Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi … Material... · 2018-07-03 ·...

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Transcript of Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi … Material... · 2018-07-03 ·...

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Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Phone : +91-11-43556600Fax : +91-11-43556688E-mail : [email protected] : www.saraswatihouse.comCIN : U22110DL2013PTC262320Import-Export Licence No. 0513086293

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Revised edition 2017

Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

The moral rights of the author has been asserted.

©Reserved with the Publishers

All rights reserved under the Copyright Act. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transcribed, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language or computer, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopy or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action.

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Contents

unit 1 : History [india and tHe contemporary world-ii]

4. Making of a Global World ....................................................................................................... 5

5. The Age of Industrialisation .................................................................................................... 7

6. Work, Life and Leisure .............................................................................................................. 9

7. Print Culture and the Modern World .................................................................................. 11

8. novels, society and history ................................................................................................... 13

unit 2 : geograpHy [contemporary india-ii]

1. Resources and Development .................................................................................................. 17

2. forest and Wildlife Resources ............................................................................................... 18

3. Water Resources ......................................................................................................................... 20

4. Agriculture................................................................................................................................... 22

unit 3 : political science [democratic politics-ii]

1. Power sharing ............................................................................................................................ 27

2. federalism ................................................................................................................................... 29

3. Democracy and Diversity ........................................................................................................ 30

4. Gender, Religion and Caste .................................................................................................... 33

unit 4 : economics [understanding economic development]

1. Development ............................................................................................................................... 36

2. sectors of the Indian economy .............................................................................................. 38

unit 5 : disaster management [togetHer towards a safer india-iii] 1. Tsunami – The Killer sea Waves (formative) ...................................................................... 41 2. safer Construction Practices (formative) .............................................................................. 41 3. survival skills (formative) ...................................................................................................... 41 4. Alternate Communication systems During Disasters (formative) .................................. 41 5. sharing Responsibility (formative) ....................................................................................... 41

PRACTICe PAPeRs .............................................................................................................. 43

(iii)

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4 Social Science–X

History

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5history

\4. the making of a global world

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. Eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world market 2. Henry Ford, an American industrialist pioneered mass production of cars. 3. 1890 4. Coolie was the term used to describe Indian indentured labour.

II. short Answer Questions 5. The silk routes were the routes through which trade and cultural mingling of far-flung

parts of the world took place. China was known for the trade of silk since ancient period. Chinese silk cargoes used to travel through these routes and from there it got its name the ‘silk routes’.

6. Until the nineteenth century the condition of Europe was miserable. Poverty, hunger, overcrowded cities, deadly diseases, religious conflicts and religious dissenters were common and widespread. So thousands of Europeans migrated to America.

7. Good effect of globalisation. Globalisation resulted in greater competition among producers—both local and foreign. This improved the quality of the product and lowered the prices.

Bad effect of globalisation. For a large number of small producers and workers globali-sation posed major problems. These producers were not able to face the competition from large foreign producers and hence several production units were shut down.

III. Long Answer Questions 8. In order to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world, the

post-war international economic system was established. To execute the same, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.

The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and shortages of its member nations. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance postwar reconstruction and they started the financial operations in 1947. Decision-making authority was given to the Western industrial powers. The US was given the right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions. The Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. The Bretton Woods system opened an era of unique growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan. World trade grew annually.

9. In the pre-industrial period, the fine cottons made in India were exported to Europe. With industrialisation, British cotton manufacturers and industrialists demanded that the government impose restrictions on cotton imports from India and protect their local industries. As a result, tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain and the entry of fine Indian cottons into Britain began to decline.

British manufacturers started searching for overseas markets for their factory made cloth. Indian textiles now faced stiff competition from such cheap machine made products in the international markets. There was a gradual decline of Indian cotton exports.

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Thus, in the nineteenth century, British manufacturers began to flood the Indian market. Food grain and raw material exports from India to Britain and rest of the world increased. Britain, by now, had a ‘trade surplus’ with India.

10. (a) Production, employment, incomes and trade declined disastrously in most parts of the world.

(b) Agricultural regions and communities got affected badly because the fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that of the prices of industrial goods.

(c) Agricultural overproduction led to the fall in agricultural prices which further led to the decline of agricultural incomes. When the farmers tried to expand production to maintain their income, it worsened the surplus in the market and led to more downfalls in the prices.

(d) The farm produce decayed due to lack of buyers. Households were ruined and businesses got collapsed.

(e) When the crisis started, US withdrew the loans which affected the rest of the world. Many major banks and currencies collapsed such as the British pound sterling.

(f ) In Latin America the agricultural and raw material prices declined. (g) The US was also the industrial country most severely affected by the depression. (h) US banks cut the domestic lending and called back loans. ( i) Those who failed to repay what they had borrowed were forced to give up their homes,

cars and other consumer durables. (j) Unemployment soared and the US banking system collapsed. Thus the Great Depression affected the society, politics and international relations.

fORMATIVe AssessMenT

I. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F

6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T

II. 1. a conventional military weapon but it was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried.

2. the first is flow of trade, the second is the flow of labour and the third flow is the movement of capital for investments over a long distances.

3. enabled the transport of perishable food over long distances.

4. eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and Tamil Nadu.

5. as a new system of slavery.

6. there is a steady decline of the share of cotton textiles from 30% in 1800 to 3% in 1870.

7. machine guns, tanks, aircrafts, chemical weapons on a large-scale.

8. assembly line for the production of his new car plant at Detroit.

9. 4000 banks had been closed and between 1929 and 1932 about 110,000 companies had collapsed.

10. maintain economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.

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III. 1. The picture tells us about the indentured labourers and they were given numbers instead of names. An indentured labourer was a bonded labourer who had signed a contract to work for an employer for a specific period of time and to pay for his passage to a new country. A labourer most often was a daily wage worker.

2. The labourers were given identification numbers because it was easy to remember numbers and not names. The owners by giving numbers could also keep a count on the number of indentured labourers he had.

3. Their main destination was Caribbean Islands (Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, Mauritius and Fiji)

4. They developed new cultural forms in which people of all races and religions joined.

5. the age of industrialisation

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. 1730 2. James Hargreaves 3. Gomastha in Persian means agent. It referred to an Indian agent of the British East India

Company employed in the Company's colonies. 4. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras

II. short Answer Questions

5. 1. The European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co.

2. These agencies mobilised capital, set up jointstock companies and managed them. 3. In most instances Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies

made all investment and business decisions. 4. The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which

Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

6. 1. As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.

2. At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Thus, exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century.

3. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. But by 1850, cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of Indian imports, and by the 1870s this figure was 50 per cent.

4. Thus, export market collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were very cheap. This again became a major cause for the decline of the Indian textile industries.

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8 Social Science–X

7. The Indian consumers had high opinions about the ‘Manchester label’. When they saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. Thus, the label was portrayed as a high quality product. Consumers did not think much and bought the goods immediately.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. The phase of proto-industrialisation took shape in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its important features are given below:

1. Merchants from the towns in Europe moved to the countryside. There they supplied money to peasants and artisans and persuaded them to produce for an international market.

2. Poor peasants and artisans began working for the merchants. By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation.

3. Within this system a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside.

4. This system was a domestic one in which peasants and artisans usually used primitive methods of production.

9. From the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture.

When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the bundles of the cloth. The label was used to make consumers aware of the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to them. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to be confident about the quality.

The labels also carried images of Indian gods and goddesses. It was as if the association with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold. The images of Indian gods and goddesses were also used to make a foreign product familiar to Indian people.

By the late 19th century, manufacturers were also printing calenders to popularise their products. These calenders were used even by people who could not read. These calenders also carried the images of gods to sell new products.

Figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calenders. The message very often seemed to say that the product was of excellent quality and it should be purchased immediately.

10. Some industrialists were reluctant to introduce new machines and preferred hand labour over machines because

1. There was no shortage of human labour during nineteenth century Europe. Poor peasants moved to the cities in huge numbers in search of work.

2. In many industries such as gas works and breweries the demand for labour was seasonal. So industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.

3. A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniform, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. These things could be produced only manually.

4. The upper classes consisted of the aristocrats and bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand.

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6. work, life and leisure

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. 1784 2. The Gods visit Earth

3. Chawl is a Marathi name referring to a 4-5 storey building like 'rooms' on each floor with about 10 to 20 tenents.

II. short Answer Questions

5. The London poor exploded in a riot in late 1887, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty. However, the riot was brutally suppressed by the police. This incident came to be known as the Bloody Sunday of November 1887.

6. Huge reclamation projects were developed to cope up with the scarcity of land. The earliest project began in 1784 by joining the seven islands of Bombay into one landmass. Reclamation included the levelling of the hills around Bombay. In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the rights of the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust which built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 and used the excavated earth to create the 22 acres Ballard Estate. Consequently the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed.

7. 1. Large numbers of women got employed in the factories in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and began working within households. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through activities like tailoring, washing or match-box making.

2. The First World War brought a change in the kind of their work. They withdrew from domestic services to get employment in wartime industries and offices.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. Bombay was a crowded city unlike London. With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city the crisis of housing and water supply became severe. Many families could reside in a tenement of one room. For some it became difficult to find houses. The arrival of the textile mills increased the pressure on Bombay’s housing. But not all had the same problems. The rich people lived in spacious bungalows. In contrast about 70% of the working people lived in the crowded chawls of Bombay.

Chawls were multi-storeyed structures in the ‘native’ parts of the town which were owned by private landlords, merchants, bankers, and building contractors. Each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets. The conditions of chawls were awful.

5. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished and carefully designed.

6. Maintaining modern industries was an expensive affair. The wear and tear of machines was costly. They were not as effective as they were declared by their inventors and manufacturers. Hence, industrialists were cautious about using them.

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10 Social Science–X

Many families could reside at a time in a tenement. Rents were high. People had to keep the room windows closed due to the nearness of filthy gutters, buffalo stables etc. There was shortage of water.

Bombay’s first Municipal Commissioner, Arthur Crawford, was appointed in 1865. He tried to keep several ‘dangerous trades’ out of south Bombay. He described how builders and entrepreneurs bribed inspectors to continue with their unsystematic use of space.

Finally planning of Bombay started as a result of fears about the plague epidemic. The city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. The trust focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre. By 1918, trust’s schemes had deprived 64,000 people of their homes, but only 14,000 were re-housed.

In 1918, a Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it had an adverse effect on the poor as the landlords stopped renting their houses.

9. Older cities like London changed dramatically when people started pouring in after the Industrial Revolution. The condition of the houses was pitiful and gradually the need for housing for the poor was felt.

— One-room houses of the poor were a serious threat to public health as they were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacked sanitation.

— There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing. — There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution

in 1917. The Workers’ mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from

turning rebellious. A variety of steps were taken to clean up London and attempts were made to decongest

localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city. — Large blocks of apartments were built. — Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact

of a severe housing shortage. — The principle of the Garden City, a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where

people would both live and work was developed by architect and planner Ebenezer Howard.

10. (a) A private landlord. When people migrated to the city in large number in search of jobs, the private landlords took full advantage of the situation. They charged heavy rents exploiting the situation. Thus they were profited due to the existence of a large urban population.

(b) A Police superintendent in charge of law and order. When London flourished, crime also grew rapidly. The police were bothered about law and order. To get rid of it, criminal’s activities were watched, and their ways of life were examined. In order to control the crime

• the authorities imposed high penalties for crime. • offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor’. (c) A leader of a political party. The poor workers in London demanded relief from

the terrible conditions of poverty but the marchers were brutally suppressed by the police in 1887. This episode came to be known as The Bloody sunday of November 1887. Eventually large masses of people could be drawn into political causes in the city. Again two years later, thousands of London’s dockworkers went on strike and marched through the city. This proved that a political leader is active only at the time of their need and is dormant rest of the time. The demands of poor and needy fell on the deaf ears of the political leaders. Rather they made all possible efforts to suppress the protests.

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11history

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. Calligraphy is an art of producing decorative handwriting or lettering with a pen or brush.

2. Chapbooks are small pamphlets containing poems, tales, ballads, or tracts, generally sold by peddlers.

3. Johann Gutenberg was a German blacksmith. 4. Penny magazines were meant for women as manuals to teach proper behavior and

housekeeping.

II. short Answer Questions

5. The production of handwritten manuscripts became unpopular for several reasons: 1. It couldn’t compete with the ever-increasing demand for books. 2. Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business. 3. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around easily.

Their circulation therefore remained limited.

