6000 l/m2/hr. The grit chamber is expected to remove all the particles of

equal or greater than 0.05 mm with specific gravity of 2.65 at 10oC. Grit chambers are also

proposed for other sources to arrest the subsequent particles.

Sedimentation Tank:

98. The effluent of the grit chamber will still contain small suspended particles especially during the

rainy season. Sedimentation tanks are proposed in the Tankhuwa-Nibuwa Stream subsystem and

other gravity flow subsystems to remove grits and suspended particles. Sedimentation tank will

remove the suspended solids including precipitated minerals. The horizontal flow rectangular

sedimentation tank made of R.C.C. with 3 hours detention time is proposed. Two sedimentation

tanks each with capacity of 8lps are proposed in the Tankhuwa-Nibuwa Stream subsystem so that at

least one of them is working while another one is under maintenance. This will provide continuous

water treatment thus increasing the service level. However, only one sedimentation tank is proposed

in the gravity flow subsystems of 2 lps capacity due to limited capacity. The proposed sedimentation

tank is expected to remove 70% of the suspended solids.

Roughing Filter:

99. The water from the outlet of the sedimentation tank is conveyed to the inlet of the roughing filters.

The roughening filter removes the suspended solids including the precipitated minerals thus by

reducing the turbidity in the water. The R.C.C. horizontal flow type rectangular roughening filter

with 3 compartments packed with gravel has been proposed. The filtration rates of 3.0 and 1.5

m3/m

2/hr have been adopted for Tankhuwa-Nibuwa Stream subsystem and other small gravity flow

subsystems, respectively. Four units of roughening filters each with capacity of 4lps are proposed for

Tankhuwa-Nibuwa Stream subsystem while two units with 1lps capacity of roughing filters are

proposed for and other gravity flow subsystems requiring discharge of 2 lps. The water from the


27

roughing filter is conveyed to the slow sand filter for further removal of turbidity and

microorganisms. The roughing filter removes suspended solids present in the water and prevents

frequent clogging and cleaning of the slow sand filter.

Slow Sand Filter:

100. Slow sand filter (SSF) made of R.C.C. is proposed to remove fine suspended solids there by

reducing the turbidity of water. The slow sand filter is to be packed with sand and gravel. An under -

drainage system is installed below the gravel support to collect the filtered water. The filtration rate

of 0.20 m3/m

2/hr has been adopted. The existing slow sand filter situated in Schooldanda will be

utilized for Tankhuwa-Nibuwa Stream subsystem and two units for small gravity flow subsystems.

The slow sand filter is expected to bring down the turbidity of water as per NDWQS. Large number

of coliforms is expected to be removed in the slow sand filter.

Disinfection:

101. Although SSF removes coliforms to a certain extent, the effluent of the SSF might still contain

coliforms which might be harmful to human health. These coliforms are killed by the disinfections

process and make the water safe. Disinfection is proposed by the addition of bleaching powder in the

reservoir. Bleaching powder is to be dosed from a dosing tank. The chlorine dose of 1 mg/l is

proposed.

Pumping Stations:

102. A stream intake shall be constructed and the water after grit removal and roughening filtration shall

be collected in a 50 m3 capacity tank which shall be pumped to a service reservoir situated above

665 m. Three pumping stations are proposed. The following figure 1.13 illustrates the position of

pumping stations and collection tanks.

Figure 1.13: Nibuwa Stream Pumping Scheme


28

Collection Tanks:

103. A water collection tank of suitable capacity is necessary when the discharge rate of the water source

is less than the pumping rate. During maintenance of the intake and treatment units it may be

necessary to interrupt water supply from the source and a water tank may become necessary. This

also helps to maintain necessary head for the pump water tank. For the first stage of pumping

relatively larger size of collection tank for retaining water for 50 minutes, a 50 m3 capacity water

collection tank is proposed. For other stations a 20 m3 collection tank is proposed.

Ground Level Reservoir / Overhead Tank:

104. As governed by topography multiple distribution systems have been adopted. The total storage

requirement for the project area at the end of the design period i.e. 2030 is calculated as 595 m3.

There are already few ground water tanks and will be used for the proposed project. Existing and

additional reservoirs required to cater the demand of year 2030 is given in the table 4 below:


29

Table 4: Required Reservoirs S.No Subsystem Reservoir

Sizes (m3 )

Type

Existing /

Proposed

Area to be

distributed

1 Nigale 20 Ground

Reservoir

Existing Tallo Sifting

20 do Existing Mathillo Sifting

20 do Existing Syaule

20 do Proposed Syaule

2 School Danda

Subsystem

50 Do Existing Amaltar,

Adhikari Basti etc

20 Do Existing Tallo Atmara

20 do Existing Mathillo Atmara

3 Salleri

SubSystem

300 do proposed Main bazaar etc

4 Chuliban

SubSystem

125 do proposed Dadagaon,

Madan Chowk

etc

TOTAL 595

Electrical / Mechanical works:

105. The 11KV line is available at a distance of 2 km from water intake point, ie Nibuwa river source.

This electric power line shall be provided in each pumping station which shall be converted with

appropriate capacity distribution transformer to TPN 415V/220 V and shall be used to operate pump

and pump station lighting.

106. A Generator facility system is also included in each pumping station as standby.

Number of Pump Sets in each Station:

107. It is suggested to install two pump sets each with ½ capacity (½ of 16 lps) pumping rate, operating

two pumps in parallel for the following reasons:

a) It reduces initial starting current for motor which reduces overloading of transformer in each

start.

b) In normal operation it reduces the effect of water hammering in the pumping main.

c) It requires less diameter accessories, thereby reducing the cost for replacement.

d) When one pump set is out of order 50% of the production capacity remains and there will be

no interruption of water supply. It gives more time for repair. Thus two pumps with ½ capacity

of pumping rate in each station ( total 2*3=6) pumps are proposed.

108. Following power ratings are calculated for pumping stations :

Table 5: Power rating of pumps

Pumping

Stations No

Number of

pumps

Power rating for each

pump (KW)

1 2 30

2 2 30

3 2 34


30

Distribution Network:

109. The distribution system comprises of a pipe network consisting of mainly loops and tree branches in

some cases as governed by topography and settlement pattern. The network predominantly contains

HDPE pipes. Altogether 57 km of distribution pipe network is proposed.

House Connections:

110. The system has been designed, predominantly as house to house connections for the design year

2030. However, initially during the construction phase, only 3130 house connections will be provided

to fulfil the need for the base year population.

Fire Hydrants:

111. Altogether 4 numbers of fire hydrants have been proposed to meet the demand of fire extinguishers.

Other System Appurtenances:

112. These will primarily comprise of valve chambers or connector boxes to house inflow control valves

for controlling flow in the pipeline etc. Altogether 71valve chambers and connection chambers are

proposed in the system. Some extra connection chambers have been initially provided so that road

crossings could be avoided during the operational phase.

Pump House:

113. Permanent pump houses have not been provided. As submerged types of pumps are to be used they

shall be kept in the open. Electrical panels however will be housed inside the generator house.

Generator/Operator House:

114. A permanent generator house will be constructed at each pumping station. A permanent space to

accommodate the pump operator will be provided in this generator house.

ii. Environmental Sanitation

115. Components of environmental sanitation are described below.

a. Source Protection works:

116. The town project utilizes various surface sources and thus protection works are required for the

sustainability of the project. The Northern side of the Dhankuta Bazaar (downhill of the Hile market)

has good and dense forests which possesses numerous surface sources. These sources are

groundwater fed streams. These surface sources have been used for drinking water and agricultural

purposes for years. Numerous events of erosion can be encountered in the vicinity of sources as

deforestation is slowly taking place. The following methods are proposed for the source protection

works and these are to be implemented in coordination with the concerned Forest Users Group.


31

Wicker Work Fencing:

117. Wicker Work Fencing is very popular in regenerating vegetation. Sproutable branches are put around

the stakes like a fence and the ends of sproutable twigs are put into the soil. The common tree like

(Simali tree) which is adequate in forests of Dhankuta is very suitable for this purpose.

Planting shrubs (Amriso):

118. Amriso (Thysanolaea maxima) is abundantly found in Dhankuta. Leaves are used as fodders for farm

animals and other parts are used to make brooms and are very popular in the country. Planting of this

shrub is also proposed both at upstream and downstream of the sources.

Gabions:

119. Gabions are structures made of stones which are normally set up by manual labour and covered with a

wire mesh to keep them together. Construction of gabions is simple; with proper supervision,

unskilled labours can set up these structures. They are cheap and can be constructed within a short

time stone material which is available in many places at the construction site. The gabion works have

been proposed as check dams and slope stabilizer.

Revegetation:

120. Revegetation work should be carried out with pioneer species (in order to ensure the fastest possible

growth) to stabilize slopes subject to landslides, or as a preventative erosion control measure. When

considering plants for use as slope stabilizers it should be borne in mind that they have strong, deep

roots to bind as much soil as possible. Wherever possible it would be desirable to select species for

afforestation on bare slopes which could be used as fodder or fuelwood trees, since there is a

desperate need for such trees in many developing countries. Ethnic trees like Uttis (Alnus nepalensis),

Simali and other suitable plants are proposed. These works are proposed upstream and around the

sources.

b. Solid Waste Management:

121. Waste management is one of the key issues that have to be addressed to keep the environment clean.

The solid waste rubbish and garbage produced by the community has to be properly disposed off. It

has been observed that most of the inhabitants of the project area (especially Low income - cluster)

are not aware of the problem of solid waste including health and hygiene. The project therefore

proposes to conduct a number of trainings and awareness generating programs. These programs will

help to reduce, reuse and recycle the wastes from the households.

122. As major portion of Dhankuta has a rural setting and people are found to dispose their waste by

making pits in their garden, on site sanitation is suitable in these area. Training programs focusing on

reduce, reuse and recycle of waste will be conducted. Segregation of waste (bio-degradable and non


32

degradable), composting of degradable waste will be carried out. Similarly kitchen and bathroom

waste water could be managed by developing simple soak pits in the kitchen garden. This is being

practised in the project area, which will make it easier for further dissemination of the practice.

123. A sanitary land fill site is located in Atmara ward no 3 of Dhankuta Municipality and has an area of

47 Ropani (24,000 m2) and is expected to cater 30 years. It was constructed in 2010 AD with the

cooperation of GoN-LGCDP, users group and municipality. Presently 13 staffs are providing day to

day service of managing solid waste.

124. Some houses in the market area are found to collect their waste in bins also. This is a good practice.

For the collection of solid waste from the market area the municipality has engaged a tractor to pick

up the waste. While discussing with the officials of municipality they have requested for a tractor

with trailer for prompt service. Similarly few hand carts (wheel barrows) and collection bins (115 ltrs

capacity) are proposed. Besides training programs shall be conducted regarding solid waste

management to the concerned municipality officials, WUSC members and other members of Tole

Lane Organisations.

c. Wastewater management:

125. As described above most part of the Dhankuta has a rural type of setting. People are found to manage

wastewater by collecting in pits and using for irrigation purpose in kitchen gardens. Even in the

bazaar area wastewater managed in their backyard. In the years to come, however management of

waste water in the bazaar area may be required. But still for some years to come a simple sludge

drying bed will be sufficient. Stone masonry structure with sand and gravel packing (600 mm only) is

proposed. Double layer of plastic sheets of 500 micron thick and 150mm thick clay lining are

proposed to prevent leaking to the earth. Dried sludge can be sold to the farmers as organic fertilizer.

A suction tank (trailer mounted) is also proposed for cleaning septic tanks of individual households.

The cost of sludge drying bed and trailer mounted suction tank is estimated to be Rs 3.0 million.

126. Three steps cascade each with 200 x 200 mm vertical and horizontal constructed with stone masonry

is proposed. Thus aerated effluent produced from sludge drying bed, will gravitates to stone masonry

lined circular soakpits. The outer side of the soak pit will be lined with impervious material (clay and

plastic lining) so as to infiltrate from the bottom of the pit. The soakpit will be packed with brickbats,

limestone, coal and sand in layers. The top of the soakpit will be covered with stone chips/ aggregate.

Twin soakpits with diameter 1.5m and depth 2m have been proposed.

d. Support Activities:

127. As described earlier, the project is community based and involves communities from the inception to

project implementation. As such there is a need of variety of trainings to water users committee

members. Besides, awareness -generating programs have been identified. The project thus intends to

conduct following training and awareness generating programs through a NGO in the project area.

• Health Awareness Campaign • School Health Education Program • Training of Community Motivators • Training of WUSC Members • Solid Waste Management Training • Animal Waste Management Training

128. The above program also includes training to WUSC on matters of finance (fixing of water tariff,

collection of water revenue, accounting etc.) and purely technical aspects (water quality testing,

monitoring, metering, maintenance, estimating cost etc.)


33

Figure 1.14: Pipe line system Design layout

b. Project Requirements

i. Land Area

129. The location of proposed components especially for reservoirs, treatment facilities, pump house,

generator operator house, sludge drying bed and soak pits for all the subsystems has been procured

by WUSC.

130. No additional land is required for construction of any other structures of the project. No temporary

land is likely to be required during project execution. The construction camp will be located within

the premises of the land owned by the project.

131. The project, especially during distribution, will not entail relocation of any existing public and private

facilities such as power lines, communication lines, water supply and sewerage pipelines, canals,

foot-trails etc. The desire of the community was to have pipe lines on both sides of the main roads

especially black topped roads. This will prevent frequent trench digging of the black topped road for

service connections.

Pipe line system layout


34

132. Additional electricity line, stretching around two kilometres, for Nibuwa pumping station is necessary

in order to pump water. The additional electricity line will not entail disruption of any public utilities

as the adjacent area has no settlement and cultivation.

ii. Materials Required

133. The following Table 6 gives the main materials required during construction and operation of

Dhankuta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The source of the materials are:

Aggregate - Crusher at Chisang Khola located in the Letang VDC.

Sand - Mulghat, Dhankuta District

HDPE Pipes - 69 km, sizes ranging from 180mm to 50mm to be procured.

DI Pipes - 1.5 km, sizes ranging from 200 to 150 mm to be imported

Table 6: Materials Required

Particulars Unit Quantity

Reinforcement M. Ton 126

Cement Bag 6,300

Bricks Nos. 226,800

Aggregate Cu m 1,017

Sand Cu m 821

Wood Cu m 3.2

Stone Cu m 472

iii. Electricity requirement

134. The power supply is basically required for the following applications:

(a) Light and power to the office building,

(b) Light and power to the generator/pump control room,

(c) Light to the compound/site; such lighting to be provided by fitting an arm to the Metallic

Tubular Poles or poles provided solely for compound light.

135. In general, each pumping station is provided with;

(a) Generator operator house ,

(b) Collection tank ,

(c) Pump house and

(d) Outdoor lighting for the compound.

136. The electrical load demand of such facilities is assessed assuming lighting loads in the Guard House

and Office Building for average 6 hours a day, diesel generator/pump control room, and premises

illumination for average 8 hours a day, while all pumps are considered to operate as per the optimum

schedule.

137. At pumping stations and reservoir sites, the power supply will be availed by extending NEA 3-phase

11 kV feeder line from the main-road, where a NEA distribution transformer is located on the H-pole

structure. The extended 11 kV line will be tapped at the sites. Each of the sites will be provided with

an H-pole structure for mounting a distribution transformer of adequate capacity. The capacity of

each transformer is determined on the basis of the average operational loads of the respective sites

138. The line extensions will use 30 sq. mm. (Weasel) ACSR conductors on PCC poles with cross-arms as

per the accepted norms and practices of NEA. The PCC poles will be of 11 m. long Type for 11 kV

lines and 9 m. long Type for LV lines and both these poles will be of NEA standard.