6. New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences: 1. Pedlars carried little books for sale in villages. 2. Almanacs, ritual calendars, ballads and folktales were sold. 3. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and

sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them. 4. In France, there were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’. They were low-priced small books printed

on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers. 5. Then there were romances, printed on four to six pages, and the more substantial

‘histories’ which were stories about the past.

7. After the printing revolution the ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published. Maps and diagrams were widely printed. Scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries which influenced a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers. The writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau were widely printed and read by people. Their ideas about science, reason and rationality became an essential part of popular literature.

III. Long Answer Questions 8. (a) Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press in the 1430s. He had

seen the wine and olive presses right from his childhood. As he had learnt the art of polishing stones he became a master goldsmith acquiring the expertise in creating lead moulds used for making trinkets. He innovated his own design drawn on from his knowledge. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the albhabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system and printed the first book of the Bible. As Gutenberg devised a way of moving the twenty-six characters of the Roman alphabet around, so

7. Print Culture and the modern world

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12 Social Science–X

as to compose different words of the text. It was known as the movable type printing machine. It remained the basic print technology over the next 300 years. It made the production of books faster. It could print 250 sheets on one side per hour. It was in fact a revolution in print technology.

(b) Erasmus was a Latin Scholar and a Catholic reformer. Like Martin Luther he criticised the excesses of Catholicism but unlike him, he was not grateful to print. He expressed a deep anxiety about printing. For him books were stupid, ignorant, slanderous, scandalous, irreligious and seditious. These kinds of books were too many and so they had reduced the value of the good books.

(c) The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. The Act provided the colonial government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspaper published in different provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned. If the newspaper ignored the warning, the government had right to seize the press and confiscate the printing machinery.

9. 1. There was a general conviction among the people in the 18th century that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment. Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from depotism and tyranny and herald a time when reason and intellect would rule.

2. Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality.

3. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs. Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

4. By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. Questions began to be raised about the existing social order.

10. (a) In 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. We know that China already had the technology of woodblock printing. Marco Polo brought this knowledge back with him. Now Italians were able to produce books with woodblocks and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.

(b) Print made Martin Luther able to publish his ideas as a religious reformer. In 1517, he wrote Ninety Five Theses in which he criticised many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. He challenged the church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and were widely read. This led to a division within the Church and led to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Luther expressed his gratitude to print, by saying, ‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.’ Several scholars, in fact, think that print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation.

(c) In the sixteenth century, Manocchio, a miller in Italy, read a few books and reinterpreted the message of the Bible and created a view of God and its Creation. It infuriated the Roman Catholic Church. Manocchio was hauled up twice and ultimately executed.

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Then Erasmus, a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer, also criticised the extremes of Catholicism. The Roman Church, in order to control these developments, imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers and started maintaining an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

(d) In 1922, Gandhi strongly spoke about liberty of speech, liberty of the press and freedom of association when the Government of India tried to crush the three powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion. At that moment he encouraged Indians to fight for Swaraj, for Khilafat which meant a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association.

fORMATIVe AssessMenT

I. 1. Diamond Sutra 2. Marco Polo

3. Johann Guttenberg 4. Protestant Reformation

5. Grimm Brothers 6. Portuguese musicians

7. James Augustus Hickey 8. Sambad Kamudi

9. The Deoband Seminary 10. Rashsundari Debi

8. novels, soCiety and history

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. Vernacular refers to the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region.

2. Godan was published in 1936. 3. Raja Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran was a celebrated Indian painter and artist. 4. Munshi Premchand was the pioneer of modern Hindi literature.

II. short Answer Questions 5. Charles Dickens was very critical of the growth of industry. According to him, the growth

of industry was accompanied by an economic philosophy which celebrated the pursuit of profit and undervalued the lives of workers. His novel Hard Times describes Coketown, a fictitious industrial town, as a grim place full of machinery, smoking chimneys, rivers polluted purple and buildings that all looked the same. Here workers are known as ‘hands’, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. Dickens criticised not just the greed for profits but also the ideas that reduced human beings into simple instruments of production.

6. 1. The worlds created by novels were absorbing and convincing, that readers could identify with.

2. While reading novels, the reader was transported to another person’s world, and began looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel.

3. Novels gave the readers the pleasure of reading in private. 4. It also provided them with the stories they could discuss with friends or relatives. 5. In rural areas people would gather to hear one of them reading a novel aloud.

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14 Social Science–X

6. In 1836, when Charles Dickens’s Pickwick Papers was serialised in a magazine, people enjoyed its suspense and discussed the characters of a novel and lived for weeks with their stories.

7. ‘Vernacular’ novels were a valuable source of information on native life and customs. As outsiders, the British knew little about life inside Indian households and the information provided in the novels proved useful for them in governing Indian society, with its large variety of communities and castes. The new novels in Indian languages often had descriptions of domestic life. They showed how people dressed, their forms of religious worship, their beliefs and practices, and so on. Some of these books were translated into English by British administrators or Christian missionaries.

III. Long Answer Questions 8. Novels for young boys idealised a new type of a man, who was powerful, confident,

independent and daring. Most of these novels were full of adventure. Books like R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island (1883) or Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book (1894) became great hits among youngsters. G.A. Henty’s historical adventure novels were about young boys who witness grand historical events, get involved in some military action and show what they called ‘English’ courage. Love stories written for adolescent girls too became popular in the US. Ramona (1884) by Helen Hunt Jackson and a series entitled What Katy Did (1872) by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, who wrote under the pen-name Susan Coolidge were liked by young girls. In G.A. Henty’s Under Drake’s Flag (1883) two young Elizabethan adventurers face their apparently approaching death but still remember to assert their Englishness.

9. (a) In 1877-78, Ramashankar Ray, a dramatist, serialised the first Oriya novel, Saudamani. But he could not complete it. Within thirty years, Orissa produced a major novelist in Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843-1918). The title of his novel Chaa Mana Atha Guntha (1902) translates as six acres and thirty- two decimals of land. It announces a new kind of novel that would deal with the question of land and its possession.

(b) Jane Austen’s novels give us a glimpse of the world of women in quiet rural society in early-19th-century Britain. They make the reader think about a society which encouraged women to look for good marriages and find wealthy husbands. The very first sentence of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice states: “It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” This observation allows us to see the behaviour of the main characters who are pre-occupied with marriage and money.

(c) Srinivas Das’s Pariksha-Guru (The Master Examiner) reflects the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle classes. The characters in the novel are caught in the difficulty of adapting to colonised society but at the same time preserving their own cultural identity. The world of colonial modernity seems to be both frightening and irresitible to the characters. The novel tried to teach the reader the ‘right way’ to live and to be mature and practical, to remain rooted in the values of their own tradition and culture, and to live with dignity and honour.

10. Munshi Premchand was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi and Urdu literature. Premchand’s characters created community based on democratic values. Premchand’s novels, for instance, were filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society like aristocrats and landlords, middle level peasants and landless

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labourers, middle-class professionals and people from the margins of society. Before Munshi Premchand, Hindi literature was confined to the tales, the stories of magical powers and other such escapist fantasies. His novel Sevasadan (1916) discusses the lives of ordinary people and social issues. It deals with the poor condition of women in society. Issues like child marriage and dowry are woven into the story of the novel. It also tells us about the ways in which the Indian upper classes used whatever little opportunities they get from colonial authorities to govern themselves. The central character of his novel Rangbhoomi (The Arena), Surdas, is a visually impaired beggar from a so-called ‘untouchable’ caste. The very act of choosing such a person as the hero of a novel is significant. It makes the lives of the most oppressed section of society as worthy literary reflection. The story of Surdas was inspired by Gandhi’s personality and ideas. Godan (The Gift of Cow), published in 1936, remains Premchand’s best-known work. Premchand wrote on the realistic issues of the day, i.e communalism, corruption, zamindari, debt, poverty, colonialism etc.

fORMATIVe AssessMenT

I. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. T

II. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)oo

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16 Social Science–X

geograpHy

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1. resourCes and develoPmentcHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. Plains comprising of about 43%. 2. Deforestation and soil erosion 3. The National Forest Policy (1952) recommended that India should aim at a coverage of

one-third of the total land area under forest. 4. Black cotton soil

II. short Answer Questions 5. Black soil is found in the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan

plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. This soil is ideal for cotton cultivation.

6. Resources are the means available for economic and political development, such as mineral wealth, labour force, etc. In other words, everything available in environment that can be used to satisfy our needs provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be called resource.

Theseresourcescanbeclassifiedinthefollowingways: (a) On the basis of origin—biotic and abiotic (b) On the basis of exhaustibility—renewable and non-renewable (c) On the basis of ownership—individual, community, national and international (d) On the basis of status of development—potential, developed, stock and reserves.

7. The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an inter-dependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. In this process, they consume resources more in quantity. This causes depletion of resources.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. As per the land use data only 93% of the total geographical area is available. Of this 43.4% is the net sown area, forest cover is 22.6%, 4.4% is culturable waste, 7.03% is current fallow, 4% is covered by pastures and 1% is covered by tree crops. The land under forests have increased over the years.

The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952). The percentage of forest cover is needed to be increased for the maintenance of the ecological balance.

The land under forest did not increase much since 1960-61 due to several reasons like— • The improper use of land which has caused degradation of the available land area and

made conservation of forests difficult. • The ever increasing illegal cutting of trees and forest cover to meet the needs of an

increasing population. • Large scale development projects, industrialisation and urbanisation have reduced the

forest cover to a great extent.

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9. Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing and mining have contributed significantly in land degradation.

1. Mining sites are abandoned after mining work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening.

2. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation has occurred due to mining. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.

3. In Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to waterlogging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.

4. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere which retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.

5. Industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution. 10. On the basis of ownership resources are classified as given below: 1. Individual Resources. These are also owned privately by individuals. For example,

land owned by farmers. 2. Community-owned Resources. There are resources which are accessible to all the

members of the community. For example, grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc. public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds.

3. national Resources. The resources that belong to the nation. For example, roads, canals, railways, all the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial waters and resources therein belong to the nation.

4. International Resources. The resources that do not belong to any individual country. For example, the oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the decision of international institutions. There are international institutions to regulate such resources.

2. forest and wildlife resourCes

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. 1973. 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. International Union for Conservation of Nature 4. The programme has been in formal existence since 1988.

II. short Answer Questions

5. The Himalayan yew (Taxus wallachiana) is a medicinal plant. A chemical compound called ‘taxol’ is extracted from the bark, needles, twigs and roots of this tree, and it has been successfully used to treat some cancers. The drug is now the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world.

This species is under great threat due to its over-exploitation. In the last one decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.

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6. 1. Several conservation projects have been initiated. These projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components.

2. There is now a more intensive search for different conservation measures. 3. Even insects are beginning to find a place in conservation planning. 4. In the notification under Wildlife Act 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies,

moths, beetles and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species. 5. In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species. 7. Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme involves local communities in the management

and restoration of degraded forests. The programme came into being in 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest management. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return, the members of these communities are given right to intermediary benefits such as non-timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by ‘successful protection’.

III. Long Answer Questions 8. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity means inherited variation within species, the variety

of species in an area, and the variety of habitat types within a landscape. In other words it refers to the variety of living organisms. It is an interconnected web in which every organism has a role. Various organisms play different roles of producers, consumers and decomposers. It is on these roles that other organisms, including humans, depend for their existence. Humans along with the other living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which they are only a part and very much dependent on this system for their existance. For example, the plants, animals and other micro-organisms re-create the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food. Forests also play a key role in the ecological system as they are the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

9. Causes of Depletion of flora and fauna– (a) Expansion of the commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities. During

the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities Indian forests depleted to an extent.

(b) Agricultural expansion. Even after Independence, agricultural expansion continues to be one of the major causes of depletion of forest resources. Between 1951 and 1980 over 26,200 sq. km. of forest area was converted into agricultural land especially in the northeastern and central India for shifting cultivation (jhum) and a type of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

(c) enrichment Plantation was a plantation in which a single commercially valuable species was widely planted and other species reduced.

(d) Development Projects. Large-scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the loss of forests. Projects still in continuation like the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh have swallowed up 40,000 hectares of forests.

(e) Mining. Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others including the great Indian elephant.

(f) Unequal Access to Resources. The wealthiest 5% of Indian society cause more ecological damage because of the amount they consume than the poorest 25 per cent and shares minimum responsibilities for environmental well-being.

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(g) habitat destruction. Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires are factors, which have led to the decline in India’s biodiversity.

10. Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in the faunal web. In 1973, the authorities realised that the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827 from an estimated 55,000 at the turn of the century. The major threats to tiger population are numerous, such as poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing human population, etc. The trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines, especially in the Asian countries left the tiger population on the verge of extinction. Since India and Nepal provide habitat to about two-thirds of the surviving tiger population in the world, these two nations became prime targets for poaching and illegal trading. Therefore, it became imperative to formulate Project Tiger to protect tigers.

fORMATIVe AssessMenT

I. 1. (f) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (g)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (j) 9. (h) 10. (i)

II. Doyourself.

3. water resourCes

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. Satluj River 2. Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement by adivasis, farmers,

environmentalists and human rights activists against dams being built across the Narmada River.

3. Jhodas was called as Khadins in Jaisalmer. These are water tanks popularly known as Tankis in the country.

4. In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, rain water is considered the purest form of natural water known as palar pani.

II. short Answer Questions

5. Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height. 1. Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams,

embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes. 2. As per the height, dams can be classified as large dams and major dams or alternatively

as low dams, medium height dams and high dams.

6. All of our drinking water comes from two sources—groundwater (underground aquifers) and surface water (lakes, rivers, streams). These sources get renewed through the water cycle. That is how water keeps moving between atmosphere and the earth. This is termed as hydrological cycle. The circulation and conservation of earth’s water is called the hydrologic cycle.

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7. The quality of the surface water and ground water decreases due to: 1. Foreign matters such as micro-organisms, chemicals, industrial and other wastes. 2. Discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater from cities and towns without

treatment in rivers and lakes. 3. Excessive use of fertilisers, insecticides, and pesticides in agricultural fields. 4. Seepage of these pollutants underground.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting being carried out to conserve and store water are:

1. Roof top rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. Though Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rainwater harvesting structure.

2. Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made roof-top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

3. In many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adopted to store and conserve water. In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore, Karnataka, villagers have installed in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare dinstinction of being rich in rainwater.

9. Advantages of multi-purpose river projects. They not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. For example, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.

Disadvantages. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning. Reservoirs created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.

10. 1. Water crisis may be an outcome of large and growing populations and consequent greater demands for water, and unequal access to it. A huge population means more water for domestic use as well as to produce more food. In order to facilitate higher-food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.

2. Most farmers keep their own tube-wells in their farms for irrigation to increase their produce. This practice leads to falling ground water levels, adversely affecting water availability and food security of the people.

3. The ever-increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. These industries require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power.

4. Multiplying urban centres with huge propulations and urban lifestyles have added to water and energy requirements which ultimately aggravate the problem.

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fORMATIVe AssessMenT

I. II. III. – Do yourself.

IV. River State in which it is built 1. Damodar West Bengal 2. Satluj Punjab 3. Mahanadi Odisha 4. Kosi Bihar 5. Chambal Madhya Pradesh 6. Tungabhadra Karnataka 7. Krishna Andhra Pradesh 8. Narmada Gujarat 9. Beas Rajasthan 10. Ganga Uttarakhand

4. agriCulture

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. Rank 5 [ANRPC, 2013] 2. Alluvial soil 3. Rice 4. Development of primary sector in terms of irrigation, energy, transportation, land

rehabilitation.

II. short Answer Questions

5. Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. It provides employment and livelihood to the 63 per cent of population. Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various industries. Moreover, some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported. All other sectors of Indian economy heavily depend on agriculture for their growth.

6. (a) Jute is known as the golden fibre. (b) Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed

every year. (c) High temperature is required during the time of growth. (d) West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya are the major jute-producing states. (e) It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts. (f) Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials,

particularly the nylon.

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7. Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernise agriculture.

— Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). — Establishment of agricultural universities. — Establishment of veterinary services and animal breeding centres. — Development of horticulture. — Research and development were done in the field of meteorology and weather forecast. — The rural infrastructure was improved. — In 1960s and 1970s two most important reforms were introduced. The Green Revolution

and related technologies were introduced such as use of HYV of seed, fertilisers, modern machinery and inputs. The White Revolution (Operation Flood) was introduced to increase milk production.

— Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease. — Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan

facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest. — Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy purchase of inputs. — Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced for

the benefit of the farmers. — Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced

on the radio and television. — The minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops

to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

9. India is a land of agriculture. Maximum of its population practise it. Different types of agriculture are in practice here:

1. Primitive subsistence farming — It is still practised in a few parts of India on small patches of land with the help

of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks. — It depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other

environmental conditions to the crops grown. — Primitive subsistence farming is also known as ‘Slash and Burn’ agriculture. — In this type of farming farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other

food crops to sustain their family and when the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.

— It helps in allowing nature to reload the fertility of the soil through natural processes.

— Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs.

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2. Intensive subsistence farming — Intensive subsistence farming is practised in areas where population pressure on

land is high. — High amount of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for higher production. — It is practised in West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh. — Farm size is small and uneconomical due to the division of land. — The farmers take maximum output from the limited land. 3. Commercial farming — Farmers use higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV)

seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.

— The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa, it is a subsistence crop.

4. Plantation farming — Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming. — In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. — The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. — The production is mainly for market and all the produce is used as raw material

in respective industries. — It requires well-developed network of transport and communication to connect

the plantation areas, processing industries and markets together. — In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are important plantation crops. — Plantation farming is practised in Assam and North Bengal (Tea), Coffee in

Karnataka.

10. There are three types of cropping seasons:

1. Rabi crops (a) These crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in

summer from April to June. (b) Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. (c) North and northwestern states such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,

Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh are important producers of rabi crops.

(d) The success of the Green Revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has helped in the growth rabi crops.

2. Kharif crops (a) These crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-

October. (b) Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy), maize, jowar, bajra,

tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean. (c) Some of the most important kharif regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions

of Odisha, the Konkan coast, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

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(d) In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.

3. Zaid season (a) This season is in between the rabi and the kharif seasons, (b) This is a short season during the summer months. (c) Some of the crops produced during zaid are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,

vegetables and fodder crops.

fORMATIVe AssessMenT

I. 1. (i) 2. (g) 3. (d) 4. (f ) 5. (h)

6. (c) 7. (j) 8. (a) 9. (e) 10. (b)

II. (a) Banana plantation – Kerala, Karnataka (b) Rice cultivation – West Bengal, Haryana (c) Maize cultivation – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar (d) Sugar cane cultivation – Punjab, Maharashtra (e) Cotton cultivation – Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh (f ) Tea cultivation – Assam, Tamil Nadu

oo

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political science

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27political science

1. Power SharingCHAPTER TEST

I. Very Short Answer Questions

1. Federal division of power is a system of government where the powers are divided between the national and state governments.

2. French, German and Dutch 3. An elected body by people of a particular community, speaking one language, one culture

is called a community government. 4. (a) Power sharing is the spirit of democracy (b) Democracy will reduce social conflicts (c) Majority should always rule (d) A balanced system is necessary in democracy

II. Short Answer Questions

5. Earlier it was believed that all power of government should reside in one person or group of persons located at one place. It was believed that if power to decide is dispersed it would not be possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them. But these philosophies changed with the emergence of democracy. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-governance and different groups are given due respect and equal rights. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.

6. When Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948, the leaders of the Sinhala community tried to dominate over the government by virtue of their majority. In order to establish their supremacy they took some ‘majoritarian measures’ which are given below:

(i) In 1956 an Act was passed which declared Sinhala as the only official language. (ii) Preferences were given to Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. (iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and promote Buddhism.

7. (a) Recognition to Tamil as an official language. (b) Regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times in order to accommodate these differences.

(a) The number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers is equal in the central government. (b) Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the

two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the central government.

(c) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.

(d) A third kind of government named community government is introduced in addition to the central and state governments. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

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9. (i) Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. As a result, majoritarian measures were adopted to establish Sinhala supremacy.

(ii) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.

(iii) The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

(iv) A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling

of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained overtime.

10. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements have taken different forms: (i) horizontal division of power. Power is shared among different organs of government,

such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others and thus balance of power among various institutions is maintained. Ministers and government officials are responsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, judges though appointed by the executive, keep a check on the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

(ii) Vertical division of power. Power can be shared among governments at different levels. A general government for the entire country which is usually called a Central or Union government in India, governments at the provincial or state level is known by different names in different countries and in India we call them State government and the same principle is extended to the levels lower than state government such as municipalities and panchayats. This type of government was also adopted by Belgium but rejected by Sri Lanka. This is called federal division of power.

(iii) Division of power among social groups. The countries having community government share the power among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. We can best cite the example of Belgium in this regard. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.

(iv) Division of power among political parties, pressure groups and movements. Political parties, pressure groups and movements help in controlling or influencing those who are in power. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand, but is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance group is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. Various interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision making process.

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29political science

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. The highest institution of the Panchayati Raj in rural areas is the Zila Parishad which coordinates the activities of all the block samitis in the entire district. The Panchayat Samiti is the second in the three tier system of Panchayati Raj. The Village Panchayat is the lowest unit.

2. China, Japan, UK, France, Italy [In terms of GDP]

3. Manipur

4. Municipalities are set up in towns. Municipal corporations are seen in big cities.

II. short Answer Questions 5. The United States and Canada, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany,

India, Mexico, and Switzerland use the federal system of government. 6. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the

Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for Central Government positions may opt to take examination in any of these languages.

7. The difficulties faced by local government bodies are: (a) Although elections are held regularly, gram sabhas are not held regularly. (b) Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the local governments (c) They have not given adequate resources to the local bodies.

III. Long Answer Questions 8. Two routes through which federations have been formed are: (i) Coming together federation. Under this route, various independent states agree to

come together and form a single big unit. This helps in pooling all the resources for better and efficient management of all the states through one central unit. In this type of coming together federations all the states have equal power and are strong in relation in the central government. Example: the USA, Switzerland and Australia.

(ii) holding together federation. Under this route, a large unit decides to share its powers between one central unit and several small units. The power is divided among them and the centre is relatively stronger in comparison to the states. Example: India, Spain and Belgium. In this category, the central government tends to be more powerful with regard to the states.

9. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. The power is shared among the central government and various states, regional and local governments. Both the central and non-central governments are answerable to the citizens of the country who elect them.

features of federalism (i) There are two or more levels (tiers) of government. (ii) Different tiers of government govern same citizens but each tier has its own jurisdiction

in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

2. federalism

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30 Social Science–X

(iii) The jurisdiction of respective levels are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.

(iv) Fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government and require the consent of both levels of government.

(v) Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of government of different levels. The highest court acts as the umpire if disputes arise in the exercise of their respective powers.

(vi) Sources of revenue are specified to ensure the financial autonomy. (vii) The federal system has dual objectives: — to safeguard and promote the unity of the country. — to accommodate regional diversity.

10. Rural local government is popularly known by the name Panchayati Raj. Each village or group of villages in some states has a Gram Panchayat. This is a council consisting of members called Panchs and a president called Sarpanch. They are directly elected by the adult population living in that ward or village. It is the decision making body for the entire village. The panchayat works under the supervision of the gram sabha. All the voters in the village are its members. It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review the performance of the gram panchayat.

The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this representative body are elected by all the panchayat members in that area. All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the Zila Parishad. Most of its members are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha, and MLAs of that district and some other officials of other districts level bodies are also its members. Zila Parishad chairman is the political head of the Zila Parishad.

fORMATIVe AssessMenT

I. Do yourself.

II. (a) The states are standing in a queue with a begging bowl. (b) The state has its own independent standing. The centre has a responsibility to help the

states in distress. (Answer may be increased.)

3. demoCraCy and diversity

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions

1. Their black socks represented black poverty in racist America.

2. They were held guilty of violating the Olympic spirit and thus their medals were taken back.

3. Black Power movement expresses a range of political goals, from protection against racial discrimination to the establishment of social institutions and a self-sufficient economy.

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31political science

4. If social differences cross-cut one another, it is difficult to pit group of people against the other. It means that group that share a common interest on the issue are likely to be on different sides on a different issue. Cross-cut social differences are easier to accommodate.

II. short Answer Questions

5. Peter Norman was a white Australian athlete. He won the silver medal in 200m race and wore human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support to the two Americans. He too suffered for his action and was not included in the Australian team in the next Olympics.