35

iv. Human Resource

139. The Table 7 gives the details of human resource (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor) required

during the construction and operation and maintenance of the project.

Table 7: Human Resources

S.N Activities

Type of Labour required (Quantity )

Unskilled labor Semi-Skilled

Labor

Skilled

Labour

Construction work

1. Earthwork 1580 10

2. PCC work 24 9

3. Form work and scaffolding 45 21

4. Water proofing work 3 1

5. Reinforcement work 154 96

6. Brick work 48 8

7. Door and window work 8 65

8. Cement and Plaster 125 98

9. Floor and wall tiles 350 28

10. Painting work 240 33

11. Railing work 252 11

12. HDPE piple laying and jointing(butt

welded joint) including fitting

22 11 11

13. GI pipe laying and jointing (Socket

joint) excluding fittings.

17 11 7

14. Ductile Iron Pipe Laying & Jointing

(Tyron joint) excluding fittings.

420 12 13

15 Miscellaneous works 179 1 59

Operation and Maintenance work

S.N. Personnel (monthly) Number

1. Engineer/Manager 1

2. Administrator Chief/ Accountant 1

3. Plant / Supervisor/ Mechanical

Overseer 2

4 Plant Operator/ Pump Operator 2

5 Office assistants, meter readers 3

5. Plumber 3

6 Junior Office Assistants, Cashiers,

Helpers 2

7. Meter readers 3

6. Watch man/peon 2

v. Project Activities

140. Table 8 gives the details of the project activities during the construction and operation and

maintenance phases of the project.


36

Table 8: Project Activities

S. N. Description

Construction Phase

A Preliminary and General Requirements

1. Work related to transportation facility, survey equipment and filed assistance

B Civil work

1 Land Development

2 Operator / Guard House

3 Boundary Wall (4*105=420 m), 1# of Gate for each pumping station 420 m barbed wire

fencing

5 Ground water tank (425 cu m), Collection tanks : 50 cum 1 # and 20 cum 2 #

6 Grit chambers, Collection chamber, Grit Sedimentation unit, Roughing units and Slow Sand

Filters

7 Pump House

8 Concrete Valve Chamber (600 x 600 x 1000)

9 House connection

10 Pipe Trench

11 Pipe laying & joining

12 Pipe laying across bridge crossings

13 Fire Hydrant

C Pipe & Fitting Works

1 Distribution Pipe (57 Km)

2 Transmission Pipe (Existing 41 km , Proposed: 2.2 km GI, 7.8 Km HDPE)

3 Pipe fittings

4 Tools & Plants

D Electrical Work / Mechanical

1 Total Electrical Work

2 Pumping main work including pumps with installation cost

3 Generators

E Environmental Mitigation Work

Supply, plantation and caring of different species of plants (As per layout of the reservoir

premises) and other measures as described in environmental management plan of the project

and as directed by engineer

O&M Phase

Operation and Maintenance activities including operating the system and managing personnel,

energy, chemicals, office and water safety plan.


37

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Physical Resources

a. Geophysical Profile

i. Topography

141. The proposed Dhankuta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is situated at Dhankuta

municipality in Dhankuta district of Koshi zone. The project area is situated along Koshi Highway.

The town project area is located at 260 58’29.27” latitude and 87

0 20’36.51” longitude having

altitude 1169m to 1560m above mean sea level and covers ward no 2 to 7 of Dhankuta Municipality.

Figure 2.1: Location of Dhankuta in Nepal

ii. Geology and Soils

142. Geologically, Dhankuta is in the Mahabharata range. Rocks consist of gneiss, granite gneiss,

quartzite schist etc. Quartzite occasionally with limestone is also found. Structurally, the area is

folded, faulted, and fractured. Sandy soil is predominant in the area. Loamy soil is dominant in the

eastern side.

iii. Climate

143. Being located in the Midhills, the climate is essentially warm temperate, sub tropical. The

temperature is mild both in summer and winter. The temperature varies from 20C in January to 32

0C

in June. Average annual precipitation is expected to be 950mm. 75% of the rainfall occurs in the

monsoon period during the months of June –August.


38

iv. Air quality

144. The air quality of the area can be considered to be fairly less polluted. Very few vehicles pass through

the area. No polluting industries are located in the periphery.

v. Surface Water Quality

145. The proposed project area is situated along Koshi Highway, South of Hile Bazaar. Numerous surface

water sources are available in the area. Among them are Trisule, Mudhe, Juke, Lungdang, Aitabare,

Charchare, Nibuwa in the Municipality area whereas Tankhuwa stream is located in Tankhuwa VDC.

Tamor River forms the southern boundary of the Municipality. Of the 40 samples collected for water

quality baseline condition, 13 (32.5%) were directly from the Source (32.5%), 13 (32.5%) from

Reservoirs, and remaining 14 (35%) from selected Taps. Water quality test reports are annexed (see

Annex- 5).

146. Physical parameters such as pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS) were analyzed from different sources during dry and wet seasons.

147. Different chemical parameters such as Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl),

Nitrate (NO3), and Ammonia (NH3) were analysed from different sources (intakes, reservoirs and

taps) during dry and wet seasons.

148. Heavy metals like Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu),

Total Chromium (TCr), Arsenic (As), and Aluminium (Al) were analyzed in water samples of

Dhankuta municipality. The seasonal and also source wise variation is shown in figure 2.2

Figure 2.2: Seasonal and Source Wise Variation of Heavy Metals


39

149. In concern with microbial parameters, Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform were analyzed from

different sources (intakes, reservoirs and taps) in dry and wet season as shown in figure 2.3

Figure 2.3: Seasonal and Source Wise Variation of Coliforms

150. Total Coliform (TC) includes bacteria that are found in the soil, in water that has been influenced by

surface water, and in human or animal waste. Faecal Coliform (FC) is group of Total Coliform that

are considered to be present specifically in the gut and faeces of warm-blooded animals.

151. There was no such odour problem in water supplied. About 72% (43 respondents) of the respondent

said there was no odour problem in supplied water (figure 2.4). But sometimes there is smell of

chlorine in water used as disinfectants.

Figure 2.4: Consumers’ Response on Odour as Quality of Water in Project Area

152. There are different practices in use to ensure safe drinking water such as using household filtration

technique, boiling, use of medicine, sunlight and covering vessel (figure 2.5). Most common method

used was household filtration technique and also many of them boil water. There were also some

people who don’t use any treatment methods and use the water as supplied.


40

Figure 2.5: Methods in Practice to Ensure Safe Drinking Water in Project Area

2. Ecological Resources

a. Forest

153. Deforestation has decreased the vegetation of the project area. Most of it has been turned into

agricultural farm lands. Since the concept of community forests was introduced, preservation of forest

can be observed. Five Community Forests (CF) as mentioned in Table 9 lie in the project area.

Table 9: Community Forests in the Project Area

S.No Name of the Community Forests Ward No

1 Chureghati Community Forest Dhankuta Municipality, 4

2 Syaule-Patle Community Forest Dhankuta Municipality, 4

3 Chharachhare Community Forest Dhankuta Municipality, 1

4 Raniban Community Forest Dhankuta Municipality, 1

5 Bhirgaaon Community forest Bhirgaon VDC, 7

b. Flora

154. The most common floral species found in the forest are Pinus radiata (Utis) , Juglans regia (Okhar) ,

Cedrus deodara (Deodar), Castanopsis indica (Katus), Exbucklandia populnia (Pipal) and Pinus

roxburghii ( Khote Salla).

155. Shrub of Thysanolaea maxima (Amriso) is predominantly found in the forest.

156. Medicinal plants of significance found in the area are Sikakai (Acacia concinna), Assuro (Adhatoda

vasica), Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum), Kureelo (Asparagus racemosus), Harro (Terminalia cheberia),

Barro (Terminalia belerica) and Amala (Emblica officinalis).

c. Fauna

157. Wild life has decreased to a considerable extent in the area. Common monkeys (Rhesus macaque,

Bonnet macaque) are commonly found. Other wild animals like wild boar (Susscro facristatus), deer

(Axis axis), porcupine (Hystrix indica) along with other animals are found. Ploceidae passer, Pava

cristatus, Corovous corone, Diurnilis neophron and Gallus gallus are some of the bird species seen in

the area.


41

3. Social and Cultural Resources

a. Population and Communities

158. Table 10 indicates that the total population in the project area is 15,139 (in 2012 AD). Average size of

the household is 4.84. It shows the presence of 13.9 % of temporary population. Major concentration

of temporary population is found in ward no 7 and 6.

Table 10: Household and Population Structure

S.

No.

Ward

No.

No. of

Households

Permanent Population Grand

Total Female Male Total Temporary

Population

1 2 342 855 876 1731 76 1807

2 3 381 948 931 1879 107 1986

3 4 591 1457 1146 2603 348 2951

4 5 454 1125 1087 2212 247 2359

5 6 364 910 894 1804 495 1999

6 7 998 2474 2436 4910 835 6145

Total 3130 7769 7370 15139 2108 17247

51.32% 48.68% (100 %)

Source: Field Survey, BDA/PEA JV, 2012

b. Ethnic Composition

159. Dhankuta is a heterogeneous town in terms of composition of caste and ethnicity. The caste and

ethnic groups of the project area mainly comprises of Janajati, Brahman/Chhetri, Dalit and others.

Distribution of total population by caste/ethnicity is presented in Table 11.

Table 11: Distribution of Population by Caste/Ethnic Groups

Ward

No.

Brahman

/ Chhetri

Janjati Dalit Others Total

2 602 889 98 142 1731

3 674 793 104 308 1879

4 808 1391 254 150 2603

5 536 1137 354 185 2212

6 368 1079 212 145 1804

7 925 3411 286 288 4910

Total 3913 8700 1308 1218 15139

25.85% 57.47% 8.64% 8.05% 100.00%

Source: Field Survey, BDA/PEA JV, 2012

160. Janjatis are the dominant ethnic group (57.47%) in the project area followed by Brahman / Chhetri

(25.85%). The data shows that there is not much of a difference in the ratio of Dalit and others

castes (8.64% and 8.05% respectively) in the service area.


42

c. Health Facilities and Sanitation

161. Most of the diseases occur due to poor quality of drinking water. Such Diseases as diarrhoea,

dysentery, skin disease (scabies), worms (roundworm, whipworm, tapeworm and guinea worm), fever

(typhoid), malaria and jaundice are most common in the area. These diseases, in fact, are the

outcome of deteriorating water quality, unsanitary conditions and lack of personal hygiene.

162. To identify major water borne diseases in Dhankuta municipality, available data from Dhankuta

hospital was collected from 2068 to 2070 B.S. Water borne diseases noted were Typhoid (Enteric

fever), Acute gastroenteritis, Amoebic Dysentery, Bacillary Dysentery, Diarrhea, Cholera, Intestinal

Worms and Jaundice as shown in figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6: Number of Patients Suffering from Waterborne Diseases in Project Area

163. Of the eight different water borne diseases, most prevalent was typhoid and acute gastroenteritis. Few

patients were noted for amoebic dysentery, intestinal worms and jaundice while some cases of cholera

and diarrhoea also existed.

d. Educational Facilities

164. There are 11 Government and 15 private schools and one college run by the Government. About

4200 students are found studying in these schools.

e. Physical and Cultural Heritage

165. Bhimsen temple, Bhairab temple, Durga temple are located in the main bazaar. Aath Pariya Rai

(ethnic group of Dhankuta) has different religious important places and is located on the hill tops.

f. Employment

166. Table 12 shows the occupation of the people living at Dhankuta. Of the total population in the

Project area, agriculture constitutes the largest occupational group 43.3%. Accordingly business and

services are found to be adopted by 31.2% and 17.7% respectively. About 4.5% people are also

working in foreign countries.


43

Table 12: Distribution of Population by Occupation

S. No Occupational

Status

Population

(%)

1 Agriculture 43.3

2 Business 31.2

3 Service 17.7

4 Industry 0.3

5 Remittance 4.5

6 Wage 0.6

7 Other 2.4

8 Total 100

g. Distribution of Monthly Income Levels

167. Table 13 reveals that 69% of the households of the project area fall in the highest monthly income

class viz., over Rs 15,000 followed by 19% in the second highest monthly income class of Rs 10,001

to Rs 15,000. Only 4% of the household are found to fall in category of having monthly income less

than Rs 6000.00

Table 13: Distribution of No. of HHS by Monthly Income Levels

Monthly Ward

No. 2

(%)

Ward

No. 3

(%)

Ward

No. 4

(%)

Ward

No. 5

(%)

Ward

No. 6

(%)

Total

(%) Income

Up to Rs 4000 4 5 2 0 0 2

Rs 4001 - 6000 2 0 3 5 3 2

Rs 6001 - 8000 4 1 3 0 5 4

Rs 8001 - 10000 4 7 5 7 6 5

Rs 10001 - 15000 22 22 14 24 26 19

Above Rs 15000 64 65 73 64 60 68

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Field Survey, BDA/PEA JV, July 2012

168. Average monthly household is estimated to be Rs. 23,437.00 which is quite above the national

average.

169. Dhankuta is quite famous for oranges. Fruit like Avocado is also grown. Cash crops like potatoes,

ginger, cardamom, Amriso, Madagascar pepper (commonly known as Akbare Khorsani in Nepal) are

widely grown. That could be the main reason for having good income in spite of agriculture being the

main occupation.

4. Economic Development and Prospects for Growth

a. Land Use

170. The municipality area is dominated by forests, followed by agriculture land. The land of the area is

fertile and good for cultivation of cash crops.

171. Government offices are located in a planned area. No other area has been planned than this portion.

No specific area has been designated for industries. "Mohan Biscuit" is a twenty five years old factory

and probably the oldest one. There are a few small scale industries as rice mills and furniture making.


44

b. Infrastructural Facilities

i. Transportation

172. The Municipality is situated along the Koshi Highway.The main bazaar area has metalled roads

whereas other portions are linked with earthen roads and by trail roads.

ii. Drinking Water Supply

173. The present water supply and sanitation situation for most of the project area is not satisfactory.

Presently there are only 1650 private and 48 community taps in the wards 2 to 7. There is a serious

shortfall of water supply. HHs who do not have the facility of piped water supply , are facing

problems as WUSC has stopped providing new connections since 2004. In order to fulfill their daily

need, the household members of this ward are bound to go to their neighbors daily to obtain and often

beg for drinking water. They are compelled to go to the spring which takes one hour from the

settlements for washing and bathing purposes.

174. In some of the wards water is distributed in alternate days for 1 hour. Most of the respondents

(54.2%) have to spend up to 31-40 minutes to fetch water, while 45.8% have to spend about 20-30

minutes for fetching drinking water in both seasons from existing water sources.

iii. Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage

175. About 14 km of storm water drains can be observed along Highway constructed by the Department

of Roads and along roads constructed by the municipality.

176. There is no sewerage system in the project area. Many inhabitants manage the sewers in pits in their

backyards or wherever convenient. Latrines are found in 93 % of the households. Most of HHs

dispose their solid waste in pits. Few houses in the market area dispose it haphazardly.

iv. Electricity

177. Dhankuta has electricity facilities and is connected to the 132 KV sub-station.

v. Communication

178. The project area is found to have facilities of telephone and cell phone.

c. Economic Development

i. Industry and commerce

179. No large scale industry is found within the project area. Mohan Biscuit is quite famous in Dhankuta

and has been in operation since the last 25 years. 16 other small scale workshops, saw mills, rice mills

are in operation.