6. Countries that were once highly homogeneous are now becoming heterogeneous and are undergoing a rapid change due to

(a) The influx of people from other parts of the world. (b) Migrants who bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social

community. 7. The International Olympics Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the

Olympic spirit by making a political statement. Their medals were taken back. They were subjected to lot of criticism when they went back home. Norman too suffered for his action and was not included in the Australian team in the next Olympics. But their action did succeed in getting international attention for the Civil Rights Movement in the US.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. Social divisions affect politics negatively as well as positively. Negative Impact Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competiton tends

to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country. For example—Northern Ireland of the United Kingdom have been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ehno-political conflict.

Its population is divided into two major sections of Christianity: 53% Protestants and 44% Catholics. Catholics were represented by the Nationalist parties, who demanded Northern Ireland to be unified with the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country. Protestants were represented by the Unionist who wanted to remain with UK, which is predominantly protestant. Hundreds of civilians and militants were killed in the fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. It was only in 1998 that the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which the latter suspended their armed struggle.

In Yugoslavia the political competition and religious differences led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries. Such examples lead some people to think that politics and social divisions should not be allowed to mix; if social divisions exist in a country they must never be expressed in politics.

Positive Impact Every expression of social division in politics does not lead to disasters. Social divisions of

some or the other kind do exist in every society of the world and are reflected in politics. In democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about these divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities and policies to redress the grievances of disadvantaged communities.

9. Social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. At the same time, some of the differences are based on our choices too.

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32 Social Science–X

1. Social differences are based on accident of birth. Normally we do not choose to belong to our community, we belong to it simply because we are born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our day to day life. People around us are male or female, they are tall or short, have different complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.

2. Social differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists—they do not believe in God or any religion, Some choose to follow religion other than in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which games to play or which cultural activities to take part in. All these lead to formation of groups that are based on our choices.

10. There are three factors which are crucial in deciding the outcomes of politics of social divisions.

1. People’s perception of their identities. It is very important to see how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes difficult to accomodate. It is much easier if people see that their identities are multiple and are complementary with the national identity. This helps them stay together.

2. Representation of a community by political leaders. The outcome of politics of social divisions depends on how the political leaders raise the demands of different social groups. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for only Sinhala was at the cost of the interest and identity of Tamil community in Sri Lanka. In Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single country.

3. Government’s reaction to such demands. The outcome of politics of social divisions also depends upon how the government responds to demands of various social groups. In Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

II. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)

III. 1. Blacks; Whites 2. overlapping differences; cross-cutting 3. Homogenous society 4. 53% are Protestants and 47% are Roman Catholics 5. Yugoslavia 6. Northern Ireland 7. Netherlands 8. migrant 9. multiple identities 10. Democracy

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33political science

4. gender, religion and Caste

cHapter test

I. Very short Answer Questions 1. Gandhiji and Jyotiba Phule 2. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi 3. Patriarchal system 4. The total percentage of population in a particular area at appoint of time of age seven

and above who can read and write denotes literacy rate.

II. short Answer Questions

5. In India, the women’s participation in the legislature is very low. For example, the percentage of elected woman members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10% of its total strength. Their share in state assemblies is less than 5%. One of the solutions to increase the women participation in the political system is to make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. In the panchayats and municipalities it is legally binding to fill one third of the seats by women candidates. This has resulted in 10 lakhs elected women representatives in the local government bodies.

6. Gandhiji believed that religion can never be separated from politics. What he meant by religion was not any particular religion such as Hinduism or Islam or Christianity but moral values that inform all religions. Thus, he believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.

7. (a) In some situations, expression of caste differences in politics gives many disadvantaged communities the space to demand their share of power.

(b) Caste politics has helped people from dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making.

(c) Several political and non-political organisations have been demanding and agitating for an end to discrimination against particular castes, for more dignity and more access to land, resources and opportunities.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvement since Independence. It is because Indian society is a male dominated, patriarchal society. It values men over women and gives them more power and women face discrimination and oppression in many ways:

(i) education. The literacy rate of women is still lower than men. Only 54% of the women are literate against 76% literacy among men. This is because a boy’s education is still preferred over sending a girl child to school.

(ii) Proportion of women in paid jobs. Women still have a small share in the highly paid jobs. Even though on an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day, her work is not given importance. This results in low paid jobs for women. The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However, in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.

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34 Social Science–X

(iii) Preference for a male child. In India, parents prefer sons over daughters and find ways of aborting girl child before she is born. This type of sex-selective abortion has led to decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys).

(iv) Crime against Women. There are various instances of crime against women. Women are exploited and harassed at the work place and at the home. There are cases of domestic violence against women which make her unsafe even within her family.

9. Different forms of communal politics: (i) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. Stereo types

of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions are so common that we often fail to notice them even when we believe in them. Militant religious groups are a good example of this.

(ii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of religious community. For those belonging to majority community this takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to minority community it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit. Separatist leaders and political parties in Jammu and Kashmir and Central India are examples of this.

(iii) The most frequent form of communalism is political mobilisation on the religious guidelines. It generally involves the usage of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and creating fear in order to accumulate followers of one religious community in the political arena. It attempts to bring the people of one religion together. The political leaders pay special attention to the demands of their own religion at the cost of the other religions. This technique is applied by many politicians to influence voters from the two largest religious communities in the country.

10. With economic development, large scale urbanisation, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down. In urban areas we don’t see the practice of untouchability anywhere. The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

Caste system also got weakened due to the efforts of our political leaders and social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker. They advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.

oo

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35history

economics

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36 Social Science–X

1. DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER TEST

I. Very Short Answer Questions

1. Freedom, security and equality 2. Kerala has low infant mortality rate as they have well developed education and health

facilities in the state. 3. Quality education, proper health care facilities, equality for all. 4. Public Distribution System

II. Short Answer Questions 5. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one

used by the World Bank in the sense that it uses a combination of factors such as health, education and income as indicators of development. It does not rely solely on per capita income, as is the case with the World Bank.

According to the HDR, health and education are the indicators of the development besides food, clothes and shelter. Thus, HDR compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

6. The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cow dung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy.

7. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

III. Long Answer Questions 8. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present

times but is also for the future generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to the get the maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of such resources. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

The issue of sustainability is important for development because — Development must be in relation with the future. — If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of

time. — Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country

has achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.

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37economics

Sustainable Development can be achieved in these ways: — Scientific and proper use of natural resources. — Judicious use of resources for better future. — No increase in pollution or environmental degradation. — Protection of flora and fauna from human exploitation. — Resources like water, wind, solar energy, etc., are inexhaustible but we must see that

they are not put to wrong use. — There is no harm in using the land for cultivation but we should see that its fertility

is maintained otherwise sooner or later it will turn into a wasteland. Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious mix use of both renewable and

non-renewable resources and without harming the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future generations.

9. The World Bank considers only the per capita income as the indicator of the development. The World Bank says that countries with the per capita income of ` 4,53,000 per annum

and above in 2004 are called rich countries and those with the per capita income of ` 37,000 or less are called low-income countries.

Limitations of World Bank criterion: (i) It does not tell us about how this average income is distributed among the people in

the individual countries. (ii) Two countries with the same per capita income might be very different with regard

to income distribution. One might have equitable distribution of income while the other might have great disparities between the rich and the poor.

10. National development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries’ development. These ideologies could be at times conflicting. It is measured by

(a) Average Income (b) Per Capita Income Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of the people. They are different for

different individuals. Since people come from different situations, therefore, their devel-opmental goals differ. An urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job, promotions etc. and on the other hand, a rural unemployed would want better job opportunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour.

People have conflicting goals means that development for one may not be development for the other. Their goals may clash. The Sardar Sarovar Dam is an example of conflicting developmental goals for the people who are being affected by it. While the people of Gujarat are happy as they will get water for irrigation and drinking in the areas which are deficient in water but the people of Madhya Pradesh are disappointed as their villages and large part of land will submerge in water there by leaving them landless, uprooted from their place of work with insufficient compensation and no source of job at the place of their living.

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38 Social Science–X

CHAPTER TEST

I. Very Short Answer Questions

1. Primary, secondary and tertiary sectors 2. Right to work 3. Manufacturing sector 4. Secondary sector

II. Short Answer Questions

5. The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And sum of production in three sectors gives Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of the country. The task of measuring GDP is undertaken by the Central Government ministry. This ministry with the help of various government departments of all the Indian states and union territories, collects information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices.

6. At one end there are a limited numbers of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers at the other end, there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair workers, transport persons, etc. These people hardly manage their livelihood.

7. A few examples include provision of water, electricity and some modes of transport. The government has taken these up because water and power are the basic needs of every individual. If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford. Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates and ensures its uninterrupted supply to public.

III. Long Answer Questions

8. Yes, the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is very useful because

— On account of the information it provides we come to know how and where the people of a country are employed.

— Helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income.

— If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this.

Hence, it is necessary to classify economic activities into these three basic sectors for smooth economic administration and development.

2. SectorS of the IndIan economy

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39economics

9. Disguised unemployment is a situation, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.

— If a few people move out, it will not affect the production. — It is hidden in contrast to the open unemployment where a person is clearly or visibly

without job. — In rural areas, this can be seen in the farming community where all members of a

family might be working on a farm even though so many hands are not required. They do so because of lack of another job. In urban areas, disguised unemployment can be seen in the service sector where painters, plumbers, repair persons and others are doing odd jobs. Many of them don’t find work everyday.

10. Over thirty years between 1973 and 2003, production in the tertiary sector has increased the most, and it has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.

Reasons for tertiary sector becoming so important in India are: (a) In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and

telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, banks, defence, transport, insurance companies etc. are required. These services are called the ‘basic services’. In the developing countries the government has to take the responsibility for provision of these services.

(b) Development of agriculture and industry leads to development of services like trans-port, trade, storage etc. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors more would be the demand for such services.

(c) As income level rises people start demanding more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc. especially in cities.

(d) Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising rapidly.

oo

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40 Social Science–X

disaster management(formative assessment)

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41disaster management

I. 1. Doyourself.

II. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d)

III. IV. V. –Doyourself.

1. tsunami – the killer sea waves

I. II. III. IV. –Doyourself.

2. safer ConstruCtion PraCtiCes

I. 1. Searchandrescue 2. Infra-redcameras 3. Acousticdevices

4. Bioradars 5. Firstaid 6. Ingestedpoison

7. Inhaledpoisons 8. Absorbedpoisons 9. DRABCD

10. Dogbite

II. III. IV. V. VI. –Doyourself.

3. survival skills

4. alternate CommuniCation systems during disas-

I. 1. Public Switched Telephone Network 2. National Information Centre

3. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited 4. International Telecommunication Union

5. Communication Satellites 6. Satellite Communication

7. Satellite Phone Terminal 8. Amateur Station Operators Licence

9. Indian National Satellite 10. Indian Remote Sensing

II. 1. Public wired telephone 2. Radio waves

3. Walky talky 4. Amateur radio

5. Amateurs or Hams 6. Satellite based communication systems

7. COMSATs 8. SATCOMs

9. SATCOMs 10. Transponder

III. IV. – Do yourself.

I. Do yourself.oo

5. sharing resPonsibility

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Practice PaPers

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43Practice PaPers

1. Europe. 2. Reserves. 3. Descendents of Africans who were brought into America as slaves. 4. Indiaisasecularcountryanddoesnothaveanofficialreligion. 5. Yes, Sinhala Only Bill (1956) Act passed by the Govt. of Ceylon making Sinhala as the

officiallanguage. 6. Per Capita Income is the basic criterion for comparing an underdeveloped country with a

developed country. 7. 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households. To address chronic poverty,

empowering Panchayati Raj. 8. Definedaseffortsthatseektoimprovetheeconomicwellbeingandqualityoflifefora

community by creating jobs or growing income and tax base. 9.ThePortugueseandSpanishconquestscolonisedAmericabythemid-sixteenthcentury.

Europeanconquestwasnotaresultofsuperiorfirepower.Theycarriedalotofgermssuchas those of smallpox on their person.

America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against this disease that came from Europe. Smallpox proved deadly killer. Once introduced, it killed and decimated whole communities,pavingthewayforconquest.

Or A number of products could be produced only with hand labour. Many goods with intricate

designsandspecificshapescouldbeonlyhandmade.Aristocratsandbourgeosiepreferredrefinedandclassyproductswhichwerehandmade.

10. The migrants into the city of Bombay encountered problems and real pressures in daily life.ThesehavebeenshowninmanyfilmsincludingCIDandGuestHouse.

Or Booksellers employed pedlars who carried books to sell in the villages. Almanacs, ballads,

folk tales and other entertaining books, historical tales and romantic novels became popular.PennychapbooksbecamepopularinEngland.InFrance,BiliothequeBleuewerevery popular.

11. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant population, even though it did not have large factories. London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a graving number of semi skilled and sweated outworkers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers, and beggars.

Apart from the London clockyard, 5 major types of industries employed large numbers: clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals.

During the First World War (1914 – 1918) London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and the numbers of large factories increased until they accounted for 1/3 of all jobs in the city.

12.Forestsareclassifiedunderthefollowingcategories: (i) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved

forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.

Practice PaPer-1

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44 Social Science–X

(ii) ProtectedForests:Almostone-thirdofthetotalforestareaisunderprotectedforest,as declared by the Forest Department. This forest land is protected from any further depletion.

(iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

13. (a) Plains (b) It provides facilities for agriculture and industry.

(c) Mountains. 14. In order to avoid ecological crises causing due to overexploitation and mismanagement of

water we need 1. to conserve and manage our water resources 2. to safeguard ourselves from health hazards 3. to ensure food security 4. to ensure continuation of our livelihoods 5. to ensure productive activities 6. to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems. 15. It was thought that all powers should be in the hands of one person or a group of persons.

Ifpowerissharedordispersed,thenquickdecisionscan’tbetakenorenforced.16.Hindiisthemothertongueofonly40%ofthepeopleofIndia.Thereare21languages

recognised by the Constitution. In state like Tamil Nadu there has been violent opposition toHindi.

17.Manycastegroupsdidnothaveequalaccesstoeducationpriortoindependenceandhencethe upper castes form the bulk of urban middle class population in India. Thus, caste is closely linked to economic status.

18. Do yourself.

19. Income is considered to be one of the most important attributes of developed countries. The countries with higher income are considered as more developed than ones with less income.

20. The problem of underemployment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a loan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment.

21. The role of the government is crucial. The problem of under employment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a loan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment.

If the government invests some money in transportation and storage of crops, or makes betterruralroadssothatmini-trucksreacheverywhere,farmerswhohaveaccesstowater,can continue to grow and sell crops, can provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services like transport or trade.

If the local bank gives credit to farmers at a reasonable rate of interest, they will be able tobuyseeds,fertilisers,agriculturalequipmentsandpumpsetstodrawwaterintimeandcultivate their land.

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45Practice PaPers

The government can identify, promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. For instance, opening a cold storage could give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good. It is also possible to set-up industries that process vegetables and agricultural produce like potato, sweet potato, rice, wheat, tomato, fruits, which can be sold in outside markets. This will provide employment in industries located in semi-rural areas and not necessarily in large urban centres.

22 & 23. (a) Novels were popular among educated middle class as a medium of entertainment. (b) Love stories, detective novels, adventures and mysteries became hugely popular for

they amused people. (c) Novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private. They offered a special

world of imagination into which the reader could slip and be all alone. Thus, reading a novel was like daydreaming.

(d) Many times people gathered to listen to a novel being read aloud by someone else. There after they could discuss the story and became involved in the characters. e.g. B.C. Chattopadhyay read out Durgesh Nandini to one such gathering of people who were stunned to realise that the Bengali novel had achieved excellence quickly..Devaki Nandan Khatri’s ‘Chandrakanta’ was a romance written just for the pleasure of reading.

or (See Answer CPM Page 93 Q.5.) 24. (i) Alluvial Soils: These are formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers. They are

rich in humus and very fertile. They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year.

(ii) BlackSoils:Thesesoilsaremadeupofvolcanicrocksandlava-flow.Itisconcentratedin parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash but lacks in Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Organic matter.

(iii) Red Soils: These are derived from weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau. Its redness is due to iron composition. When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown. They cover almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and parts of Orissa.

(iv) Laterite Soils: These soils are formed due to intense leaching and are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands. They are commonly found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

(v) Mountain Soils: These soils are formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth. They are found in Himalayan region and vary in different regions according to altitude. Tea is grown in those areas which receive sufficientrainfall.

(vi) Desert Soils: In the desert regions of Rajasthan, soils are not well developed. As evaporation is in excess of rainfall, the soil has a high salt content and saline layer formsahardcrust.Thesesoilsaregenerallysandyanddeficientinorganicmatter.

25. Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fieldswere converted into rainfed storagestructures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room and were built inside the main

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46 Social Science–X

house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’.

In western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on decline because of the perennial Rajasthan canal. This canal provides plenty of water. Despite this, some houses still maintain the tankas since they do not like the taste of tap water.

26.Athree-tierdemocracywasintroducedin1992.Astepwastakentowardscreatingrurallocal self government or Panchayati Raj.

– Regular elections to be held for Panchayat. – Seats reserved for SCs STs and OBCs. – One-thirdseats,reservedforwomen. – State Election Commission to conduct elections to local bodies. – State government to share power and revenue with local bodies. 27.Thesocialdifferencescanbeoverlappingandcross-cuttinginnature. The difference between Blacks and Whites becomes a social division when Blacks are found

to be poor, racially discriminated and homeless people. Ifsocialdifferencescross-cutoneanother,itisdifficultforgroupstogetpittedagainst

oneanothere.g.intheNetherlands,classandreligioncross-cuteachother.CatholicsandProtestantsareequallyrichorpoorinthatcountry.

28. Punjab has a high per capita income but its literacy level is very low. There are various reasons for this scenario. Majority of children are not sent to school or not provided with quality education. Punjab is known for its fertile plains and five perennial rivers. They have good irrigation facilities and are the largest producer of wheat. Apart from wheat, Punjab produces many other food grains. As agriculture is predominant and the agricultural income is very good, people of Punjab are more inclined towards farming and allied businesses. They are known for their hard work and common sense derived out of experience and attach little importance to education.

29. Organised sector Unorganised sector

1. Itistheonewherethetermsofemploy- 1. Thesearesmallandscatteredunits ment are regular and people have which are largely outside the control assured work. of the government.

2. They are registered by the government 2. There are rules and regulations but and have to follow its rules and these are not followed. regulations which are given in various lawssuchastheFactoriesAct,Mini- mum Wages Act, etc. 3. Itiscalledorganisedbecauseithas 3. Jobsherearelow-paidandoftennot some formal processes and procedures. regular.

4. Workers in the organised sector enjoy 4. Employment is not secure as people security of employment. They are can be asked to leave without any expectedtoworkonlyafixednumber reason. of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer.

5. Theyalsogetseveralotherbenefits 5. Thereisnoprovisionforovertime, from the employers like paid leave, paid leave, holidays, leave due to payment during holidays, provident sickness etc. fund,pensions,gratuity,medicalbene- fitsetc.

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30.

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1. Manchester, London 2. 71% 3. When resources in a given society are distributed unevenly. 4. 50%seatsforwomenatlocalselfgovernmentlevel. 5. Astateistobeofficiallyneutralinmattersofreligion. 6. 68. 7. Agriculture,forestry,fishingandmining. 8. Between50%and60%.

9.Theywerescaredbecauseofpollutioninthecompartments.Therewasdifficultyinsmoking.It was seen as creating a mess and an unhealthy atmosphere in the city.

Or

In the nineteenth century thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers migrated to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around theworld. In India theywerehiredundercontracts forfiveyears forplantationworkand they would return back home once the contract and work was over. Most Indian indenturedworkerscamefromthepresent-dayregionsofeasternUttarPradesh,Bihar,central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. The circumstances that took shape in themid-19th century compelled them tomigrate.Cottage industriesdeclined, landrent rose, lands were cleared for mine and plantations. All this affected the lives of the poor people. Many believed indenture was nothing but a ‘new system of slavery’ as the living and working conditions of labourers were harsh and they had few legal rights.

10. The system of hand printing is known in China from 594 AD. It was printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of wood blocks. As both sides could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side.

Or The novel uses the vernacular, the language that is spoken by common people. Even

those who are not highly educated can read it, identify with characters and feel part of the community that the novel creates. A novel may take a classical language and combine it with the language of the streets and make them all the part of the vernacular that it uses. Like the nation, the novel brings together many cultures.

11. 1. City development has always taken place at the expense of ecology and environment. 2. Natural features and habitats were removed and transformed to accommodate the

growing demand for space for factories, housing, and other institutions. 3. Large amounts of industrial refuse and waste products were sent out into the

atmosphere, rivers and other water bodies thus polluting air and water. Due to urbanization and heavy industrialization, noise has become a permanent feature of cities.

4. With less number of trees around, combustion of coal and wood cause air pollution.

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12.Humanfactorsareactivities likedeforestation,over-grazing,constructionandmining,defective methods of farming (ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form channelsforthequickflowofwaterleadingtosoilerosionetc.)

Physical factors like wind, glacier and water lead to land degradation. (a) The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.

Thelandbecomesunfitforcultivationandisknownasbadland.IntheChambalbasinsuchlandsarecalledravines.Sometimeswaterflowsasasheetoverlargeareasdowna slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.

(b)Windblowsloosesoiloffflatorslopinglandknownaswinderosion.

13. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies. We can say that India is rich in biodiversity because over 81,000 speciesoffaunaand47,000speciesoffloraarefoundinthiscountrysofar.Oftheestimate47,000plantspecies,about15,000floweringspeciesareendemic(indigenous)toIndia.

14. Agriculture is important for Indian economy because: 1.Two-thirdsofitspopulationisengagedinagriculturalactivities. 2. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. 3. It also produces raw material for various industries e.g. paper industry, textile industry etc.

4. Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported.

15. The population is less than a crore.

TheDutchform59%,andthentheFrenchform40%andtheGermansabout1%.TheFrench community is in majority in the capital, Brussels. They are rich and powerful and this is not liked by the Dutch. Therefore, tensions exist between the two communities.

16.Afeministisaperson(amanorawoman)whobelievesinequalrightsandopportunitiesfor all human beings (men and women).

The main aim of feminist movement was to develop a positive approach for empowerment and upliftment of women. It is strongly believed that the gender of the person should not decidetheavailabilityof jobsandopportunitiesforapersonandequalsocial,politicaland economic rights should be given to both men and women in the society.

17.Thedifficultiesfacedbylocalgovernmentbodiesare: (a) Although elections are held regularly, gram sabhas are not held regularly. (b) Moststategovernmentshavenottransferredsignificantpowerstothelocalgovern-

ments. (c) Theyhavenotgivenadequateresourcestothelocalbodies.

18. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. The product is produced by a process of manufacturing in a factory, a workshop or at home. Forexample,usingcottonfibrefromtheplant,wespinyarnandweavecloth.Thissectoris also called an industrial sector.

19. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices,municipalcorporations, banks, defence, transport, insurance companies etc are required.Theseservices are called the’ basic services.’ In the developing countries the government has to take the responsibility for provision of these services.

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20.Non-renewableresourcesarethosewhichwillgetexhaustedafteryearsofuse.Wehaveafixedstockonearchwhichcannotbereplenished.Wecandiscovernewresourcesthatwedidnotknowofearlier.Newsourcesinthiswayaddtothestock.However,overtime,eventhiswillgetexhausted.Inthatsituationlifewouldbedifficultforus.Therewouldbe total chaos all over the world.

21. Indiaisalreadystrivingtobecomeadevelopedcountry.However,therearesomegapareas.Although, today the government of India may claim to be an emerging super power but the realityisquitedifferentfromwhatthegovernmentofIndiaorthemediaofIndiaportrayto the world. Lately, the government of India has come up with several developmental plans and they have helped boost the country’s economy in some ways. But the long term impact of these plans should focus on prosperity of the common man. Investment is pouring in from within the Country and abroad, but the poor man remains poor all his life. The country may boast of an increase in international trade, an increased export revenue, but the number of poor has not changed! A good way to become a developed country is to improvegovernance,provideeducationtoall,controlinflation,introduceacrediblefiscalpolicy,liberalizefinancialmarkets,increasetradewithneighbours,increaseagriculturalproductivity,improveinfrastructureandimproveenvironmentalquality.

22. The First World War boosted the US economy. The US became an international creditor. After a short period of economic trouble in the years after the war, the US economy resumed its strong growth in the early 1920s.

One important feature of the US economy of the 1920s was mass production. The move towards mass production had begun in the late 19th century, but in the 1920s it became acharacteristicfeatureofindustrialproductionintheUS.Awell-knownpioneerofmassproductionwasthecarmanufacturerHenryFord.Headoptedthe‘assemblyline’methodof production which would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles.

Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods. As wages of workers in-creased, they could now afford to purchase durable comsumer goods such as cars. There was also a spurt in the purchase of the refrigerators, washing machines, radios etc. all through a system of ‘hire purchase’. There was also a boom in house construction and homeownership,financedbyloans.