180. There are eleven lodges and hotels in the Municipality.

ii. Agriculture development

181. Agriculture is the largest source of income with around 43% of the people in the project area

depending on agriculture as their major occupation. As discussed earlier cash crops like potatoes,

cardamom, ginger, Madagascar pepper, Amriso etc. are widely cultivated.

iii. Mineral development

182. Mineral development activities are non-existent in the project area.

iv. Development institutions and Government offices

183. Dhankuta is the regional headquarter of the country. It has 43 government offices, five commercial

and development banks and 11 cooperative organizations. Apart from them, Police and Military units

are also in operation within the project area.


45

D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

MEASURES

184. The potential impacts of the proposed Dhankuta town water supply and sanitation project are

physical, biological, and socio-cultural in nature. They can occur at various phases of the project such

as pre-construction, construction and operation and maintenance phases. The magnitude of the

impacts can be small, moderate, or high depending upon its severity, and can be temporary or long

term, reversible or irreversible, local or wide. The impacts need not necessary limit to negative but

can be positive as well. The objective to Environment Management is to attempt to augment positive

impacts and to minimize negative impacts by sustainable mitigation measures.

1. Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures

a. Construction Phase

i. Employment Generation and Increase in Income

185. One of the major direct beneficial impacts of the water supply and sanitation project at construction

stage is the creation of employment opportunity to the local community. The amount of money that is

earned by the wages will directly enhance various economic activities and enterprise development

with multiplier effect in Dhankuta.

186. In order to augment the impact, the local people particularly poor; dalit (occupational caste), ethnic

minority and women will be given priority for employment and on job trainings, whenever required,

will be provided.

ii. Skill Enhancement

187. Although many people in the project area are found unskilled at present, the construction of the water

supply system and the distribution network is likely to enhance their skills in plumbing, fittings and

other construction works. Furthermore, the project will also give on job practical training to the

workers which will enhance their technical skills. The skill and knowledge acquired from the project

during construction will enhance employment opportunities of local people who can earn livelihoods

from similar project in future.

188. Workers especially pipe laying persons will be given on the job training on plumbing bathroom

fittings, and other construction activities in order to augment the impact.

iii. Enterprise Development and Business Promotion

189. During construction period, different types of commercial activities will come into operation in order

to cater the demand and requirement of workers. As money flow begins, they will regularly demand

different food items, beverage and other daily needs. To meet these demands, small shops and

restaurants around the vicinity of the construction sites are likely to come. Various farm based

enterprises including wide range of agricultural and livestock products will also gain momentum as a

result of increased demand by labors during construction period. This will increase local trade and

business in the area.

b. Operation and Maintenance Phase

i. Improvement in health and saving of time

190. After the water supply and sanitation project is complete, the people living within the project area will

benefit from the supply of sufficient quantity and good quality water and improved sanitary


46

conditions. Women and girl child will be directly benefited as they have to spend less time in fetching

water and thus have more time for study, other household and income generating activities.

191. The impact will be augmented through regular maintenance of the water supply and sanitation system

by the users group (WUSC)

ii. Development of Market center/ Tourism attraction centre

192. The calm, green and clean environment along with favourable climatic conditions of Dhankuta also

has created the potential to develop tourism. Further more, the topography and climate of the area

offer a tremendous potential to attract domestic and Indian tourists. The availability of good supply of

drinking water will accelerate the rate of development of Dhankuta as a popular hill resort.

iii. Appreciation of Land Value

193. One of the major benefits of the project is that the land price will increase due to the availability of

reliable safe drinking water and sanitation system. Dhankuta has good climate. The unavailability of

good drinking water could be one of the reasons for some persons to opt out for conducting their

business in the project area. Upon completion of the present project, migration from nearby hills is

expected.

194. In order to promote the land development in the area, the local people will be made aware that high

value lands are acceptable to the banks and microfinance institutions to provide loans for them to start

their own economic/social ventures.

iv. Women Empowerment

195. Women and girls in particular will largely benefit from this project, as they are the ones who spend a

great deal of time in fetching water. With the operation of the water supply scheme, this time will be

saved. As contaminated water can lead to infection by several diseases the women of the family also

have to spend a good deal of their time to care for the sick family member. With the improvement of

water supply, there will be marked reduction in the occurrence of infectious disease in the area. This

will provide more time to spend on other economic and social activities leading to empowerment.

196. In order to augment the impact, the water supply system will be regularly maintained so that it

operates smoothly and health and awareness programmes will be given to the local people

v. Quality of Life Values

197. The project is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase

the existing quality of life values due to improvement in personal, household and community hygiene

practices and health.

198. The project may help to enhance the life quality of people by many ways, like by providing

opportunities for jobs, providing good quality water, improved sanitation etc.

2. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures

a. Pre-construction Phase

• Damage to utility lines, community services, and infrastructure

199. Electric power supply infrastructure such as switching system, transmission lines, transformers etc

can be disturbed during connecting to High Tension line causing inconvenience to the public.

Similarly part of Koshi Highway running through the project area, and othernet work of internal

roads can be damaged/disturbed while excavating for laying pipelines.

200. In order to mitigate the possible damage to utilities, services and infrastructure due to particular

location of the project structure, as far as possible, the location of the project structures will avoid


47

electric poles and power supply structures. It will also avoid irrigation canal, storm drains along the

roads and wherever there is no alternative for distribution lines to cross storm drains, it will pass

through culverts or hume pipes. In such situation, permissions from concerned authorities users group

will be obtained, agreements will be done and the locals will be notified well ahead of the

construction time.

201. As legal obstructions may result in delay of work, legal requirements, such as Letters of Approval and

agreement for (i) acquisition of land and properties, (ii) disruption of water supply, and irrigation

canals and digging of roads will obtained as and when needed from relevant authorities.

• Risk of pollution of the raw water

202. There is a possibility that the consumers will be at a risk of getting polluted water due to inadequate

measures to protect the system.

203. To mitigate the risk of pollution of raw water supply, safe intake sites with minimum risk of pollution

will be selected and distribution pipes will be located away from drains (to avoid permeation of drain

water).

204. Adequate source and intake protection measures will be provided for e.g. the source point will be

located at a slightly higher elevation from drainage point of view.

b. Construction Phase

i. Physical Environment

• Erosion and land surface disturbance

205. Excavation and digging of trenches during construction has the potential to cause erosion and caving

thereby causing soil erosion, silt runoff, and unsettling of street surfaces. Unorganised disposal of the

excavated earth can disturb the street surface and decrease the value of the area where it is disposed.

The activity as such will be a nuisance and discomfort to the road users and inhabitants.

206. However, since most of the project area is level ground without erosion prone spots there is less risk

of landslides or erosion while digging trenches for the distribution lines.

207. During construction, precautionary measures will be taken; proper backfilling of excavated trenches

will be done. Construction activities will be, as far as possible, avoided during the rainy season and

temporary diversions and sign boards for pedestrians will be provided.

• Damage to the Existing Facilities

208. During the construction time, while excavating the earth, existing water supply distribution pipe lines

are may get damaged in few places particularly in bazaar area in spite of great care.A repair team

consisting plumber will be kept standby so that immediate repair can take place.

209. To avoid damage to telephone/ telecom line coordination with the office will be setup. Layout

drawing if possible will be received from concerned office to avoid possible damage.

• Air and Noise pollution

210. The construction activity will comprise of construction of intakes in Nibuwa &Tankhuwa Rivers,

Sedimentation tanks, Collecting tanks , lying of pipes, transport and installation of pumps, and about

700 m of earthen track construction. Other does not involve heavy machines except while track

opening works which will produce some noise for short time. There will be some activities such as

transportation, loading/unloading of construction materials such as sand and aggregates, quarrying

operations and operation of crushers, stockpiling of construction waste and construction materials and


48

earthworks. These will cause some deterioration of air quality due to dust generation and vehicular

emission as well as noise pollution.

211. The construction works can cause vibrations causing structural damage to buildings and structures in

the locality. Use of power horns and movement of heavy vehicles at speed can cause a serious

disturbance to the community, educational institutes, hospitals/health posts, residences etc.

212. Mitigating measures to reduce air and noise pollution are:

- Provide information to the public about the work schedule

- Fit mufflers in vehicles to control noise.

- Limit the speed of vehicles.

- Ban the use of power horns in vehicles.

- Regular maintenance of equipment and vehicles.

- Prohibit the operation of plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM in residential

areas.

- Compensate the damages caused by vibration to structures if caused by construction activities.

- Avoid working at sensitive times (during religious festivals in the area)

- Increase the work force in sensitive areas so as to finish the work quickly

• Impact due to quarrying

213. The construction intake well, treatment plant, tanks and other structures of the project will require

river bed materials, boulders, and other construction materials. The extraction of these materials from

inappropriate places or in excessive amount can cause damage to the local environment and

accelerate erosion, landslide, disturb drainage pattern and cause water logging and water pollution. It

can also change the morphology of the rivers and scar the environments.

214. In order to mitigate the impact from quarrying activities, construction materials will be obtained from

quarries approved by the DDC; borrow pits will be leveled so as to suit the aesthetics of the area and

to restore it to its original state after the project is complete. Quarrying/mining activities in

river/streams for extraction of construction materials will not be done so as to change the river cross

sections and longitudinal profiles.

ii. Biological Environment

• Loss of vegetation

215. The biological environmental issues identified during TOR preparation, environmental screening and

field survey are project related changes on biodiversity. Maintenance of biological diversity has a

long-term benefit to the human beings. Since, the proposed project will have less or on impacts on

biodiversity biological environmental issues in relevance with the baseline environment conditions

are briefly dealt in the following table in terms of type of impacts (long, medium and short term)

significance of impacts (high, medium and low ) and initiation of impacts ( construction and

operation phase).

Table 14: Biological Environmental Issues and Impacts Issue Impacts Direct /

indirect

Extent Duration Magnitude Initiation

Population • Resettlement • Relocation

D Local Short L C

Forest/

Vegetation • Loss of vegetation from

clearance of structure

sites, water supply

transmission and

distribution lines.

D Local Short L C

Terrestrial • Loss of terrestrial fauna D Local Short L C


49

fauna and

habitat

and habitat due to

project sitting and

related activities

Aquatic

ecosystem

and life

• Loss of aquatic life and

habitat due to addition of

turbidity in water due to

soil erosion

D Local Short L C

Note: D= Direct impacts I= Indirect Impacts L= Low Impacts

M= Moderate Impacts H= High impacts C=Construction Phase

O= Operation (Commissioning) Phase

216. The parts of the project area where construction activities will take place do not lie within forest area.

The project components require a very small area of land for implementation; environmental impacts

on the vegetation and natural ecosystem do not seem to be significant.

iii. Socio-economic Environment

• Disturbance to the community activities

217. The socio-economic impact during the construction of the project structures include disturbance to the

community activities, festivals and social event. The free movement of vehicular traffic and

pedestrians will be affected. Noise produced due to the operation of machines and labors may affect

the peace and serenity, health and sleep time in the neighbourhood of construction areas.

218. In order to minimize the disturbance to the community activities, a detailed Traffic Management Plan

will be developed for areas along the construction works to minimize traffic flow interference from

construction activities. Advance local public notifications of construction activities, schedules,

routings, and affected areas including road closures will be made. Signage in Nepali and English

languages will be erected. The residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in

advance.

• Social Dispute and Dissatisfaction

219. There is possibility of influx of outside workforce and with them money from the construction work

and unwanted communities can cause some strife with the local community. Local population may

not get employment benefit from the project causing dissatisfaction and conflict in the area. There is

possibility of social dispute in the community due to irresponsible behaviour of the workers such as

gambling and alcoholism

220. An employment policy will be prepared so that the local people may not be deprived of the

employment opportunities. The local people and women above the age of 16 will be given preference

for employment. Wages will be settled based on DWEC (District Wage Evaluation Committee) with

the list of employees.

• Occupational health and safety (OHS)

221. Life and health of workers particularly of those involved in concreting, trench cutting, formwork and

rebar fixing in water tanks and other structures are of prime concern. To mitigate or minimize the

hazards adequate safety instructions should be provided to the contractor and monitor from the

project side.

222. Health and hygiene in the camp site (against unsafe working conditions, accidents, transmission of

communicable diseases etc.) will be given top priority. Regular health checkups, proper sanitation

and hygiene, health care will be provided. Awareness programs concerning human trafficking and


50

the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS will be launched using brochures, posters, and

signboards. Available personal protection equipment (PPE) to all construction workers will be

provided. The loss of life or any type of injuries will be compensated and insurance to the workers

will be provided. First aid kits, ambulance, and fire extinguishers will be provided in camp sites.

223. To avoid risks from accidents on site due to the movement of public and workers, the health and

safety measures of the contract will also prohibit entry at construction sites to the public and the area

will be barricaded and warning signs will be placed.

c. Operation & Maintenance Phase

• Risk of contaminated water in the distribution system

224. There is risk of contamination of water to be distributed to the user due to inadequate operation and

maintenance of the system thereby threatening the health of the whole population consuming the

water.

225. The risks of contaminated water in the distribution system will be mitigated by developing water

safety plan and providing training to operational human resources.

• Impact on aquatic life

226. Haphazard disposal of sediments from sedimentation tanks, grit chambers , water produced during

cleaning of roughing filters and sand layer removal from slow sand filter from the treatment plant

may affect the aquatic life by eventually finding its way to Nibuwa stream ( as these treatment units

are located in the bank of Nibuwa stream).

227. To avoid the impact to the aquatic life, these should be disposed off only in designated areas and

regular monitoring of the stream water quality should be done.

• Toxic chemical hazard

228. Bleaching Powder is toxic to humans and the workers will have to deal with it during operation of the

system. Ingestions, inhalations, application to body parts, especially to such parts as eyes nose mouth

are of extreme hazard to the workers handling chlorine and bleaching powder.

229. The storage, in-plant handling and dosages of bleaching powder will be addressed. Procedures and

guidelines will be developed for its handling and first aid measures will be introduced for

emergencies. Training on handling and on dosage of the chemicals will be given to the system staff.

d. Resettlement, relocation and compensation issue

230. The various system alternatives do not require resettlement of households or relocation. The major

structures are to be constructed in the land possessed by WUSC. Similarly, the system network for the

distribution of water will follow with in public property line. Therefore resettlement or relocation is

not required.


51

Table 15: Evaluation of Anticipated Environmental Impacts

Project

Stage Anticipated Impacts

Significance of the Impacts

Type Magnitude Duration

Water Supply Component

Pre

-co

nst

ruct

ion

Ph

ase

Damage to utility lines, community services

and infrastructure

local Significant permanent

Risk of pollution of raw water (surface water)

local

small

temporary

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Ph

ase

Physical Environment

Erosion and land surface disturbance local moderate Temporary

Damage to Existing Facilities local moderate temporary

Air and Noise pollution local moderate temporary

Impact due to quarrying local significant permanent

Biological Environment Loss of vegetation local significant permanent

Socio-economic Environment Disturbance to community activities local moderate temporary

Social dispute and dissatisfaction local moderate temporary

Occupational Health and Safety local significant temporary

O &

M P

ha

se

Physical Environment Risk of contaminated water in the distribution

system

local significant permanent

Biological Environment Impact on aquatic life regional small permanent

Socio-Economic Environment

Toxic chemical hazard local significant permanent

Repairs to pipe networks will disrupt business

and will be a nuisance to the public

local small temporary

Sanitation Component

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Ph

ase

Physical Environment Erosion and land surface disturbance local moderate temporary

Biological Environment Loss of vegetation local significant permanent

Socio-economic Environment Occupational Health and Safety local significant temporary

Op

erati

on

an

d

Main

ten

an

ce P

ha

se Physical Environment

Blocking of storm water drainage local small temporary

Nuisance due to transportation of solid waste local moderate permanent

Biological Environment Impact on aquatic life due to discharge of

effluents

regional small permanent

Socio-economic environment Health hazard to workers due to cleaning of

toilet, septic tank

local significant permanent


52

Table 16: Overview of Environmental Impacts and Augmentation/Mitigation Measures

Project Stage Anticipated Impacts Impact Augmentation/ Mitigation

Measures

Responsible

Institution

Mitigation

Cost(NRs)

Beneficial Impacts

Co

nst

ructi

on

ph

ase

Employment generation

and increase in income

-Priority to local people particularly

unprivileged group will be given

- On job training will be given

whenever necessary

Contractor No extra cost

Skill enhancement - On job training especially on

plumbing, bathroom fittings, and other

construction activities will be given


Enterprise development

and business promotion

- Training programmes on skill

augmentation and entrepreneurship

development

- Promotion of cooperatives and

linkages with bank and other financial

institutions will be done

PMO 50,000

Op

era

tio

n a

nd

Main

ten

an

ce P

hase

Improvement in health

and saving of time

- Regular operation and maintenance of

the water supply and sanitation system

WUSC No extra cost

Development of market

centre / Tourism area

- Regular operation and maintenance of

the water supply and sanitation system

WUSC,

Municipality

No extra cost

Appreciation of land

value

- Awareness programmes to the local

people

WUSC, PMO No extra cost

Women empowerment - Health and awareness programmes to

the local people

WUSC, PMO

and NGO

60,000

Adverse Impacts

Water supply Component

Pre

-con

stru

ctio

n

Ph

ase

Damage to utility lines,

community services and

infrastructure

- The location of project structures will

avoid electric poles, power supply

structures and infrastructures

- Letter of approval and agreements will

be obtained

DSC, DWSS No extra cost

Risk of pollution of raw

water (Surface water)

Properly protected intake and storage

tanks will be constructed and

distribution pipe will be located away

from drains (to avoid infiltration of

drain water)

DSC No extra cost

Risk of inadequate

yield; and shortage of

surface water

- A yield monitoring program, will be

developed, especially for the abstraction

percentage during dry season flow

- Project will be redesigned with

alternative water source if the proposed

abstraction rate exceeds sustainable

yield.

DSC, DWSS No extra cost


53

Co

nst

ructi

on

Ph

ase

Erosion and land

surface disturbance

-Precautionary measures will be taken

during construction to avoid caving

-Excavated soil will be placed against

erosion

-Reuse of excavated soil and

backfilling of trenches will be done

-As far as possible construction

activities will be avoided in the rainy

season.

-Temporary diversions and signboards

will be provided for the pedestrians

Contractor Covered in

BOQ

Air and Noise pollution -Construction materials will be

transported only when require and

temporary storage will be avoided

-Tarpaulins/plastic sheets/jute bags will

be used to cover the desilted material

during transport.

-Dust suppression at the site will be

done by sprinkling water at regular

intervals.

-Use of old and worn out equipment

and vehicles, low quality fuel will be

prohibited to reduce the noise and air

pollution


Impact due to quarrying -Unstable and erosion prone sites will

be avoided and only approved

quarrying sites will be used

-Quarrying activities from

rivers/streams will not be done so as to

change the river cross sections and

longitudinal profiles

-Quarry site will be levelled to suit the

local landscape after extraction is

complete

Contractor,

DSC

Covered in

BOQ

Loss of vegetation - Prohibit the use of fuel wood and

timber collection.

-Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs

and trade.

-Provide LPG/kerosene to the

workforce.

-Plant shrubs and trees wherever

possible

Contractor Covered in

BOQ

Disturbance to

community activities

-Traffic Management Plan will be

developed and work will be conducted

as quickly as possible to minimize

disturbance

-Residents will be consulted and

informed about the disturbances in

advance


Social dispute and

dissatisfaction

-Local people will be given priority for

the employment

- All the workers will be instructed to

act in a responsible manner

Prohibition of alcohol, gambling

Local people will be employed as far as

possible



54

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Ph

ase

Occupational Health

and Safety

-A site health and safety plan including

safety measures such as provision of

mask, helmet, hand globes and rubber

boots to workers will be prepared and

implemented

-First aid will be kept at hand in

working area

-General public will be excluded from

all construction sites

-Insurance will be provided to the

workers

Contractor 100,000

(Covered in

BOQ)

Op

era

tio

n a

nd

Main

ten

an

ce P

hase

Risk of contaminated

water in the distribution

system

-Regular testing and maintenance of the

aeration plant, pressure filter and

chlorinator and testing of residual

chlorine will be done on a routine basis

and recorded

-Regular water quality monitoring of

water of the distribution system

-System staff will be trained and

supervised

WUSC

PMO

100,000

Impact on aquatic life -Regular monitoring of river water

quality

WUSC 50,000

Toxic chemical hazard -Usage, handling and storage of

chlorine will be prescribed and

guidelines developed

-First aid measures will be located in

emergencies

WUSC 50,000

Sanitation Component

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Ph

ase

Erosion and land

surface disturbance

-Disposal against erosion and re-use of

excavated soil

-Sprinkling of water to avoid dust

-Temporary diversions and signboards

will be provided to the pedestrians

Contractors No extra cost

Loss of vegetation -Provision of minimization of

vegetation clearing and careful cutting

of ground vegetation

-Plantation of tree and shrub where ever

possible

Contractor

WUSC

No extra cost

Occupational Health

and Safety

-A site health and safety plan will be

prepared and implemented


Op

era

tio

n a

nd

Ma

inte

na

nce

Ph

ase

Blocking of storm water

drainage

-Periodic flushing of the drain lines will

be done

-Providing awareness to local on not to

dump waste on drainage

WUSC No extra cost

Nuisance due to

transportation of solid

waste

-Waste sorting and disposal will be

managed

Proper transportation systems will be

provided (waste will be properly

covered in the vehicle)

WUSC

PMO

No extra cost

Nuisance

odour from

sludge drying

bed

Application of lime powder @ 1 kg per

3 sqm.

Whenever sludge is applied in drying

bed

Located at forest area with sufficient

buffer zone .

WUSC,

Municipality

Rs 10,000 per

year

Percolation of waste

water from drying bed

Double layer of 500 micron plastic

sheets and 150 mm thick clay lining

are applied for the prevention

WUSC,

Municipality


55

3. Implementation of Mitigation Measures

231. Most of the mitigation measures specified are part of contractual obligation during the project

constructions and therefore will be integrated into project design and tender documents. By

including mitigation measures in the contract of in specific items in the Bill of Quantities,

monitoring and supervision of mitigation implementation will be covered under the normal

engineering supervision provisions of the contract. The mitigation measures implementation

elaborated in Table 17 will be monitored through direct observation, records of contractors,

consultation with people etc. weekly or daily as required.

a. Project Design

232. For most of the adverse environmental impacts likely to occur during project construction and

operational phase, mitigation measures will be integrated in the design of the project itself so as

to strengthen the benefits and sustainability of the project. This will enhance the mitigation

measures in terms of specific mitigation design, cost estimation of the mitigation measure, and

specific implementation criteria. The proponent will ensure that the mitigations measures are

included in the design of the project

b. Project Contract

233. The project contract will clearly specify the mitigations measures that are part of the project

construction and the contractor will be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental

assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures. The proponent will ensure the compliance

of the proposed measures from the contractor and the final acceptance of the completed work

will not occur until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented.

c. Bill of Quantities

234. The tender instruction to the bidders will explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures

to be performed, the materials to be used, labour camp arrangements, and waste disposal areas,

as well as other site specific environmental requirements.


56

E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT

235. The alternatives analysis of the project in terms of project location, technology, implementation

procedures, and the raw materials used have been studied and analysed. Similarly, comparison

between with and without project or the "No project option" is also studied and analysed.

1. Alternative in Design

236. The proposed project has been formulated to provide reliable and continuous drinking water

supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers of the service area. The project has

been designed using surface sources of Nibuwa ,Tankhuwa and other presently operating

sources like Aitabare, Lungdang , Charchare etc. No other reliable gravity sources were found

around and vicinity of project area. Next reliable source is Tamor, which required 1000 m of

pumping and 2.4 km of transmission line. This has been estimated to be Rs 35 million.

237. The present project is designed with due consideration of these aspects and thus the proposed

design has no alternative

2. Alternative in Project Site/Location

238. No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of project. The

proposed surface intakes at Nibuwa /Tankhuwa and new reservoirs have been proposed at

appropriate sites from technical consideration and in consultation with the user group where no

or minimum environmental effects will be seen. The alignments of pipelines are also fixed with

minimum impacts on environment.

239. The intake in the Nibuwas and Tankhuwa streams are of small weir type (1.0m height) .Water

from Tankhuwa gravitates to Nibuwa and then collectively pumped to reservoir located at 665m

high for distribution. Additional source to serve the service area are existing gravity sources of

Aitebare, Lungdang and Chhharchare streams. The location of the proposed intakes, were

finalized on the basis of geo-hydrological requirements.

240. The location of structures especially the intake, treatment units, ground reservoirs, and

distribution pipe line will be retained as decided during interaction with WUSC and

beneficiaries. Therefore, the proposed location of the project has no alternatives

3. Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials

241. Most of the technologies proposed in the project are labour intensive. Minimum mechanical

equipment will be used during construction work. Ground reservoirs, treatment units, pipe line

laying, excavation and refilling work are some of the major components of project. All these

work will be done by labour force without any mechanical equipment except in the case of track

opening work for 700 m leading to intake site. Obviously, this action will produce some

environmental impacts. However, precautions will be taken and adequate protective measures

will be applied for the working persons at and nearby this site.

242. The working procedures proposed are participatory one. In each and every activities of the

project, the beneficiaries will be participating actively. The project will use the local raw

materials as far as possible. Except for some mechanical equipment necessary for pipe fitting

materials, most of the construction materials will be local. The sand, stones and labours are some

of the examples.


57

4. No Project Option

243. The analysis has also been done with and without project scenario. Implementation of proposed

project will create lot of positive impacts on health and hygiene of people, public environment

and improve socio-economic status of community as well. Provision of good quality water and

sanitation facilities will help to enhance the quality of life of the people in the project area. The

project will also help to create job opportunities to considerable number of people. The

implementation of the proposed project will produce only negligible and insignificant

environmental impacts.

244. On the other hand, if the project is not implemented, the people of the project area will have to

continue to suffer from various problems they are facing currently. There is deficiency of

drinking water in project site. People are forced to use the ground water using hand pumps and

shallow dug wells. This water contains biological impurities. Due to polluted water and

unhygienic environment, the community is facing water borne diseases every year as earlier

pointed out in Figure 2.6


58

F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND

PARTICIPATION

1. Public Consultation

245. In order to ensure the public involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE

report preparation:

246. A 15 days public notice (Annex 3) was published on 20 Asadh 2070 BS (4 July 2013 AD) in

the Rajdhani a national daily newspaper seeking written opinion from concerned Municipality,

DDC, schools, health posts and related local organisations. A copy of the public notice was also

affixed in the notice boards of the above mentioned organisations in the project area and deed of

enquiry (muchulka) was collected (Annex4)

247. IEE team also discussed with the local communities and related stakeholders like Community

Forest Users Groups, RSMO Dhankuta , WUSC etc. during field survey to collect their concerns

and suggestions.

248. A consultative meeting was held in Aug 30, 2013 (2070 Bhadra 14 BS) at Dhankuta regarding

the activities involved, proposed structures and other components of the project. In that meeting

26 consumer's representatives participated including 5 females.

249. The DSC representative explained about the construction activities, coverage area and explained

regarding the impacts on environment. Queries regarding construction schedule, coverage,

components of project, construction methodologies were raised by the participants. DSC

representative explained and responded properly with the aid of drawings and figures. List of

people attended and a copy of minutes of meeting is enclosed hereunder Annex 7.

2. Information Disclosure

250. Draft IEE will be kept at the information centre of Dhankuta Municipality , Dhankuta for public

disclosure. Information will also be disseminated through person to person contacts and

interviews and group discussions. Available institutions at the local level will also be informed

through notice distribution or pasting on notice boards of the concerned ward offices, school,

health posts and public places. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties

and general public through websites www.sstwsssp.gov.np. Following offices will get the IEE

report: • Dhankuta Municipality , Dhankuta, Koshi • Regional Supervision and Monitoring Office (RSMO), Dhankuta • Ministry of Urban Development, Kathmandu • Asian Development Bank, Nepal Resident Mission


59

G. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

251. The projects also aim to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the

environmental and social concern of the community who are affected by the project activities.

The proposed project doesn’t involve resettlement of any community, and a Resettlement Plan

that addresses the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is not necessary. However, all the

stakeholders are to be made aware of the project-specific GRM so that there is an appropriate

channel of communication and a formalized procedure to settle dispute. Town Project

Coordination Committee (TPCC) chaired by Mayor of Dhankuta Municipality will act as GRM

Committee for this project. Details of members are mentioned below:

Mayor, Dhankuta Municipality: Chairperson

Executive Officer, Dhankuta Municipality: Member

Regional Director, Regional Monitoring and Supervision Office (RMSO)

,Dhankuta Member

Representative ,WUSC, Dhankuta Member

252. The process requires a GRM committee to be established as a local level to assure accessibility

to the Affected Person or Stakeholder. The committee should consist of members with sufficient

knowledge about the project, with technical know-how and expertise and someone aware about

the socio-cultural dynamics of the community. The GRM requires that issues and comments are

first lodged with the local level GRM committee for handling of grievances at project site. The

GRM committee should conduct their meeting within 3 weeks of receipt of complaint and

solution needs to be provided at meeting or within 3 weeks.

253. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, the GRM committees need to submit it to

the PMO. The PMO with assistance from the Safeguards Specialists and WUSC experts should

resolve the grievance. If the grievance cannot be solved by the PMO, it will be referred to the

Dhankuta Municipality and RSMO , Dhankuta.

254. In case the RSMO, Dhankuta cannot resolve the issues it will be referred to the relevant court of

law.


60

Figure 3: Grievance Redress Mechanism

Affected

Person

GRM Committee

PMO

Grievance /

Complaint

WUSC

Safeguards

Specialists

Municipality +

RSMO / DWSS

Court of Law

Redress

Grievances


61

H. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

1. Environment Management Plan and Objective

255. The basic objectives of the EMP are to: • to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements will actually be carried

out at different stages of project implementation and operation - pre-construction,

construction and operation and maintenance;

• recommend a plan of action and a means of testing the plan to meet existing and projected

environmental problems;

• establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the project’s environmental

management;

• describe mitigation measures that shall be implemented to avoid or mitigate adverse

environmental impacts and maximizing the positive ones;

• ensure implementation of recommended actions aimed at environmental management and its

enhancement; and

• ensure that the environment and its surrounding areas are protected and developed to meet the

needs of the local people, other stakeholders and safeguard the interests of the common

people.

256. A Safeguard Unit within the project should be established and be headed by a senior

environmental expert, a sociologist and a legal expert with adequate support staff.

2. Monitoring and Mitigation

257. The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) shall be implemented in such a way that the

contractor is monitored during the construction phase. The mitigation measures required are

mentioned above. The EMP also requires regular monitoring of the actual environmental impacts

during project operations over the years following project completion. These impacts that have

been monitored should be compared with the anticipated impacts at the time of the preparation of

the project and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures taken.