The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the bases of prosperity in the US. Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employments and incomes, rising consumption demand, more investment and yet more employment and incomes.

23. 1. There was a general conviction among the people in the 18th century that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment. Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from depotism and tyranny and herald a time when reason and intellect would rule.

2. Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality.

3. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions werere-evaluatedanddiscussedbyapublicthathadbecomeawareofthepowerofreasonand recognised theneed to question existing ideasandbeliefs.Within thispublic culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

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4. By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. Questions began to be raised about the existing social order.

Or

Peasants and artisans who found no work in the villages went to the industrial cities in searchofwork.Over50%workersgotworkintheBombaycottonindustries.

Asthenewsofemploymentspread,workersinhugenumbercametocitiestofindworkinthemills.Asaresult,gettingjobbecamedifficult.Thenumbersseekingworkbecamemore than the jobs available. The industrialists usually employed a jobber to get the new recruits. The jobber got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in thecityandprovidedthemmoneyintheirneed.Thejobberthusbecamepowerful.Hebegan demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of the workers. These workers were bound to work in hazardous conditions. They usually worked on a 10-hoursshift.Theywereverypronetodiseaseslikeasthma.

24. Forests of the following types are found in India: 1. Reserved Forests. Reserved forests are the forests that are regarded as the most

valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned. More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests.

2. Protected Forests. This forest land is protected from any further depletion. Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the ForestDepartment.

3. Unclassed Forests. These are other forests and wastelands that belong to both government and private individuals and communities.

Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests constituting 75% of its total forest area. JammuandKashmir,AndhraPradesh,Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests of its total forest area. Bihar,Haryana, Punjab,HimachalPradesh,OrissaandRajasthanhaveabulkofitunderprotectedforests.Allnorth-easternstatesandpartsofGujarathaveaveryhighpercentageoftheirforestsas unclassed forests. Local communities manage these forests.

25. Natural vegetation supports vital functions in all the spheres of our biosphere. First, vegetation plays an important role in maintaining energy balance in the surrounding. Itregulatestheflowofnumberofbiogeochemicalcycleslikethatofwater,carbon,andnitrogen. These cycles are not only crucial for determining vegetation patterns but also for the climatic conditions. Second, vegetation strongly affects soil characteristics, including soil volume, chemistry and texture, productivity and structure. Third, vegetation serves as wildlife habitat and the energy source for the vast array of animal species. Vegetation is important to the world economy, especially in the use of fossil fuels as an energy source and also in the production of food, wood, fuel and other materials. Vegetation also includes algal varieties which have been the primary source of oxygen in the atmosphere, enabling the aerobic metabolism systems to evolve and persist. Vegetation is important to humans as we are dependent on it for food, shelter, and medicine.

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26. The leaders of the Sinhala community tried to secure the dominance of their community after Independence.

They adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. In1956,anActwaspassedtorecogniseSinhalaastheonlyofficiallanguage.Sinhalese

were given special preference in government jobs and university positions. State protection was given to Buddhism which was the religion practised by the Sinhalese.

All these government measures coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that their language and culture were not given due importance. They also felt that the Constitution and government policies deniedthemequalpoliticalrights.Asaresult,theirrelationswiththeSinhalacommunityworsened.

27. Constitutional provisions and democratic politics are the real pillars of federalism which help to make it a success.

1. Linguistic states. Since 1947 many changes have been done in the political map of India. Many old states have vanished and many new states have been created. Areas, boundaries and names of the states have been changed. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Some states were created to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These included states like Nagaland, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand.

2. Centre-state relations in India. Earlier in India for a long time, the same party ruled both at centre and states. This meant that state government did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. As and when ruling party at state level was different, the parties that ruled at the Centre tried to undermine the power of states. In those days central government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism.

But after 1990 significant changes occurred.Therewas rise of regional politicalparties in many states of the country. This was also the beginning of the era of the coalition governments at the Centre. Since no single party got clear majority in the Lok Sabha the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form government at the Centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of the state governments. ThistrendwassupportedbytheSupremeCourt’sjudgmentwhichmadeitdifficultfor the Central government to dismiss state governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force.

3. Language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.Hindiwas identifiedasan official languagebutHindi is themother tongue of only 40%of Indians.Therefore, thereweremany safeguards toprotectotherlanguages.BesidesHindi,thereare21otherlanguagesrecognisedasScheduled Languages by the Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central government positions may opt any of these languages.

Thestatestoohavetheirownofficiallanguagesandmuchofthegovernmentworktakesplaceintheofficiallanguageoftheconcernedstate.Englishisalsotobeusedasanofficial language.Thegovernmentdoesnot followapolicyof imposingHindionnon-Hindispeakingstates.

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28.

29. (a)7.02%. (b) (i) A large number of people are there in the unorganised sector of agriculture because it

requiresalotofunskilledlabourwhichiseasilyavailable.Thus,thisfactistakenasan advantage by the landowners who make labourers work under drastic conditions.

(ii) The unorganised sector is mushrooming because there are no rules and regulations and there is no one to supervise its functioning and hence easy to exploit workers.

Developed Countries Developing Countries 1. Countries with more average income 1. Countries with low average income

and higher per capita income. and less per capita income.

2. The rates of saving, investment, 2. These are on the path of development,

capital information are also very high, and the level of income is on rise

and the commodities are produced on along with the advancement of

a large scale with the help of modern technology.

technology.

3. The standard for living of the people 3. The standard for living of the people

is very high. is not very high.

4. Life is better due to good health 4. Life is not better due to less health

facilities. facilities.

5. Literacy rates would be more due to 5. Literacy rates would be less due to

better education. less educational facilities.

6. Life expectancy would be more. 6. Life expectancy would be less.

7. Example, U.S.A. 7. Example, India.

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30.

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1. Bombay and Calcutta. 2. A stock or supply of money, materials, staff and other assets that can be drawn on by

a person or organisation in order to function effectively. 3. May 22, 1972. 4. Forests, protection of wild animals, adulteration, drugs and poisons, etc. 5. 33%. 6. Per Capita Income. 7. Raw materials, food manufacturing, textile manufacturing industries. 8. 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households.

9. Several steps were taken to clean up London: 1. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce population

and landscape the city. 2. Large blocks of apartments were built. 3. Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the

impact of a severe housing problem.Or

Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819. Large trading communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers had settled in Bombay.

Whenthefirsttextilemillswerestartedin1854,alargenumberofpeoplefromnearbydistrict of Ratnagiri came to work in Bombay mills.

10. The Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan. World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent between 1950 and 1970. Incomes of people in western countries grew at 5 per cent. The growth was stable, without fluctuations. The unemployment rateaveraged less than 5 per cent in most industrial countries. There was worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Developing countries were in a hurry to catch up with the advanced industrial countries. Therefore, they invested vast amounts of capital,

importing industrial plantand equipment featuringmodern technology.

Or

PostFirstWorldWareconomicrecoveryproveddifficultforBritain.Itfacedaprolongedcrisis.IndustrialdevelopmenthadstoredinIndiaandJapanandBritainfounditdifficultto recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market, and compete with Japan internationally.

BritainhadborrowedheavilyfromtheUStofinancewarexpendituresandwasburdenedwith huge external debts.

The war had led to an economic boom. When the war boom ended, production contracted andunemploymentincreased.In1921oneineveryfiveBritishworkerswasunemployed.

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11. Industrialization and growth of British textile industries marked a drastic change in the Indian weaving segment. Indian textiles, which had made a mark in the global market, suffered severely. Their export market collapsed as heavy import duties were imposed on textilescomingfromIndia.ThelocalmarketforIndiantextilesshrankduetofloodingofManchester imports. The imported goods were so cheap because the machine produced clothes were of lower price and Indian weavers could not compete with them. By 1860’s, weaversfacedanothermajorproblemwheretheycouldnotgetsufficientsupplyofrawcottonofgoodquality.WhentheAmericancivil-warbrokeoutandthecottonsuppliesfrom the US were cut off, Britain turned to India and as the exports increased the prices escalated.

12. With the emergence of the modern press, both English and Vernacular, the latter half of the19thcenturysawanunprecedentedgrowthofIndian-ownedEnglishandVernacularnewspapers. The Indian Press played a notable role in mobilising public opinion, organising politicalmovements,fightingoutpublicopinionsandpromotingnationalism.

13. Measures taken to control land degradation in different regions of India are: (a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (b) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilisation of sand dunes

by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods of check land degradation. (c) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and

disposalofindustrialeffluentsandwastesaftertreatmentcanreducelandandwaterdegradation in industrial and suburban areas.

14.FromtheHimalayanYewtreeachemicalcompoundcalled ‘taxol’ isextractedfromitsbark, needles, twigs and roots, and it has been successfully used to treat some can-cers – thedrug isnowthebiggestsellinganti-cancerdrug intheworld.Thespecies isunder great threat due to over-exploitation. In the last one decade, thousands of yew

treeshavedriedup in variousparts ofHimachalPradeshandArunachalPradesh.

15.Multi-purpose projects are called as the temples of modern India because they notonly help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrialuses,floodcontrol, recreation, inlandnavigationandfishbreeding.Forexample, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra–Nangal project water is beingusedboth forhydelpowerproductionand irrigation.Similarly, theHirakudproject intheMahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control. That is whyJawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

16. (a) People rule through institutions of self governance. (b) Due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in society. (c) Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies and as many people as possible

should share power.

17.NorthIrelandisdividedintoProtestants(53%)andCatholics(44%).Thisethnicdividebecame a political divide when Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties and Protestants by the unionists and violent clashes started between the two.

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57Practice PaPers

18. Parents prefer sons and the girl child is aborted before she is born. This has led to a decline in the sex ratio in the country.

Dropout rate of girls from schools is high because parents prefer to educate boys more than girls.

19. If you get a job in a far-off place, before accepting it youwould try to considermanyfactors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.

A job may pay you less but may offer regular employment that will make you feel secure.

A job may offer high pay but no job security and leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

So the choice is made by the individual on the basis of his/her goals in life.

20. The life expectancy at birth (average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth) is much higher in Sri Lanka than India. Even the Gross Enrolment Ratio of Sri Lanka for three levels (enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school) is also comparatively much better. Last but not least the Per Capita Income of Sri Lanka is also the highest among all the neighbouring countries. Eventually it can be said that a small country like Sri Lanka, is much ahead of India in every respect.

21. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005: (a) 100 days work guarantee in year by the government. (b) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment

allowances. (c) Types of work given to improve production of land.

22.The technological inventions increased the efficacy of each step of the productionprocess, i.e. carding, twisting and spinning and rolling. They enhanced the output per worker enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the production

of stronger threads and yarn. Richard Arkwright devised the cotton mill. It increased efficiency of the production.

Now the cloth production shifted from village households to factories where production was done under one roof. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process,awatchoverqualityand the regulationof labour.Asa result ofall thispro-duction increased to a great extent.

23.ThewritingsofPremchandaredescribedastheachievementofexcellenceintheHindiliterature.HebeganwritinginUrduandlatershiftedtoHindiandwaspopularinbothlanguages.Heusedkissa-goiorstory-telling.ItisarguedthathisnovelSewasadan.(TheAbode of Service) published in 1916 lifted theHindi novel from the realm of fantasyand moralising. Sewasadan deals with the poor condition of women in society. Issues likechildmarriageanddowrywereimportantthemesofthenovel.Hismostreadandadmired work Godan is an ultimate work of a perfect humanitarian writer.

Or Indulekha (1889)was thefirstmodernnovel inMalayalam. Itwaswrittenby

Chandu Menon.

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(a) India was facing the onslaught of the western culture. Western ideas, life style appealed to the English educated class in India but they faced the dilemma of losing their own traditional values. Characters like Indulekha and Madhavan showed the reader how the two life styles could be brought together.

(b)Animportantissueisthemarriagepracticesofupper-casteHindusinKerala,especiallyNambuthiri Brahmins and Nayars. Caste seems to be an important factor while forming marriage alliances.

(c) Suri Nambuthiri, a foolish landlord comes to marry Indulekha who is intelligent. She exercises her choice, rejects him and marries Madhavan, an educated civil servant. It shows that education began to be valued as an asset.

(d) The novel is critical of alliances based on caste, ignorance and immorality among high caste.

24. (i)• Evergreentreesarethosewhosefoliagepersistthroughouttheyear.Evergreenscan survive under low nutrient levels in the soil. But a huge portion of internal nutrientsisremovedduringthedefoliationindeciduoustrees.Nutrientrequirementof evergreens is somewhat high during bad weather conditions due to need of the foliage maintenance.