258. In order to promote monitoring activities as an integral part of the project, types of monitoring its

indicators schedules and responsible agencies are given below:

Baseline monitoring

Compliance monitoring

Impact monitoring

259. Baseline monitoring aims to identify collect and verify the additional environmental base line

data, which is scientific or sociological in nature and needed to augment information on baseline

conditions initially generated during IEE. In case of water supply sub-project most of the

baseline data has already been collected and there is very little chance for its change till the

implementation phase. Hence it will not be necessary to conduct it unless some striking new

scenarios in terms of physical or socio-economic conditions emerge.

260. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to encourage and promote the proponent to comply

with the requirements as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set forth during the

project approval. Hence it is desirable to ensure the integration of mitigation measures in the


62

document, if any, which should fully reflect environment obligation to be complied with by the

proponent or the contractor.

261. Impact monitoring is necessary in order to know the actual level of impact in the field during the

construction and operation of the project in the alignment as the environmental impacts are

predicted based on value judgment through with some valid assumptions.

262. The Monitoring Plan will be designed in a way that the contractor is monitored to ensure that the

mitigation measures are followed during the construction period. It also requires regular and

periodic monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during the project operation over the

years following project completion. A detailed monitoring plan giving the mechanisms of

monitoring for the environmental impact and the mitigation measures are given in the following

table.


63

Table 17: Water Supply: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures –

Pre-Construction Environmental Monitoring Plan

Predicted

Impacts

Indicators Location Monitoring

Method

Monitoring

Frequency Responsibility

Physical Parameters

Pollution in

intake

Defecation

around intake

Water ponding

nearby intake

Up-reach of

Nibuwa ,

Tankhuwa

and other

existing

sources /

intake

Water quality

monitoring reports

of the

source/intake

water

(Safe intake sites

with minimum

risk of pollution

shall be selected.

Intake protection

measures shall be

take)

Once before

final design

and

construction;

once a year

(every dry

season)

WUSC,

WSSDO, DSC

Scarcity of

water in dry

season

Less flow of

water in dry

season

Intake Monitor up stream

of intake whether

others have

diverted water for

other purpose.

Measure flow

every month

Every week

in dry season

WUSC, DSC

Infiltration of

drain water due

to ponding etc.

Water pondings

Intake sites

and along the

distribution

pipelines

Checking

ponding,

Leakage

Water quality

monitoring reports

of the water in the

network as per the

National Drinking

Water Quality

Standards (2062

B.S.)

Once before

final design

and

construction;

monthly

WUSC,DSC


64


Construction Period Environmental Monitoring Plan

Predicted

Impacts


Method

Monitoring

Frequency Responsibility

Physical Parameters

Disturbance to

the land system

and soil

erosion

Excavation

technique

Soil disposal area

Stacking of soil

Construction

site

Direct observation

and record

inspection

Daily during

construction

Contractor

DSC

Quarrying Quarrying

activity

Local aesthetics

Quarry site Direct

observation and

contractor records

Once DWSS

DSC

Air and Noise

pollution

Use of equipment

and vehicles

Quality of fuel

Sprinkling of

water

Use of mufflers

Construction

and

Operation

site

Record inspection Weekly DWSS

DSC

WUSC

Biological Parameters

Loss of

vegetation

Cleared area

No of

trees/shrubs

planted

Construction

site

Observation and

record inspection

Weekly Contractor

WUSC

Impact on

aquatic animals

Increase in

turbidity in water

(due to erosion of

loosely deposited

excavated soils)

Construction

site

Record inspection Monthly WUSC

DWSS

Socio-economic Parameters

Problems from

outside

workforce

Behaviour of the

workers

Uses of alcohol

Records of fights

Project area Record inquiry

Local survey

Communication

with people

Monthly and

as needed

Contractor

WUSC

Disturbance to

the local

people

Use of

signboards, notice

board

Disposal area

Project area Record inquiry

Communication

with people

Weekly Contractor

WUSC

Occupational

Health and

Safety

Type and number

of accidents

First aid and

emergency

services

Construction

site

File record Daily DWSS


65


Operation and Maintenance Environmental Monitoring Plan

Predicted

Impacts


Method

Monitoring

Frequency

Responsibilit

y

Physical Parameters

Water quality

problems -

Training and

operational

supervision of

system staff

Water quality

tests, such as,

temperature, pH.

Electric

Conductivity,

Total Dissolved

Solids, Total

Suspended Solids,

Turbidity, etc.

Complaint of

water borne

diseases

Treatment

plants and

household

taps

Check if O&M

manuals are

followed; regular

updating of staff

on the

requirements

(Regular O&M of

chlorinators

- Regular water

quality monitoring

of water in the

distribution

system

- Immediate

action in case of

water quality

problems

- Training and

operational

supervision of

system staff )

As needed WUSC

Drinking Water

leakages from

pipes

Water leak in

streets or other

places

Streets,

distribution

camp etc.

Frequent and

regular walk

away survey,

Complain from

users

Weekly ,

as and when

required

WUSC

Waster Water Nuisance

odour from

sludge drying

bed

Odour, smell Sludge drying

bed Smell/odour,

public and

workers

comments,

Application of

lime powder

@ 1 kg per 3

sqm.

Whenever

required

WUSC,

Municipality

3. Environmental Monitoring Cost

263. Monitoring cost has been estimated for 18 months of construction period. The monitoring will be

conducted on physical, biological and socio-economic aspects. So the cost has covered all these

parameters.

264. During post construction phase, monitoring will be done on water quality, maintenance system

and outbreak of diseases.

265. Most of the monitoring cost for the proposed project is related to the expenses for experts for

observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases of the project. The

following monitoring costs are to be incurred by the project.


66

Table 20: Monitoring Costs

S.No Item Duration

(Month)

Rate Cost (NRs)

1 Environmental Management

Specialist

2.5 85,000 212,500

2 Sociologists 1.5 60,000 90,000

3 Support Staff 2 25,000 50,000

4 Cost for monitoring by MoUD

/ DWSS

LS 300,000

5 Transportation LS 60,000

6 Miscellaneous LS 40,000

7 Health Awareness Campaign LS 100,000

8 Training to WUSC members LS 75,000

Total 927,500.00

4. Environmental Procedures and Institutions

266. Institutions have a crucial role to play during monitoring. There should be firm institutional

commitment by the agencies responsible for monitoring. The Ministry of Environment (MOE) is

in charge of environmental control and management for all sector agencies. The Ministry of

Urban Development (MoUD) will have overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of

all water supply and sewerage projects. In case of an EIA, it has to be finally approved by MOE.

In case of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), the final approval lies with MoUD.

267. The different agencies involved in the Dhankuta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project are

as explained in the following table.


67

Table 21: Institutions Involved in the Proposed Project

S.N Organization Roles and Responsibilities

1. Ministry of Urban Development

(MoUD)

It is the executive agency for the implementation of Second

Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

Project(SSTWSSSP). It is responsible for monitoring of

project design, construction and operation activities according

to the approved IEE report. It is also responsible for approving

the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the IEE and approving the

IEE studies.

2. Department of Water Supply and

Sewerage (DWSS)

DWSS is the implementing agency for the SSTWSSSP. It is

responsible for ensuring that all the environmental measures to

be adopted during different phases of project implementation

and operation have been fully adhered to. It is also responsible

for water quality monitoring.

3. Project Management Office (PMO) PMO under DWSS implements the project. It ensures that all

the mitigation measures prescribed by approved IEE have been

fully adopted. It acquires permits and approval for project

construction and assists WUSC on source registration and

transfer of land ownership. It also ensures that responsibilities

of other stakeholders are incorporated as per agreements.

4. Town Development Fund (TDF) TDF provides funding to the WUSC. It ensures that necessary

environmental screening and assessments have been carried

out during the funding decisions.

5. Water User and Sanitation

Committee (WUSC)

WUSC is responsible for forming member based water user

group and registering it. It is responsible for ensuring the

implementation of environmental measures recommended

especially during the construction and operation phase.

Activities such as public awareness on sanitation and

maintaining record of the water quality data are some of its

responsibilities.

6. Design and Supervision Consultant

(DSC)

DSC is responsible for conducting the feasibility study and

detailed design and construction supervision. It ensures that all

the mitigation measures are incorporated in the final design of

the system and the environmental prescriptions are being met

by the construction contractor.

7. Contractor It is responsible to ensure that the mitigation measures are

implemented during the construction

268. Apart from the above mentioned agencies, there are other institutions that are directly and

indirectly involved in the project and during the IEE studies. Local bodies such as Dhankuta

Municipality help in disseminating information about the project to local people and related

stakeholders and in giving permits to conduct the IEE studies.

5. Reporting Procedure

269. The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during

project construction phase. The contractor will develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution

Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work

together with day-to-day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested

that a team comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the

project to make periodic reporting to the DSC.

270. The DSC then is responsible for ensuring that all the procedures and final design that includes

the mitigation measures are followed. DSC is responsible to check the weekly progress report of

the contractor and field verify whether the implementation of mitigation measures have been

conducted as decided in the EMEP or not.


68

271. DSC then will prepare an environmental monitoring report based on the weekly progress report

of the contractor. DSC will report the status of the project and the monitoring report to the PMO

for its review. PMO will then forward the monitoring report to review by the Environmental

Specialist of the DSC. 10 copies of the reports will be submitted to PMO every month, which

will be distributed to the responsible agencies for review. The Environmental Specialists of the

DSC will then review the comments and suggestions from the various authorities and act

accordingly.

272. Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the implementation of EMP

will be produced on a regular basis. The report will contain information of all the activities

conducted within the given time including the cases of non-compliance. A feedback mechanism

of reporting will be developed and based on the results of monitoring; the Environmental

Management Plan will be adjusted accordingly.

6. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates

273. The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described in

Table 18-20. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as

erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already

included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project.

7. Project Implementation Schedule

274. During the design phase PMO and the consultant will ensure that mitigation measures are

included in the design and contract documents in compliance with Environment Protection Act

and Regulations.

275. During the construction phase the parties involved will ensure that all mitigation measures and

precautions that are required to be taken by the contractor are written explicitly. DSC and WUSC

will be responsible for monitoring works carried out by the contractor.

276. During the operation phase, DWSO, and WUSC will monitor the system for leakage, water

quality, pump maintenance and disease outbreak etc. and prepare a monthly report to be sent to

DWSS via the Regional Directorate.

277. The EMP implementation schedule is given in following figure for a period of 18 months.


69

Figure 6: Implementation Schedule of the Project

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 …………………… 43

Tendering + Award of Contract

Presentation of Security Performances

Field Mobilization

Procurement of Materials

Transportation of Materials

Structural Works

Installation Works

Piping Works

Mechanical + Electrical Works

Sludge Drying Bed

Finishing Works

Operation Phase (12 months)

Months

Activities

Te

nd

eri

ng

+

Ap

pro

va

l o

f c

on

tra

ct

Co

ns

tru

cti

on

/ P

roc

ure

me

nt


70

I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

278. The planned water supply and sanitation project for Dhankuta Municipality will have only minor

adverse impacts on the environment which can be easily and with lost costs mitigated through

appropriate mitigation measures and regular monitoring during the design, construction and

operation phases.

279. A significant improvement is expected in personal, household and community level hygiene

practices, and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community

health.

280. No adverse or harmful impacts of any significance are likely and a full scale EIA is not required.

Annex-1: Terms of Reference

SSTWSSSP (Dhankuta Town) TOR for IEE

Table of Contents

1. Organization preparing the Terms of Reference .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 1

2. Description of the Project .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 1

2.1. General .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 1

2.2. Component of the Town Project .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 2

2.2.1. Water Source .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 2

2.2.2. Capital Cost of Water Supply Facilities . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 5

2.2.3. Sanitation Improvement .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 5

2.2.4. Capital Cost for Sanitation Improvement . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 6

2.3. Salient Features of the proposed Project . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 6

2.4. Physical Environment of the Project Area . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 9

i. Geophysical Profile .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 9

ii. Ecological Profile .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 9

iii. Human and Economic Development . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 11

iv. Land Use Planning .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 11

2.5. Existing Water Supply Situation .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 11

2.6. Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Issue . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 12

2.7. Relevancy of the project proposal .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 12

2.7.1. Threshold Limits for Conducting IEE . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 12

3. Approach and Methodology to be adopted while preparing the report . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 13

3.1. Public Consultation Program and Public Notice . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 13

3.2. Data Analysis and Report Preparation .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 14

4. Policies, laws, rules and manuals to be taken into account while preparingthe report . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 14

5. Time Schedule for IEE Study .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 15

5.1. Resource Persons .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 15

6. Anticipated Impact of the Project .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 15

6.1. Physical Impacts .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 16

6.2. Biological Impacts .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 16

6.3. Socio-Economic and Cultural Impacts .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 17

7. Analyses of Alternatives to the Proposed Project .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 17

8. Mitigation Measures .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 17

9. Matters to be monitored while implementing the Project . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 18

9.1. Environmental Management Plan .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 18

9.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 19

9.3. Information Disclosure, public Consultation and Participation . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 19

9.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism .ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 20

10. IEE Report Contents/Format . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 20

Acronyms

�✁✁✂✄☎ ✆✝✞✟✠✁✡☛


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1. Organization preparing the Terms of Reference

The Environmental Protection Regulation 1997 (amended in 2007) mentions that a Terms of Reference (TOR) for an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required.

This Terms of Reference (TOR) has been prepared in order to carry out an IEE for Dhankuta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Dhankuta district. The proposed proponent is the Project Management Office (PMO), Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) of Department of Sanitation &Sewerage (DWSS), Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), and Government of Nepal (GoN) is responsible for the preparation of IEE report. Name and address of the proponent is given below:

Name of the Proponent:

Project Management Office Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal

Address of the Proponent:

Panipokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4423848, 4412348 Fax: 4413280 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np

2. Description of the Project

2.1. General

The Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) has been

designed with the principles of community management, making it demand responsive and adopting a

participatory approach. The project is being implemented under ADB financing in about 20 small

towns where inadequate water supply and sanitation have already affected the health and quality of

life of the people.

The Water Users and Sanitation Committee (WUSC) plays a major role in the implementation of the project. WUSC contributes 50% of project cost of which 5-15% will be in the form of upfront cash and 35-45 % will be in the form of a loan from the Town Development Fund (TDF). 50% of the project cost will be contributed by Nepal Government.

The proposed Dhankuta Town Supply Project is located at the Dhankuta Municipality in Dhankuta district of Koshi zone. The location is 260 58’29.27” North latitude and 870 20’36.51” East longitude having altitude 1169m to 1560m above mean sea level and covers ward no 2 to 7 of Dhankuta Municipality.

Dhankuta Municipality was established in 1979 AD and is situated in Koshi zone of Eastern Development Region of Nepal. It is serving as a regional and district administrative head quarter. The town lies along the Dharan – Dhankuta highway (Koshi highway). The highway, constructed almost


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three decades ago, has enhanced accessibility with terai and other parts of the country. The road is connected to Bhojpur, Tehrathum and Sankhuwasbha district. It is a historical district having the religious and cultural places.

2.2. Component of the Town Project

Dhankuta Town Project under Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

(SSTWSSSP) has been promoted to provide safe and reliable water supply with reasonable cost to

the consumer of the town area. The designated service area for the project is the part of ward

numbers 2-7 of municipality. The total area covered by the project is 265.13 hectare.

In some places structures like stream intakes, slow sand filter, roughening filters and reservoirs are in operation. These existing structures are to be utilized. Because of land topography, settlement patterns and existing water supply structures, the project area has been sub divided into four different subsystems, so that each part is served by its own water supply system. These are stated below:

i.) Nigale Subsystem covering part of ward 2 ii.) Schooldanda subsystem covering parts of wards 3 and 4 iii.) Salleri subsystem covering part of wards 5and 6 iv.) Chuliban (Dadagaon) subsystem parts of ward 7

2.2.1. Water Source

a) Source Location, type and required yield

The designated sources to serve the service area are existing surface sources namely Tindhobhane

source, Aitabare and Lungdang as gravity sources and combination of Nibuwa and Tankhuwa stream

has pumping scheme.

Location of existing major three sources are situated in ward no 1, almost 13 Km north of Dhankuta

Bazaar. Nibuwa stream is located at eastern boarder of the municipality. 10 lps of water from

Tankhuwa stream, which lies at 6.8 km distant from Nibuwa, will be collected. A Pumping

Transmission main requiring 2.2 km in length and 665 of head is to be developed from Nibuwa stream.

Table 2.1: Expected yields of proposed sources

S. No. Source Type Expected Discharge (lps)

Remarks

1 Chuliban Gravity 1.17 In Operation 2 Aitabare Gravity 2.07 In Operation 3 Tindhobhane Gravity 5.22 In Operation 4 Nibuwa + Tankhuwa Pumping 16.0 Proposed

Total 24.46

Nigale and School danda subsystem will be catered by Chuliban and Aitabare sources respectively.

These existing gravity sources are yielding 1.17 and 2.07 respectively.For monsoon season the entire

system will run from these gravity sources. A pipe to carry additional discharge from Aitabare WUSC

has already been laid to discharge 4 lps in monsoon season and is in operation.Considering the

scarcity of water in dry season 10 lps of water from Tankhuwa, down at the bank of Nibuwa will be

collected. The total of 16 lps will be pumped jointly from Tankhuwa and Nibuwa. Both of these are

water fed streams and are perennial.


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b) Reservoirs , storage tank

The total storage requirement for the system at the end of design period i.e. 2030 is calculated as 595 m3 for Dhankuta. There are already few ground water tanks and will be used for the proposed project. Existing and additional reservoir required to cater the demand in 2030 is given in the table below:

Table 2.2: Required Reservoirs

S.No. Subsystem Reservoir

Sizes (m3 )

Type

Existing/Proposed Area to be

distributed

1 Nigale 20 Ground

Reservoir

Existing Tallo sifting

20 do Existing Mathillo sifting

20 do Existing Syaule

20 do Proposed Syaule

2 School

Danda

Subsystem

50 Do Existing Amaltar, Adhikari

Basti etc.

20 Do Existing Tallo Atmara

20 do Existing Mathillo Atmara

3 Salleri

SubSystem

300 do proposed Main bazaar etc.

4 Chuliban

SubSystem

125 do proposed Dadagaon, Madan

chowk etc.

TOTAL 595

c) Transmission mains

The existing gravity sources are in a distance of about 13 km from the bazaar. For these sources

about 41 km of transmission mains are in operation. Though these are GI (Chuliban Source) and

HDPE (other two sources) are functioning well. Other required is from Tankhuwa to Nibuwa from

where water collected down to Nibuwa. HDPE pipes of 125 mm size of class 6 Kg/cm2 is proposed.

From Nibuwa River to Schooldanda where 665 pumping head is needed, GI pipes of size 150 mm is

proposed as the site bears steep slope and rocky zone. Most of the pipe line shall be above the

ground and suitable support pillars shall be provided.

d) Treatment facilities

There already exists conventional filter plant (Slow Sand Filter - SSF). Considering the workmanship,

and technical knowledge conventional treatment have been designed accordingly and consist of

sedimentation tank, slow sand filter and disinfecting unit. The existing SSF is located at School danda

with the capacity of 18 lps has been used. Similarly other two treatment units with the capacity of 2 lps

are also required. The following table summarizes the capacity required


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Table 2.3: Treatment units: capacity and numbers required

S.No Sub system Source type Treatment type Numbers

1 Nigale Gravity SSF 2 lps required

2 School danda Gravity SSF 2 lps required

3 Salleri Gravity SSF 15 lps

existing

4 Pumping 16 lps ( Roughing

filter, proposed

To be constructed

Existing SSF at school

dada will be utilized

e) Electrical Facilities/Pumps

The 11 KV line is available at a distance of 2 km from water intake point, ie. Nibuwa river source.

There is no problem and constrain to get power from main line. As discussed above 11KV high tension

electric power line shall be provided in each pumping station which shall be converted with appropriate

capacity distribution transformer to TPN 415 V/220 V and shall be used to operate station lighting.

Generator Facility system is also included in each pumping station.

f) Distribution main

The distribution system consists of pipe network, which are lopped in most of the cases, and branched for some. The network has been analyzed using EPANET – 2 computer program that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. It is one of the recent and quite popular water supply program software. The algorithm was originally developed by the Water Supply and Water Resources Division, Cincinnati, USA. The program contains commands for graphically laying out an existing or proposed pipe distribution network and performing a hydraulic analysis on that network. EPANET – 2 allows users to layout a water supply system from an Auto Cad drawing. The input elements include pipe, node, reservoir, valve and pumps. The system has been analyzed by the Hazen- Williams equation. The pipe network has been designed for ultimate scenario ie considering domestic demand as 65 lpcd. The reports include pressure, flow rate, flow velocity and hydraulic grade.

The entire system has been designed using High Density Polythene (HDP) pipes. The minimum pipe

size used is 50mm. Altogether 57 km of distribution pipe network is proposed.

g) House Connections

The system has been designed, predominantly as house to house connections. Presently 1650 households are having piped water. Initially during construction phase, only 3130 house connections are provided to satisfy the need for the base year population.

h) Appurtenances

These will primarily comprise of valve chambers or connection chambers to house in flow control valves for controlling flow in the pipeline and to the community / shared taps etc. Altogether 130 pipe valves covers and 37 valve chambers are designed in the system. Similarly, 35 numbers of connection chambers have been provided in places of dense population. The individual house connections will be tapped from these connection chambers provided at appropriate places, so that there is least number


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of road cuttings during operation phase. The location of these chambers will be determined during the construction in consultation with WUSC. Refer Drawing for a typical house connection chamber.

i) Pump House

Permanent pump houses are not provided as submersible pumps are proposed. Electrical panels are however are housed inside generator house.

j) Generator/operator House

Three permanent generator/operator house for pumping scheme shall be constructed which will house in control panels, switch boards, water level sensor devices including room for operator. These are required for smooth operation and monitoring the system. Similarly a permanent generator room to accommodate the generator has been provided. In case of failure of power supply the generator shall be used to supply power to the pumps. Refer Drawing for details.

k) Store and Laboratory Building

A chemical store and laboratory building to house in requisite stores and small testing laboratory has been included in the project. Existing office building will be used for these facilities.

2.2.2. Capital Cost of Water Supply Facilities

The total project cost for water supply component of the proposed water supply project has been

estimated to be Rs. 268.714 million. Physical contingency @ 5%, price contingency @10% and VAT

@ 13% are all included.

2.2.3. Sanitation Improvement

a) Solid Waste Management

Waste management is one of the key issues that have to be addressed to keep the environment clean.

It has been observed that most of the inhabitants of the project area are not aware of the problem of

solid wastes including health and hygiene. The project therefore proposes to conduct a number of

training and awareness generating programs.

People are found to dispose their waste by making pit in their garden,on site sanitation program is

suitable for these area. Training program focusing on Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste will be

conducted. Similarly kitchen and bathroom waste water could be managed by developing simple soak

pit in the kitchen garden.

A sanitary land fill site is located in Atmara ward no 3 of Dhankuta Municipality has an area of 47Ropani (24,000 m2) of land and is expected to cater 30 years. It was constructed in 2010 AD with the cooperation of GoN-LGCDP, users group and municipality.

For the collection of solid waste from market area municipality has engaged a tractor to pick up the

waste. Similarly, few hand carts (wheel barrows) and collection bins (115 ltrs capacity) are proposed.

b) Waste water Management

People are found to manage waste water by collecting in the pit and using in irrigation purpose for

kitchen garden. Within years to come, however in the bazaar area management of waste water may

be required. But still for some years to come a simple sludge drying bed will be better. Stone masonry


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structure with gravel packing is proposed. Gravel packing will enhance to percolate moisture and dry

sludge quicker. Dried sludge can be sold to the farmers as organic fertilizer.

While drying sludge leachate is produced and thus a lined circular soak pit has been proposed to

manage the same. The outer side of the soak pit will be lined with impervious material (clay + plastic

lining) so as to infiltrate the water from the bottom of pit. Soak pit will be packed with brickbats,

limestone, coal and sand in layers. Top of the soak pit will be covered with stone chips/ aggregate

2.2.4. Capital Cost for Sanitation Improvement

The total cost on the sanitation component has been estimated to be Rs. 13.434 million including VAT.

2.3. Salient Features of the proposed Project

S.NO. Items Description

1 Name of the Project Second Small Town Water Supply & Sanitation

Sector Project, Dhankuta Town Project

2 Type Gravity &PumpingScheme

3 Study Level Detailed Engineering Design Report

4 Location Area

Region Eastern Development Region

Zone Koshi

District Dhankuta

VDC/Municipality Municipality

Ward 2 to 7

5 Available Facilities

Road Koshi Highway

Airport Biratnagar, Morang

Water Supply System

Existing

Piped system & stream, springs

Electricity Available

Communication Available

Health Services Available

Banking Facilities Available

Biratnager- Dhankuta Distance 85 Km

6 Source Characteristics

Source Name Nibuwa & Tankhuwa (proposed for Pumping

Scheme) (stream intakes)

Other spring sources for gravity system : Aitebare,

Tindobhane, Lungdang (in operation)

Source Type Surface sources

Source Location Ward # 1 for Gravity and

Ward # 5 for Nibuwa and Tankhuwa VDC for

Tankhuwa Stream


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Tapped yield (lps) Gravity :8.46 lps

Pumping from Nibuwa : 16 lps

Pumping Head 665 m

Pumping Head 665 m

Pumping hours: 19 hrs @ 16 lps

Pumping station 3 nos 50 m3 reservoir for initial stage and 20m3

reservoir in other two stations

Pump type Submersible type 32 HP each with

2 # 32 HP in operation in each pumping station

Total Number of pumps Total 6 # of pumps (32 Hp) for transmission mains

Storage Tank Existing 20 m3 ground reservoir in Tallo Shifting

Existing 20 m3 ground reservoir in Mathillo Shifting

Existing 20 m3 ground reservoir in Syaule

Proposed 20 m3 ground reservoir in Syaule



Existing 20 m3 ground reservoir in Schooldanda

Proposed 300 m3 ground reservoir in Salleri

Proposed 125 m3 ground reservoir in Chuliban

TOTAL 595 m3 of reservoir

Intake Stream Intake 1.5m ht : 2# for Nibuwa and

Tankhuwa streams

Other existing operating intakes will be used

Valve Chamber (Nos.) 71

Community Stand Posts Nil

Household Connection

(Nos.)

3130 for base year 2015

Total Length of pipe (Km) Transmission :

Existing: 41 km

Pumping mains GI(150 mm dia) = 2.2 Km

Tankhuwa to Nibuwa (HDPE 6kg class) : 7.85 km

Distribution : 57.85 Km

Electrical Generator-3, Transformer-3, 11 Kv Transmission

2.1 Km


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Treatment Unit Existing Conventional Treatment Plant with

Sedimentation, SSF and Chlorination

Grit-chambers, Sedimentation, Roughening filters

are proposed using existing SSF at Schooldanda

for pumping scheme.

8 Social Status

Present Population (2012) 15,139

Base Year Population (2015) 16,169

Design Year Population

(2030)

22,475

Adopted Growth Rate % 2.22 (Average)

Household Numbers (2012) 3130

Average Family Sizes 4.84

9 Total Water Demand

Base year 2015 (m3/day) Total 1,270.73

Design year 2030 (m3/day) Total 1,766.31

10 Total Cost of the Project (NRs.) 282,148,471.72 with 15% contingencies & 13%VAT

Water Supply Sector NRs 268,714,040.59

Sanitation Sector NRs 13,434,431.13

Sanitation Components

a) equipment for Solid waste

management

NRs 1,635,000.00

b) Sludge Drying bed & Sludge

Suction Tanker mounted on

trailer

NRs 2,901,542.00

c) Bio engineering works including

plantation, wicker works etc

NRs 6,202,990.00

d) Gabion protection works NRs 1,149,345.00

11


water supply component (NRs)

268,714,040.59

a) GoN / ADB @ 50% NRs 134.357 million

b) WUSC Contribution

c) Users contribution @ 5% to 15 % NRs 13.44 to 40.31 million

d) Loan through TDF @ 35% to 45% NRs 94.05 to 120.92

12


Sanitation component (NRs)

NRs 13,434,431.13

a) ADB/ GON NRs 11.42 million

b) Local body /users etc.

NRs 2.014 million

13 Tariff ( at TDF 45 % financing) Rs. / Cum


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0-10 Cum / month 52.00

11- 20 Cum / month 78.00

>20 cum / month 91.00

14 Economic / Financial

FIRR 2.95 %

EIRR 95.84 %

AIEC 74.82

AIFC 60.61

15 Environment

ADB Category Category B

IEE finding No adverse effect, IEE required

16 Project Status

Started January 2012.

2.4. Physical Environment of the Project Area

i. Geophysical Profile

Topography, Geology and Climate:

Dhankuta Municipality is located at 26o 58’ 29.27” latitude and 870 20’36.51” longitude having altitude 1169 m to 2037m above mean sea level. Geologically, Dhankuta is in the Mahabharata range which has gneiss, granite gneiss, quartzite schist etc. as a rock type. Quartzite occasionally with limestone is also found. Structurally, the area is folded, faulted, and fractured

Being located in the middle in the mountain the climate is essentially warm temperate, sub-tropical. The temperature is mild both in summer and winter. The temperature varies from 20C in January and 340C in June. Average annual precipitation is expected to be 900mm. In the monsoon period at the months of June –August 75% of the rainfall occurs.

Surface and Ground Water:

The proposed project area is situated in between three rivers these are known as Tamor River, Nibuwa and Patle River. These are perennial and Tamor is the main river which flows from west boundary of Dhankuta municipality. Besides numerous perennial streams viz, Devikhola, Sisne Khola, Charchare, Raniban, Juke, Aitabareetc. are being used for the distribution of water.

ii. Ecological Profile

Flora, Fauna and Protected Areas:

Deforestation has decreased the flora of the project area but since the concept of community forests has been introduced, there has been an improvement in the forest cover. A forest area is on the south, west and north east portion of the Project area, and predominantly consists of Pine wood, Chilaune, Uttis, Karma and Shag. Wild animals like Monkeys, leopard, panther, and deer along with other animals are sometimes found in these forests. Common birds as house sparrow, peacock, crow, and jungle fowl are some of the bird species seen in the area.


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Geo Hydrology

There are many small surface perennial sources in the area. The water is oozing out from springs. It indicates the presence of weak zone in the area. This weak zone may be in the form of faults, joints or fractured rocks as reported in the survey report of Department of Mines and Geology (DMG).


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iii. Human and Economic Development

Population, Communities and Occupation:

The population of the project area is 15575 with the total number of households as 2567.The ethnic composition consists of Janajati and Brahmins/Chhetries. The dalit caste (Kami, Damai and Sarki) also shows their effective presence in the project area. The principle occupation of the people is agriculture. 44% of the people are engaged in agriculture followed by 31% business and 19% in service sector.

Health and Sanitation:

Almost all the households of the project area have latrines. There is linear storm water drainage exists in market area but rest of the service area does not have drainage system. The general communicable diseases are common. General health conditions of the females are observed bad compared to the males.