• Deciduous treesareadapted to tolerate the coldanddryweather conditionsbyshedding their leaves seasonally, whereas evergreens do not. But in the case of deciduous plants it is high after the harsh time because of renewal of the foliage. Deciduous plants are more sensitive to changes in temperature and rain fall than evergreen plants.

(ii)• ThetermFloraisusedtodenoteplantsofaparticularregionorspecies.Theymaketheir food by photosynthesis.

• ThetermFaunareferstothespeciesofanimals.Theycannotmaketheirownfoodanddependonothersourcesfornutrition.HerbivoresaredependentonFlorafortheir food.

25. There are three types of cropping seasons: 1. Rabi crops — These crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in

summer from April to June. — Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. — North and northwestern states such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,

Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh are important producers of rabi crops.

— ThesuccessoftheGreenRevolutioninPunjab,Haryana,westernUttarPradeshand parts of Rajasthan has helped in the growth rabi crops.

2. Kharif crops — These cropsaregrownwith the onset ofmonsoonandharvested inSeptember-

October. — Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy), maize, jowar, bajra,

tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

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— Some of the most important kharif regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, the Konkan coast, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

— In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.

3. Zaid season — This season is in between the rabi and the kharif seasons, — This is a short season during the summer months. — Some of the crops produced during zaid are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,

vegetables and fodder crops. 26. (a) It is believed by fundamentalists that people of a religious community have common

interests and hence they form a nation. (b) It is also believed that people belonging to different religions can’t live together as

equal citizenswithin onenation. (c) Everyone has many identities. Religious identity is only one of them and hence

religion alone can’t be the basis of a nation. 27.CasteinequalitieshavenotcompletelydisappearedfromIndia.Eventoday,mostpeople

marry within their own caste or tribe. Despite constitutional prohibition, untouchability has not ended completely. Education is not easily available to the so called ‘low castes’. Economic status is closely linked to the caste system. In modern India, like in pre-independence India, the poor are mostly the ‘low castes’ while the rich are the ’high castes’, thereby showing that caste inequalities are still continuing in India.

28.No,it’snottrue.Infacttertiarysectorisplayingasignificantroleinthedevelopmentof the Indian economy.

— The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades.

— Inthelastdecade,thefieldofinformationtechnologyhasgrown,andconsequently,theGDPshareof the tertiarysectorhasgrownfromaround40%in1973tomorethan50% in2003.

— It helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors. — Though it does not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production

processes. 29. National development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries’

development.These ideologies couldbeat times conflicting. It ismeasuredby (a) Average Income (b) Per Capita Income Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of the people. They are different

for different individuals. Since people come from different situations, therefore, their developmental goals differ. An urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job, promotions, etc. and on the other hand, a rural unemployed would want better job opportunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour.

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30.

(a) Tungabhadra

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1. Andrew Yule, Jardine Skinner Co, etc. 2. Rainwaterharvesttechnique. 3. The french speaking community was relatively rich and powerful in Belgium. 4. Descendents of Africans who were brought into America as slaves. 5. Holdingtogetherfederationinonewherealargecountrydecidestodivideitspowerbetween

the constituent states and the national government like India, Belgium and Spain. 6. Private and Public sectors. 7. Life expectancy, Education Index, GUI per capita. 8. Ministry of statistics and Programme implementation. 9. The travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas,

inventions, and even germs and diseases. TheIndusvalleycivilisationhadanactivecoastaltradelinkedwithpresent-dayWestAsia

around 3000 BCE. Thesilkroutesareagoodexampleofvibrantpre-moderntradeandculturallinksbetween

distant parts of the world. The noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. TheArabtraderstookpastatofifthcenturySicilyinItaly.

Or SteamEngineincreasedproductivityandefficiencyofindustries.Therewere80steam

engines in cotton industries, 9 in wool and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works. 10. Gomasthas were appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and

examinethequalityofcloth.Thesepeoplewereoutsiderswhohadnolong-termsociallinkwith the village. They acted arrogantly. They usually came into villages with sepoys and peonsandoftenbeatandfloggedtheweaversfordelaysinsupply.Theweaverscouldnotbargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The Company did not pay them fair prices. The loans they had taken tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers left villages and settled to new places. Over time several weavers refused to take loans. They closed down their workshops andbeganworkinginagriculturalfield.

Or Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819. Large trading communities of

traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers had settled in Bombay. Whenthefirsttextilemillswerestartedin1854,alargenumberofpeoplefromnearby

district of Ratnagiri came to work in Bombay mills. 11. Novels were written for young readers too. These novels for young boys idealised a new

type of man: someone who was powerful, assertive, independent and daring. Stories for

Practice PaPer-4

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boyswerefullofadventuresetinplacesfarawayfromEurope.Storiesaboutwhite-mencolonising the natives and adapting to the strange surroundings appealed to the young boys, for example, R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island, R. Kipling’s Jungle Book. Stories for boys involved great historical events, battles, etc.

Love stories were written for young girls, e.g. RamonabyHelenHuntJackson. 12. We need to conserve our forests and wildlife because: (a) Environmental destruction results in poverty in the communities that are directly

dependent upon forests and wildlife. Therefore, forests and wildlife are vital to the qualityoflifeandenvironmentinthesubcontinent.Itisimperativetoadapttosoundforest and wildlife conservation strategies.

(b) Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems – water, air and soil.

(c) It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and breeding. For example, in agriculture, we are still dependent on traditional cropvarieties.Fisheries too areheavilydependent on themaintenance of aquatic

biodiversity. 13. Major problems occurred due to indiscriminate use of resources are: (a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. (b) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two

segments i.e. haves and havenots or rich and poor. (c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resource has led to global ecological crises such as, global

warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. 14. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource

and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our lives. So, there is a need for conservation of water resources.

15. To improve agriculture in the country, various measures are taken both by the central and state governments from time to time. They are:

1. Differenttypesofactivitieswereentrustedtospecificpublicagenciestoimprovetheworking conditions.

2. Zamindari system has been abolished. It was followed with the consolidation of small holdings to make them economically viable.

3. Anotherimportantinputwasthewidespreaduseofradioandtelevisionforacquaintingfarmerswithnewandimprovedtechniquesofcultivation.

4. The crop insurance was another step to protect the farmers against losses caused by cropfailureonaccountofnaturalcalamitieslikedrought,flood,hailstorm,cyclone,fire,diseases,etc.

5. Easyavailabilityofcapitalorinvestmentinputthroughawell-knitnetworkofruralbanking and small scale cooperative societies with low interest rates were other facilities provided to the farmers for modernisation of agriculture.

6. Special weather bulletins for farmers were introduced on radio and television. 7. The government has announced a minimum support price for various crops removing

the elements of uncertainty. It ensures minimum price for the crop grown by the farmers.

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16. SriLankahastwocrorepeople.74%areSinhala-speakersand18%areTamil-speakers.AmongTamils there are two sub-groups.Tamil natives of the country are called ‘SriLankanTamils.’Theyconstitute13%oftheTamilpeopleandliveinNorthernandEasternparts of Sri Lanka. The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers duringcolonialperiod,arecalled‘IndianTamils.’MostoftheSinhala-speakingpeopleareBuddhistswhilemostoftheTamilsareHindusorMuslims.Thereareabout7%Christianswho are both Tamil and Sinhala.

17. Blackpowermovementstartedin1966andlastedtill1975.Itwasamilitantanti-racistmovement. Leaders included Malcolm X.

18. Federal system has dual objectives to safeguard and promote unity of the country and accommodate regional diversity. The ideal federal system is based on mutual trust and agreement to live together.

19. (a) World Development Report 2006, “In 2004 countries with per capita income of Rs. 453000 per annum are called rich or developed countries.”

(b) Those with per capita income of Rs. 37000 or less are called low income countries. (c)HumanDevelopmentReport2006publishedbyUNDP,“Developmentisbasedonper

capita income, educational levels of the people and their health status.” 20. Working in an unorganised sector is not considered secured because unorganised units are

not registered by the government and remain outside the control of the government. Many are small and scattered units. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low paid often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.

21. The income of a country is the income of all the residents of that country. This gives us the total income of the country.

The average income called per capita income is calculated as the total income of the country divided by its total population.

22. (a) Novels created a world that was absorbing and believable that readers could identify with.

(b) While reading novels, the reader was transported to another person’s world and began looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel.

(c) People enjoyed reading in private as well as publicly. They could discuss stories with family and friends.

(d) People became deeply involved in the lives of the characters. Vernacular language was used in novels that was spoken by ordinary people. It created a

sense of shared world between diverse people in a nation. Novels often combined a classical language with that of the street languages, thus bringing the elite and the commoners together.

23. (a) Production, employment, incomes and trade declined disastrously in most parts of the world.

(b) Agricultural regions and communities got affected badly because the fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that of the prices of industrial goods.

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(c) Agricultural overproduction led to the fall in agricultural prices which further led to the decline of agricultural incomes. When the farmers tried to expand production to maintain their income, it worsened the surplus in the market and led to more downfalls in the prices.

(d)The farm produce decayed due to lack of buyers.Householdswere ruined andbusinesses got collapsed.

(e) When the crisis started US withdrew the loans which affected the rest of the world. Many major banks and currencies collapsed such as the British pound sterling.

(f ) In Latin America the agricultural and raw material prices declined. (g) The US was also the industrial country most severely affected by the depression. (h) US banks cut the domestic lending and called back loans. ( i) Those who failed to repay what they had borrowed were forced to give up their homes,

cars and other consumer durables. (j) Unemployment soared and the US banking system collapsed. Thus the Great Depression affected the society, politics and international relations.

Or Many cities were carefully planned and organised unlike Bombay. For instance—modern

Singapore. Though today Singapore is a successful rich, and well planned city, a model for city planning worldwide but until 1965, it was overcrowded, lacked sanitation facility, had poor housing and poverty.

The changes occurred when the city became an independent nation in 1965 under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, President of the People’s Action Party. A huge housing and development programme was undertaken. The tall housing blocks which were well ventilated and serviced, were examples of good physical planning.

The buildings also redesigned social life: — Crime was reduced through external corridors. — The elderly people were inhabited alongside their families. — ‘Voiddecks’oremptyfloorswereprovidedinallbuildingsforcommunityactivities. — Migration into the city was strictly controlled. — Social relations between the three major groups of people (the Chinese, the Malays

andtheIndians)werealsowatchedtoavoidracialconflict. — Newspapers and journals and all forms of communication and association were also

strictly controlled.

24. The vegetation in mountainous region is called montane forests. Due to the increase in altitude and decrease in temperature, the vegetation in that region varies. The succession of natural vegetation belt in mountains is similar to that seen from tropical to tundra region. Between 1000 and 2000 metres of altitude, the wet temperate forests with trees like oaks and chestnuts are seen. Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests consisting of coniferous trees like pine, cedar, deodar are seen. At higher elevations, generally above 3,600metres,Alpinevegetationisseen.Silverfir,pines,junipers,birchesarethetypesoftrees predominantly seen in this region. As the forest approaches the snow line, the trees are stunted and are found to merge with the Alpine grassland.

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25. Forests in India are home to a number of communities. These communities have a complex relationshipwiththefloraandfaunaaroundthem.InsomeareasofIndia,localcommunitiesarestrugglingtoconservethesehabitatsalongwithgovernmentofficials.

(a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.

(b) In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and openly rejecting government involvement.The inhabitants of five villages in theAlwar district ofRajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

(c) Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned.

Even trees are preserved in name of worship. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chhota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered sacred.

(d)Troopsofmacaquesandlangursarefoundaroundseveraltemples.Theyarefeddailyand treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them.

(e) ThefamousChipkoMovementintheHimalayasandJointForestManagement(JFM)programme offer good examples for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. (Any four)

26. Overlapping difference happens when some social differences overlap other differences. Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. Overlapping differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. For example—(a) the difference between Blacks and Whites in the US becomes a social division because the Blacks tend to be poor and landless, and often face injustice and discrimination. (b) In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless and often face injustice and discrimination.

Ifsocialdifferencescross-cutoneanother,itisdifficulttopitonegroupofpeopleagainstthe other. It means those groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue. Cross-cut social differences are easier toaccommodate. For example—Northern Ireland and Netherlands both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland class and religion overlap each other. Catholics tend to be poor and have suffered discrimination whereas in Netherland, class and religion tend to cross-cut each other and both areequallylikelytoberichorpoor.ItmeanstheyhaveconflictinNorthernIrelandbutitis not so in Netherlands.