Economic Characteristics:

No specific area has been designated for industries. There are a few small scale industries as biscuit factory, rice mills, hotels and lodges. Agriculture is the main characteristics, the main product being cardamom, ginger and Amriso. Cash crops like green vegetables are also widely produced. Horticulture and livestock rising including poultry is practiced but not in a commercial scale.

Infrastructural Facilities:

Project area is a part of Dhankuta municipality. It lies in the Koshi Highway connecting to Biratnagar, Sankhuwasbha, and Bhojpur.The project area has 13 km metaled road and 26 km of earthen road and 4 km of trail road. Most of the institutions and some private owners have telephone connections. It has electricity facilities and is connected to the 132 kV substation. There are 12 academic institutions in the service area. There are 22 government, semi government, and NGO and non-government offices.

iv. Land Use Planning

A land use planning specially for the Government offices can be observed. Up to a certain extent zoning and bylaws are found to be implemented by office of municipality.

2.5. Existing Water Supply Situation

A system of 7 public stand posts of water supply was built during the Rana regime (before 1930),

whose intake source Sawa Khola is located at the foot of Hile Bazaar, 10 km far from Dhankuta

Bazaar and is still functioning. Later in 1980, the system was upgraded to 115 taps by DWSS, colleting

water from various other sources. This was further improved in 1994 by the grant aid of British

Government. The existing Dhankuta Water Supply system was constructed with the cooperation from

UK/India/S. Korea/DWSS/WUSC/Users in different period of time.

Almost 34 numbers of reservoir/distribution tanks are functioning in the town. But, most of them have

smaller capacity of 3 m3 – 8 m3, leaking and are in deteriorating conditions. Thus, the present Water

Supply and Sanitation situation for most of the project area is not satisfactory. Presently WUSC is

serving with 1650 private and 48 community taps and there is serious shortfall of water supply. Many

households does not have piped water supply as WUSC has stopped providing new connections since

2004.


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The most of the water quality parameters of the proposed sources are within the standard set by

NDWQS, 2062 but some are not within the standard. Thus raw water is not suitable for drinking

purpose and requires treatment. The water quality is expected to worsen in the rainy season due to

increase in runoff of the sources with increased in suspended solids, turbidity and dissolved minerals.

2.6. Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Issue

There shall be not any relocation and resettlement of the local people. Thus, no compensation issues

need to be considered.

2.7. Relevancy of the project proposal

Any development project have some environmental implication, whether beneficial or adverse. Therefore, it is pertinent to identify the complications/changes apparent in the environmental condition along with the favorable or adverse impacts resulting from the activities associated with the project over the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area. Similarly the assessment of the magnitude of the impacts is also equally important. The assessment techniques and methods to be adopted may however vary depending upon the nature of the project.

In recent years, environmentally sustainable development has become one of the major challenges faced by different development institutions. Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, GoN has introduced a variety of instruments into the country’s development activities. IEE is one of the tools for the environmentally sustainable development.

Taking in view of the statutory requirement of GoN, adhered to for the environmental assessment of any development projects under EPA-2053 & EPR-2054, an IEE study is necessary and thus TOR is prepared. The Schedule – 1 of EPR states to conduct IEE Study:

2.7.1. Threshold Limits for Conducting IEE

For Drinking Water Supply Project ,according to Environmental Protection Guidelines, 2054 BS, First Revised (2055 BS) Schedule -1 (Clause G. Drinking Water), IEE is required for following condition :

Particulars Status for proposed Dhankuta Town Project

1) Collection of rain- water in not more than 200 hectares, and use of water sources (springs and wetlands) located within the same area.

Not applicable

2) Surface water sources with not more than 1 cubic ft. safe yield and supply of not more than 50 percent of the water during the dry season.

Not applicable

3) Processing of water at the rate of 10 to 25 liters per second.

Within limit

4) Recharging up to 50 percent of the Not applicable


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total aquifer for the development of underground water source.

5) Construction of not more than one

kilometer long tunnels for carrying water

Not applicable

6) Displacement of not more than 100 persons for operating a water supply scheme.

Not applicable

7) Settlement of not more than 500 persons on the upper reaches of water sources

Not applicable

8) Supply of drinking water to population ranging between 2000 and 20000

Within limits

9) Supply of drinking water to a population ranging between 10,000 and 100,000 upon connecting new sources.

Within Limits

10) Installation of more than 20 kilometers long electricity transmission lines for pumping or processing water and consumption of more than one MW of electricity.

Not applicable

11) River training and diversion activities over an area of more than one kilometer.

Not applicable

For Drinking Water Supply Project: IEE is required for the water supply scheme having population between 10,000 – 100,000. Population of the project falls in the strata. Further this is an extension of existing system. Service areas have been added and new sources are to be tapped. Further no people will displaced with the construction / operation of the project. Thus the IEE study has to be carried out.

3. Approach and Methodology to be adopted while preparing the report

3.1. Public Consultation Program and Public Notice

Public consultation program in the project area will be organized to inform the broader communities and to collect the feedbacks and suggestions regarding the issues. This program mainly focus on the awareness about the project plans and programs, building of mutual consensus about the implementation of the project, identification of the key issues to be considered during IEE study and project design.

The proponent will affix a notice in the office of Dhankuta Municipality and other ward offices, Office of the DDC, schools, hospitals, health post requesting the concerned authorities and individuals to offer their written opinion and suggestions within fifteen days with regard to the possible impact of the


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implementation of the proposal on the environment. The notice will also be published in the national daily newspaper. Deeds of the fixing of notice from the concerned offices will be collected and included within the report.

3.2. Data Analysis and Report Preparation

The data collected shall be analyzed to identify both the negative and positive impacts of the project on the existing environment. During this stage, the socio-economic profile prepared by the NGO shall also be considered for further verification before finalization and identifying and predicting the possible impacts both the adverse and beneficial. The consultant will submit the IEE Draft report within 45 days after approval of TOR. The draft IEE report will be presented to WUSC, local body representative etc. The consultant will incorporate the comments and suggestion made by PMO and WUSC. The consultant will submit the final IEE report within 7 days after receiving comments from PMO.

The proponent shall submit fifteen copies of the proposal to the concerned Ministry (MoUD) in accordance with Rule 10 of the EPR, 1997 for the approval of the proposal.

4. Policies, laws, rules and manuals to be taken into account while preparingthe report

The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following Policies, laws, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines:

Policies:

i) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 AD)

ii) Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy and Strategy 2060 B.S. (2004 AD) iii) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 AD) iv) ADB's " Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) " 2066 BS ( 2009 AD)

Acts and Regulation:

i) National Park and Wild Life Conservation Act 2030 BS (1974 AD) ii) Land Acquisition Act 2034BS (1978 AD) iii) Soil and watershed Area Conservation Act 2039 BS ( 1983 AD) iv) Labour Act 2048 BS ( 1992 AD) v) Water Resources Act, 2049 BS (1992 AD) vi) Forest Act 2049 BS (1992 AD) vii) Forest Regulations 2050 BS ( 1993 AD) viii) Environmental Protection Act, 2053 BS (1996 AD) ix) Environmental Protection Regulation, 2054 BS (with Amendment) x) Local Self Governance Act 2055 BS (1999 AD) xi) Aquatic Animals Protection Act 1961 and First Amendment 2055 BS (1999 AD) xii) Local Self Governance Regulations 2056 BS (2000 AD) xiii) Child Labour prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 BS ( 2001 AD) xiv) Water Supply and Sanitation Regulation 2062 BS (2005 AD)


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Standards and Guidelines

• National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 AD) • National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S. (2005 AD) • Water Resources Strategy , 2055 B.S. (2002 AD)

5. Time Schedule for IEE Study

Time schedule envisaged for the IEE study is as follows

Duration: Within Two months of the approval of TOR.

Proposed Schedule of work for IEE Report Preparation

S.No Activities / Week 1 wk 2 wk 3 wk 4 wk 5 wk 6 wk 7 wk 8 wk

1 TOR Approval

2 Public Notification

3 Field investigation, experts

view / focus group session

and collection of public

opinion

4 Preparation and submission

of Draft Report

5 Collection of comments and

suggestions

6 Preparation and submission

of Final Report

Budget: Estimated budget for this IEE study is Rs. 2,00,000.

5.1. Resource Persons

Following inter-disciplinary human resources will be engaged with the co-ordination of team leader. The team mainly consists of:

i. Environmental safeguard specialist ii. Water Supply Engineer iii. Sociologist/Social Safeguard Specialist iv. Hydrologist/Geo-hydrologist v. Botanist

6. Anticipated Impact of the Project

A distinction shall be made between the potentially significant positive and adverse impacts and immediate and long term impacts. Impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible shall be identified.


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Where ever possible, the significant impacts shall be quantified in terms of environment costs and benefits.

The impacts shall be identified mainly for the activities pre-construction and post construction (O&M) phase on the existing physical, biological and socio-economic resources.

As a part of the study, enhancement of the positive impacts shall also be carried out. The potential impacts that shall be assessed are grouped into three major impacts as follows:

6.1. Physical Impacts

Land: The possible changes in the land use pattern of the area shall be studied giving focus to landslide, erosion, and environmental aesthetics degradation.

Water: The possibility of negative impacts on surface water, ground water, wastewater problems and obstruction to natural drainage shall be studied carefully. Apart from this, the study shall also focus on the source dispute and water use conflicts if exist.

Air & Noise: The deterioration in the ambient air quality and noise & vibration disturbance during the construction and operation phases shall be studied to recommend the mitigation measures.

Soils & Geology: The degradation in the soils and geological status of the project area due to the project and its associated activities shall be studied. The consequences of the erosion and landslides due to the project shall also be studied.

Hydrology: The modification that will be brought by the implementation of the project in the river hydrology will be studied along with the consequences (adverse or positive) resulted from the project. In addition, the riparian flow as well as minimum discharge of the river /water source after abstraction of the design flow will be studied in accordance with the requirements of the environmental flow envisaged by the acts and regulations.

Others: Other parameters, if any, such as: quarry site impact, spoil disposal impact, waste materials disposal impact etc., identified during the study shall be incorporated in the report. In addition to this, cumulative impacts shall also be considered during the identification of the impacts of the project on the natural settings of the environment.

6.2. Biological Impacts

Flora (Forest & Terrestrial Vegetation): Change in forest cover/forest clearance, extinction of rare and endangered species of floral species, timber exploitation, firewood extraction etc. due to the project shall be studied to assess the losses to the vegetation and to suggest suitable mitigation measures.

Wildlife and Terrestrial Fauna: Change in the terrestrial wildlife, avi-fauna and aquatic life including fish, extinction of rare and endangered species, loss of habitat, sensitive habitat, migratory routes, construction disturbances, hunting and poaching by workforce, destruction of spawning and rearing of ground of fish, impact on fishermen etc. due to the project shall be suitably incorporated in the IEE report.


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Others: Other parameters, if any, such as permanent disturbances to the vegetation coverage, local wildlife etc. identified during the study shall be incorporated in the report along with their cumulative effects on the environment.

6.3. Socio-Economic and Cultural Impacts

The socio-economic and cultural impacts can be wide ranging in their nature. So the study shall incorporate the factors like; occupational health and safety impact, Health and sanitation impact, land acquisition and compensation impact, Impact on women and vulnerable, impact on local economy, migration problem, resettlement & rehabilitation problems, change in land use pattern, change in nearby land values, slum creation hazard, impact on education, encroachment of cultural sites, law and order problem, generation of employment, impacts due to influx of workers and resulting cultural differences hazards.

While preparing the report any issues / impacts found relevant will be included in the report, besides

the issues /impacts mentioned in this TOR

7. Analyses of Alternatives to the Proposed Project

The alternative analysis of the project shall be conducted during the study to minimize the possible negative environmental impacts. Alternative measures to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives will have to be described in following aspects:

• Project Location (setting) • Design • Technology choice • Construction techniques • Operation and Maintenance.

Alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring requirements should be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative should be quantified (wherever possible); incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures.

8. Mitigation Measures

Suitable, cost effective and environmentally friendly mitigation measures shall be recommended during the preparation of IEE report for all the perceived impacts to minimize the environmental impacts of project implementation. In general the following area shall be covered while preparing mitigation measures:

i. Project design and preparation Phase

ii. Project construction phase

iii. Project operation and maintenance phase

In general the following impacts are expected, which will be addressed in IEE report in detail.

1. Environmental problems relating to project sitting/ project location phase:

- Encroachment to private/ public property - Disturbance of cultural resources, historic sites, vegetation, wetland, surface

draining, and wildlife - Land use or location conflicts - Conflicts in water allocation


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- Conflicts due to inadequate compensation if private land is use.

2. Environmental problems relating to project planning and design phase:

- Degradation of areas through repeated access and increased use - Securing physical access to site - Demolition and disposal of existing structures - Degradation of surface waters by soil erosion from distributed areas - Discharge of drilling slurries and produced waters - Waste equipment servicing and sanitary and domestic wastes - Taking of test borings within proposed rights of way - Clear cutting and disposal of vegetation - On-site transport of materials and storage of materials and supplies - Controlling over-extraction of groundwater and runoff damages - Adequacy of primary water treatment plants installation - Quality of water pipes laid down in distribution system - Securing safe water and planning of adequate excess drainage discharge

system.

3. Environmental problems relating to project construction phase:

- Runoff and sedimentation from grading for track roads and alteration of hydrological patterns due to maintenance roads

- Loss of land use and population relocation disturbances due to placement of pipes, construction materials and substations

- Secondary development of shops, temporary sheds and trails during construction generating waste in surrounding area.

4. Environmental problems relating to project operation phase:

- Increased demands on services and facilities in local communities - Social and cultural conflicts concern with water distribution, excess water

discharge and maintenance - Use of local surface water or groundwater - Contamination of groundwater and detection of water borne diseases - Detection of chemical contamination such as Arsenic, Iron, Nitrate etc. in water

causing additional costs incurred in the removal of hazardous chemicals.

Concerned agencies like SSTWSSSP, DWSS, WSSDO and local agencies, local administration office shall be consulted during the implementation of mitigation measures.

9. Matters to be monitored while implementing the Project

9.1. Environmental Management Plan

The project proponent has to develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to systematically manage all the perceived environmental impacts of the project. It shall be therefore based on the mitigation measures for the project induced impacts. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has a dual purpose. It is designed to monitor the contractor's work during project implementation. It helps to check contractual compliance with specified mitigation measures. It also helps in making periodic checks on the actual environmental impacts of the Project over the years following completion of the works, and compares these with those impacts anticipated at the time of Project appraisal. The EMP therefore provides the necessary feedback required for correcting potentially serious Project deficiencies, and for planning of other projects.


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The EMP shall include the responsibilities of different stakeholders based on preliminary plans and schedules. This program shall include measures required during the project design, construction and operational phases and shall include recommendations on allocation of components of the EMP to the various parties involved. Feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent/mitigate/reduce significant negative impacts should be recommended in an Environmental Management Plan. The impacts and costs associated with implementing the measures will have to be detailed. The EMP will include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other support services to implement the mitigating measures.

9.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan

The project will develop Environmental Monitoring Program for the pre-construction, construction and post construction activities of the project. The program will evaluate:

(i) the extent and severity of the adverse environmental impacts as compared to what was predicted, (ii) how effective the mitigating measures were and compliance with the regulations and (iii) overall effectiveness of the EMP.

The environmental monitoring of the project includes field supervision and reporting of project activities prior to and during the project construction and operation in order to ensure that the works are being carried out in accordance to the approved design and that the environmental mitigation measures are fully implemented in accordance with the EMP.

The DSC will prepare progress reports on EMP implementation and submits to relevant agencies on regular basis. The WSSDO Dhankuta willsupervise the environmental monitoring activities undertaken by DSC.

Monitoring of the mitigation measures during the construction and operation phase will be mainly considered the impacts of followings:

a) Construction Phase:Soil erosion, sedimentation and slope stabilization; spoil-tip protection and management; stock taking of species of urban vegetation during vegetation clearance along pipeline alignments and re-plantation; change in hydrology and morphology of streams and rivers; water, air and noise (vibration) pollution; solid waste; land intake and compensation; reinstatement of damaged structures and services; crime and community stress; health, safety and sanitation of the work force and camps; archaeological and cultural sites and chance finds; and traffic management.

b) Operation Phase:Discharge of water during plant maintenance, leakage, backwash, treatment operations; silt disposal; quality of drinking water supplies; pipe flushing.

Monitoring mechanism: The monitoring mechanism during construction will be of regular type whereas baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and process monitoring shall have to be done during the operation and maintenance phase. The monitoring team shall visit the project site and monitor the effectiveness of the implementation of mitigation measures.

9.3. Information Disclosure, public Consultation and Participation

Public consultation is the process of exchanging information with those persons and organizations with alegitimate interest in a project and/or who are likely to be affected by the project (stakeholders). It is a two-way process that informs and involves the community in developing a project, and informs the proponent about issues and concerns, which can then be addressed in project design. Information disclosure involves


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stakeholders in monitoring the developmentand implementation of a project and fosters openness in decision-making by presenting documents and other project materials for public scrutiny.

The consultation and disclosureinvolves consultation with stakeholders at an early stage of project preparation, and throughout project implementation. As a minimum, stakeholders will be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the project and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE report is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development.

Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making documents and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making documents available more widely.

Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people.

Monitoring is one of the components of EMP. The results of monitoring should also be disclosed in the form of demonstration, charts, figures, graphs, and samples, etc. to the local people, school students and other interested stakeholders. In the process of compliance monitoring of the project construction, local people and construction workers should be consulted.

9.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism

The WSSDO Dhankuta will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The WSSDO shall ask the Environment Specialist of the DSC to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites.

The affected person / community will submit grievances / complaints to the Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSSDO). The WSSDO will try to solve the grievance at the project level. If thegrievance cannot be solved at the project level, WSSDO will forward it to Director General (DG)'s Office at Kathmandu through SSTWSSP.

10. IEE Report Contents/Format

IEE report shall be prepared as per this TOR and shall be submitted to MoUD through SSTWSSSP. The basic format of the report will be in accordance with the EPR, 1997 and National EIA Guidelines, 1993. Land use map of location sites, letters obtained from the stakeholders in response to public notification, and the newspaper cut piece of public notification and no objection letter from district office will be included in the IEE report. Similarly, wherever applicable maps, photographs, tables and matrix shall be presented. The format for the IEE report should include, but not limited the following:


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A. INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose of the report

2. Basis and extent of the IEE study a. ADB policy

b. National Act and Rules

c. Policies and Legal framework of KUKL

d. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study

e. Approach and Methodology

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 1. Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure

a. Water Supply

b. Sanitation

c. Drainage

2. Type, category and need of the subprojects

3. Size or magnitude of operation

4. Proposed schedule for implementation

5. Description of the subprojects

Table: Components of Subprojects

Infrastructure Function Description Location

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Physical resources

a. Topography

b. Geology and Soils, Seismology

c. Climate and Air quality

d. Water resources

e. Surface water and quality

f. Groundwater and quality

2. Ecological Resources

a. National Parks and Protected areas

b. Forests (including rare or endangered species)

c. Flora

d. Fauna

e. Fisheries/Aquatic biology

3. Social and Cultural Resources

a. Population and communities

i. Health facilities

ii. Educational facilities

b. Socio-economic conditions (community structure, family structure, social well-being)

c. Physical or cultural heritage


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d. Employment

e. Slums and squatter settlements

4. Economic Development and Prospects for Growth

a. Land Use

b. Infrastructure

i. Transportation

ii. Drinking Water Supply

iii. Surface Drainage, Sanitation and Sewerage

iv. Electricity

v. Communications

c. Economic Characteristics

i. Industries

ii. Agricultural development

iii. Mineral Development

iv. Tourism Development

v. Developmental Organizations

vi. Major Environmental Problems

d. Health and Sanitation

D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 1. Pre-construction Phase

a. Environmental Impacts due to project design

2. Construction Phase

a. Environmental impacts due to project construction

i. Physical environment

ii. Biological Environment

iii. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

Compensation and rehabilitation per the resettlement Plan (RP)

Reinstatement of damaged community services and infrastructure

Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities

Health and Safety

i. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

ii. Community health and safety

Dislocation of archaeological artifacts

Traffic management

3. Operational Phase

Residual Impacts

Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures


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Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts

E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS

F. INFORMATION DIDCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

G. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

H. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 1. Environmental Management Plan and Objectives

2. Monitoring and Mitigation Plan

3. Implementation Arrangements

a. Environmental Procedure and Institutions

b. Reporting Procedures

c. Procurement plan and environmental monitoring and mitigation cost estimates

d. Project Implementation Schedule

I. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

While preparing the report any issue / impacts found relevant will be included in the report, besides the issues /impacts mentioned in this TOR

The proponent shall submit fifteen copies of the final IEE Report of this project to the concerned Ministry (MoUD) in accordance with Rule 10 of the EPR, 2054 (1997)

Annex-2:

Rapid Environmental Assessment

SSTWSSSP- Dhankuta Town Project

REA- 1

Water supply

RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLISTS


REA- 2

Water supply

RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST

Instructions: (i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is

to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential

impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: Sector Division:

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting Is the project area…

Densely populated? No Population density is about 15.50 per hectare.

Heavy with development activities?

No No such development activity except road improvement programme.

Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

• Cultural heritage site

No No remarkable sites

• Protected Area

No No protected area

• Wetland

No No Wetlands.

• Mangrove

No Found in the forest but not within project area

• Estuarine

Not Applicable

• Buffer zone of protected area

No No buffers zone of protected area

• Special area for protecting biodiversity

No No such area.

• Bay

No

Small Town Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project

Water Supply


REA- 3

Water supply


B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff?

No Scattered settlement is about 3Km upstream of proposed Nibuwa stream , No settlement upstream of Tankhuwa stream The distributed water is to comply with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards.

impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and loss/damage to these sites?

No Not expected

hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground water pumping?

No No ground water pumping scheme

social conflicts arising from displacement of communities ?

No No displacement required

conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground waters?

No This is a rehabilitation and extension project of the existing one.

unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens or mineral constituents)?

No The raw water quality in the area meets the National Drinking Water Quality Standards. Only disinfection will be required before distribution.

delivery of unsafe water to distribution system?

No Water will be disinfected to meet the National Drinking Water Quality Standards.

inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading to pollution of water supply?

No Fencing and other protection works of water intakes to prevent pollution of water supply, and will be accessible only to authorized persons. The water will also be regularly monitored to ensure only treated water is distributed.

over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization and ground subsidence?

NA The project is based on surface source

excessive algal growth in storage reservoir?

No Storage reservoirs are only for treated water. The water will be chlorinated and the reservoirs covered to prevent algal growth

increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of community facilities?

No Regular septage pumping is planned and will be dried in the sludge drying bed to be constructed by this project.

inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants?

No Disposal of sludge to be done at designated sites as per the EMP.


REA- 4

Water supply


inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect facilities?

No Noise impacts to be monitored. Furthermore, intake and treatment plants will be located in an isolated area away from the settlement.

impairments associated with transmission lines and access roads?

Yes Expected during pipe-laying but impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Traffic density is very low. A section-wise approach will also limit impairments to traffic and businesses during construction.

health hazards arising from inadequate design of facilities for receiving, storing, and handling of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals.

No Main dealing chemical is clorine. Rubber Gloves, boots , mask are provided and training will be provided for proper handling and storage of chlorine.

health and safety hazards to workers from handling and management of chlorine used for disinfection, other contaminants, and biological and physical hazards during project construction and operation?

No Personal protective equipment will be provided to workers. Regular training will also be conducted to ensure that workers are aware of the health hazards of chemicals.

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?

No Treatment units, reservoir complex belongs to WUSC, no involuntary resettlement is required.

disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

No The subproject will not affect indigenous peoples or other vulnerable groups. It will be beneficial to women and children as water will be available in their home and fetching water will no more be a problem. The contractor will be encouraged to engage from the local labor force.

noise and dust from construction activities?

Yes Expected but impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Water sprinkler will be used for mitigation of dust.

increased road traffic due to interference of construction activities?

yes Expected but impacts will be temporary and short in duration, as present traffic density is very low

continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction operations?

No Quick backfilling will prevent the soil erosion

delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring of chlorine residuals in distribution systems?

No Any distributed water to comply with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards and addressed in the EMP.

delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive due to inadequate attention to feeding of corrective chemicals?

No The O&M manuals to be developed and will be addressed in O & M manual.


REA- 5

Water supply


accidental leakage of chlorine gas?

No Chlorine gas will not be used instead calcium hypochlorite will be used in the chlorination process.

excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream water users?

No .Agreement has been done not to extract 8 lps of water from Tankhuwa river. ( Though discharge is about 40lps)

competing uses of water?

No Nibuwa river will be used solely for water supply , for Tankhuwa: agreement has been done to use 8lps of water. Other existing operating sources will be continued for operation.

increased sewage flow due to increased water supply

No Population density is low. Increased sewage will be easily managed within the individual house by making pit.

increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking and washing) and sludge from wastewater treatment plant

No Bazaar has good drainage system with adequate slope. Regular maintenance of the drains will mitigate the increased volume. In other parts settlement is still rural setting and can be easily managed within backyard of house.

large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?

No Priority in employment will be given to local residents. Construction contractors will be required to provide a worker’s camp, with basic facilities.

social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

No Local people will be given priority for employment

risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during operation and construction?

No Construction will not involve use of explosives and chemicals. Excavation ,trenching will be done manually.

community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

No Construction areas will be clearly demarcated and access controlled. Only workers and project staff will be allowed to visit operational sites.


REA- 6

Water supply

* Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Yes No Remarks

• Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I)?

Not applicable

Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., changes in rainfall patterns disrupt reliability of water supply; sea level rise creates salinity intrusion into proposed water supply source)?

Not applicable

Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g.,high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

No Not applicable

Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by using water from a vulnerable source that is relied upon by many user groups, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

No Not applicable

Annex-3:

Public Notice

.

Annex-4:

Deed of Inquiry

Annex-5:

Water Quality Test Report

ANNEXES

Sample Questionnaire

ू ाथक् सव ण

खानपानी आपिूत ्र गुणःतर धनकुटा नगरपािलका (वडा २-७), नपाल

नाम:

िल ग: पु ष म हला

ठगाना: वडा: ट ल:

प रवारक प: सान संयु

प रवार सदःय सं या :

पु ष :

म हला :

कटाकट :

तपाईक घरमा कुन – कुन ॐ तक पानी ूय ग गनुहु् छ?

सावज्िनक धारा सामुदाियक धारा िनजी धारा कुवा आकासपानी सकंलन

अ य

तपाईल ूय ग गनु ्हुन सावज्िनक धारा / सामुदाियक धारा कितक टाढा छ ? (मीटर)

� . प रवारमा पानी याउन काम कसल गनु ्हु छ ?

पु ष

म हला कटाकट

� . घरमा दिनक पानीक खपत कित हु छ ? (िलटर ) (गागी)

� . घरमा कित समयक फरकमा पानी आउन गद्छ ?

दनक एकपटक भ दा बाद

दईु दनक एकपटक

ह ाक एकपटक

अ य

� . पानी आउन समयमा दनक कित घ टा आउछ ?

� . घरमा आउन पानी पया् छ क छन ?

छ छन

� . तपाई कितक अविधमा पानी आउन अप ा रा ु हु छ ?

दनक एकपटक भ दा बद

दनक एकपटक

� . पानी पउन य य बनाउन कुन - कुन उपायह अपनाउनु हु छ ?

उमालर फ टर औषिध ूय ग पानीक भाडा छ पर

घाममा राखर पानीक ॐ त सफा गरर कह ग रदन अ य

� . तपाईल ूय ग गनु ्भएक पानीमा कुन ग ध पाउन ुभएक छ ?

छ छन

� . तपाईल ूय ग गनुहु्न पानी कःत द ख छ ?

वif{fक समय अ य समय

सफा धिमल सफा धिमल

� � . क वष ् भ र पानी उपल ध हु छ?

छ छन

� � . कुन म हनामा पानीक समःया बढ ख नु परक छ ?

वशाख जठ असार साउन भद अस ज

काितक मसीर प ष माघ फागणु चत

� � . पानीक अभाब भएक अवःथामा अ कुन - कुन वक प अपनाउनु हु छ ?

� � . यी वक पह म य सब भ दा दग ॐ त कुन ह र कन ? तीन वटा कारण

दनुह स।्

� � . क बिमएक धारा तुर त ममत् ग र छ ?

ग र छ ग र दन

� � . तपाईल पानी ूय ग गनु ्भएक बापत महसलु ितनुहु् छ ?

छ छन

� � . एक म हनामा कित पया ितनुहु् छ ?

� � . य द पानीक यवःथा राॆ ग रन ह र वष ्भ रम पानी आउन ह भन एक म हनामा कित पया ितन ्तयार हुनहुु छ ?

� � . बगत एक वषम्ा तपाईल खानपानी स ब धी कुन उजुर गनुभ्एक छ ?

छ छन

� � . उजुर गरक अनसुार काम कितक भएक छ ?

तुर त

ढला कह ग रदन

� � . क तपाई आ न खानपानी सवा ूित स तुःत हुनुहु छ ?

छ छन

� � . अस तुःट का कारणह क - क हुन ्? तीन वटा कारण उ लख गनुह् स?्

ध यबाद

List of People attended the meeting (Aug 30, 2013)

S.No Name of persons Contacted Sex Remarks

1 Ganga B. Rai M Chairperson,WUSC

2 Manoj Narayan Shrestha M Vice chairperson, WUSC

3 Indra B. Dhungel M Secretary, WUSC

4 Ambika Pariyar F Treasurer , WUSC

5 Kiran Pradhan M Member,WUSC

6 Laxmi Shrestha F

7 Naresh Shretha M

8 Khajindra Rai M

9 Nara B. Limbu M

10 Gita Adhikary F

11 Jaya Rai F

12 Harka Rai M

13 Madan B. Shrestha M

14 Anjana Tamli F

15 Shanti Ram Mishra M

16 Tulasa Dahal F

17 Govinda Niraula M

18 Hom B. Rai M

19 Narayan Joshi M

20 Gopal Paudel M

21 Prakash Shrestha M

22 Manoj Shakya M

23 Bhagwan Shakya M

24 Nara B. Bhujel M

25 Ramesh Shretha M

26 Nara. B. Limbu M

Plate 1: Dhankuta Municipality Plate 2: Stakeholders Offices

Plate 3: Intakes of Dhankuta Municipality Water Supply Schemes

Plate 4: Reservoirs in Dhankuta Municipality

Plate 5: People filling water from tap

Plate 6: Community Taps

Plate 7: Kuwa of Dhankuta Municipality Plate 8: Water being supplied from tankers

Plate 9: Water sampling

Photos courtesy by Ms. Rachhya Kayastha

Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

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