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27. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements have taken different forms: (i) Horizontal division of power. Power is shared among different organs of government,

such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others and thus balance of power among various institutions ismaintained.Ministers and government officials areresponsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, judges though appointed by the executive, keep a check on the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

(ii) Vertical division of power. Power can be shared among governments at different levels. A general government for the entire country which is usually called a Central or Union government in India, governments at the provincial or state level is known by different names in different countries and in India we call them State government and the same principle is extended to the levels lower than state government such as municipalities and panchayats. This type of government was also adopted by Belgium but rejected by Sri Lanka. This is called federal division of power.

(iii) Division of power among social groups. The countries having community government share the power among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. We can best cite the example of Belgium in this regard. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.

(iv) Division of power among political parties, pressure groups and movements. Political parties, pressure groups andmovements help in controlling or influencing thosewho are in power. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand, but is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance group is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. Various interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringinginfluenceonthedecisionmakingprocess.

28. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to the getthemaximumbenefitsfromtheavailableresourcesbutsuchathingwouldbequitedisastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of such resources. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

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Organised sector

(a) It covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and some formal processes and procedures are followed.

(b) People have assured work and enjoy security of employment.

(c) They are registered by the government.

(d) They have to follow its rules and regulations such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of GratuityAct, Shops andEstablish-ments Act etc.

(e)Theyget several other benefits fromthe employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity,medical benefits, pensionsetc. and facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment.

Unorganised sector

(a) Many are small and scattered units.

(b) People have no security of employment.

(c) It is largely outside the control of the government.

(d) There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.

(e) Jobs here are low paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.

The issue of sustainability is important for development because — Development must be in relation with the future. — If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point

of time. — Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country

has achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.

Sustainable Development can be achieved in these ways: — Scientificandproperuseofnaturalresources. — Judicious use of resources for better future. — No increase in pollution or environmental degradation. — Protectionoffloraandfaunafromhumanexploitation. — Resources like water, wind, solar energy, etc., are inexhaustible but we must see that

they are not put to wrong use. — There is no harm in using the land for cultivation but we should see that its fertility

is maintained otherwise sooner or later it will turn into a wasteland. Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious mix use of both renewable and

non-renewable resourcesandwithoutharming thebalance of environmentkeeping inmindtherequirementforpresentandfuturegenerations.

29.

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30.

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1. Madras. 2. Sardar Sarovar Project. 3. Eelam Tamils. 4. Manipur.

5. A class of structure that is determined by birth.

6. More income, No social discrimination, etc.

7. Construction of roads, bridges etc.

8. Farming,fishing,mining,hunting,forestryetc.

9.Thedeveloping countriesdidnot benefit from the fast growth theWestern economiesexperienced in the 1950s and 1960s under the guidance of WB and IMF. They organised themselvesasagroup—theGroupof77 (orG-77)—todemandanewinternationaleconomic order (NIEO). NIEO means a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.

Or

Charles Dickens was very critical of the growth of industry. According to him, the growth of industry was accompanied by an economic philosophy which celebrated the pursuit of profitandundervaluedthelivesofworkers.HisnovelHardTimesdescribesCoketown,afictitiousindustrialtown,asagrimplacefullofmachinery,smokingchimneys,riverspollutedpurpleandbuildingsthatalllookedthesame.Hereworkersareknownas‘hands’,as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. Dickens criticised not just thegreedforprofitsbutalsotheideasthatreducedhumanbeingsintosimpleinstrumentsof production.

10. The European companies gradually established control over the Indian trade. First of all they secured a variety of concessions from local courts. Afterwards they got success in achieving monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat andHooglythroughwhichlocalmerchantshadoperated.Exportsfromtheseportsfelldramatically,thecreditthathadfinancedtheearliertradebegandryingup,andthelocalbankers slowly went bankrupt.

WhileSurat andHoogly decayed,BombayandCalcutta grew.This shift from the oldports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of colonial power. Trade through these new ports began to be controlled by European companies and was carried in Eu-ropean ships.

Or

ArchitectandplannerEbenezerHowarddevelopedtheconceptoftheGardenCity.Ac-cordingtoHowardtheGardenCitywouldbeapleasantspace fullofplantsandtreeswherepeoplewouldbothliveandwork.Hebelievedthiswouldalsoproducebetter-qual-itycitizens.FollowingHoward’sideasRaymondUnwinandBarryParkerdesignedtheGarden City of New Earswick. There were common garden spaces, beautiful views and great attention to detail.

Practice PaPer-5

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11. The poor, unhealthy living conditions in the residential areas posed serious problems to the London residents. Fire hazard was another major problem due to heavy congestion of houses. These were aggravated with the fear of rebellion and social disorder after the Russian Revolution in 1917. Commuting within the city and lack of public transport was also a major problem in London.

12.Over-utilisationandmismanagementofwaterresourcesmaycause: (i) Serious health hazards (ii) Shortage of availability of food which may adversely affect food security in the country. (iii) Our livelihoods and productive activities may be affected. (iv) Degradation of our natural ecosystems. (v) Depletion of water resources.

13. Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Main features of this type of soil are: (a) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. (b) Towards the river valleys, soil particles are bigger in size. In the upper reaches the

soils are coarse. They are common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai. (c) Alluvial soils are of two types on the basis of their age — Khadar and Bangar. (d) Theseareveryfertilesoilsandcontainadequateproportionofpotash,phosphoricacid

and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.

(e) Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. (f) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment

and irrigation.

14. “Project Tiger”, one of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973. Initially, it showed success as the tiger population went up to 4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. But in 1993, the population of the tiger had dropped to 3,600. There are 27tigerreservesinIndiacoveringanareaof37,761sqkm.Tigerconservationhasbeenviewednotonlyasanefforttosaveanendangeredspecies,butwithequalimportanceasameans of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude. Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are some of the tiger reserves in India.

15. The population of Belgium is a little over one crore. The ethnic composition of this small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch speaking.

16. Differences (a) Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into municipal

corporations. (b) Municpal Chairperson is the political head of the municipality. In municipal

corporation such an authority is called the Mayor. Similarities (a) Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies

consisting people’s representatives.

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17. Social differences are the differences and discriminations that occurs in the society. Many social differences are generally based on the accidents of birth. The differences between males and females, people having different heights and complexion are all examples of socialdifferencescausedduetobirth.However,notallsocialdifferencesarebasedonbirth.Some people are atheists, some are God fearing. These differences are chosen by the people themselves.

18. Religion can be used in a positive manner in politics. As stated by Mahatma Ghandhi, politics is guided by ethics of religion. The ethical values taught by any religion should be imbibed by us into politics for better governance. It should be thoroughly ensured that religion is not used in politics to create discrimination and oppression. Religion should be a medium to teach oneness and guide politics to do good for its people. It should not be used to arouse communal misunderstandings, distrust and suspicion.

19. The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crudeoil,cowdungandsolarenergy.Otherpossibilitiesfiftyyearsfromnowcouldincludeethanol,bio-diesel,nuclearenergyandabetterutilisationofwindenergy.

20. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

21.No,it’snottrue.Infacttertiarysectorisplayingasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofthe Indian economy.

— The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades.

— Inthelastdecade,thefieldofinformationtechnologyhasgrown,andconsequently,theGDPshareof the tertiarysectorhasgrownfromaround40%in1973tomorethan50%in2003.

— It helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors. — Though it does not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production

processes.

22. Bombay was a crowded city unlike London. With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city the crisis of housing and water supply became severe. Many families could reside in a tenementofoneroom.Forsomeitbecamedifficulttofindhouses.Thearrivalofthetextilemills increased the pressure on Bombay’s housing. But not all had the same problems. The richpeoplelivedinspaciousbungalows.Incontrastabout70%oftheworkingpeoplelivedin the crowded chawls of Bombay.

Chawlsweremulti-storeyedstructuresinthe‘native’partsofthetownwhichwereownedby private landlords, merchants, bankers, and building contractors. Each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenementswhichhadnoprivate toilets.The conditionsof chawls were awful.

Many families could reside at a time in a tenement. Rents were high. People had to keeptheroomwindowsclosedduetothenearnessoffilthygutters,buffalostablesetc.There was shortage of water.

Bombay’sfirstMunicipalCommissioner,ArthurCrawford,wasappointed in1865.Hetriedtokeepseveral‘dangeroustrades’outofsouthBombay.Hedescribedhowbuildersand entrepreneurs bribed inspectors to continue with their unsystematic use of space.

Finally planning of Bombay started as a result of fears about the plague epidemic. The

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city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. The trust focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre. By 1918, trust’s schemes had deprived 64,000 people oftheirhomes,butonly14,000werere-housed.

In 1918, a Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it had an adverse effect on the poor as the landlords stopped renting their houses.

23. The novel Indulekhadealswithanimportantissue,i.e.themarriagepracticesofupper-casteHindusinKerala,especiallytheNambuthiriBrahminsandtheNayars.Casteseemsto be an important factor in establishing marriage alliances.

Nambuthiris were major landlords in Kerala at that time and a large section of the Nayars were their tenants. In the late-19th century Kerala, a younger generation ofEnglish-educatedNayarmenafteracquiringpropertyandwealthontheirown,beganarguing against Nambuthiri alliances with Nayar women. They wanted new laws re-garding marriage and property.

The story of Indulekhaisworth-mentioninghere.SuriNambuthiri,thefoolishlandlordcomes to marry Indulekha, who is very intelligent. She rejects him and marries Madha-van who is an educated civil servant. The novelist Chandu Menon wanted his readers to appreciate the new values of his hero and heroine and criticise the ignorance and immorality of Suri Nambuthiri.

Another novel SaraswativijayamwaswrittenbyPotheriKunjambu,alower-castewriterfrom north Kerala. This novel attacks on caste oppression. The novel revolves around ayoungmanwhohappens tobean ‘untouchable’.Hehas to leavehis village to savehimself fromthecrueltyofhisBrahmin landlord.HeconvertstoChristianity,obtainsmodern education and returns to his village as a judge in the local court. Meanwhile, the villagers,thinkingthatthelandlord’smenhadkilledhim,fileacase.Attheconclusionof the trial, the judge reveals his identity. The Nambuthiri repents and reforms his ways.

Thus, the novel highlights the importance of education for the upliftment of the lower castes.

Or

HenryFordadoptedthe‘assemblyline’methodinordertoproducevechiclesinafasterand cheaper way. The assembly line forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously at a pace dictated by the conveyor belt. This was a way of increasing the output per worker by speeding up the pace of work. Standing in front of a conveyor belt no worker could afford to delay the motions, take a break or talk with his workmate. AsaresultHenryFord’scarcameofftheassemblylineatthree-minuteintervals.

AtfirstworkersattheFordfactoryfounditdifficulttocopewiththestressofworkingonassemblylinesinwhichtheycouldnotcontrolthepaceofwork.Sotheyquitinbignumbers. Ford then doubled the daily wage. At the same time he banned trade unions from operating in his plants.

HenryFordrecoveredthehighwagebyrepeatedlyspeedinguptheproductionlineandforcing workers to work ever harder. Soon he found that his decision to double the daily wageasthe‘bestcost-cuttingdecision’hehadevermade.

24.Cause:SewageandWastewater-Untreatedsewagewaterisamajorproblemindevelopingcountrieswithinadequatesanitation.Washingsfrompharmaceuticalandotherchemicalcompanies is also a major hazard.

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Effect-Rawsewageinwatercausesenvironmentalcontaminationandhumanillnesseslike diarrhea. Chemicals and pharmaceuticals are harmful to the environment, wildlife, and humans.

Cause:IndustrialWaste-Manyindustrialplantsworldwideusefreshwatertodisposeoftheir waste, polluting rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Effect-Industrialchemicalscantravelformanymilesandcauseextremebiomagnificationwithinthe food chain. This affects all predators and humans, causing illness and death.

25. Different methods of controlling soil erosion are: • In hilly areas: 1.Ploughingalongthecontourlinescanslowdowntheflowofwaterdowntheslopes.

This is called contour ploughing. 2. Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts ero-

sion.WesternandcentralHimalayashavewelldevelopedterracefarming. • In agricultural regions.Largefieldscanbedividedintostrips.Stripsofgrassare

left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

• In dry areas. Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed sig-nificantlytothestabilisationofsanddunesandinstabilisingthedesert inwesternIndia.

• In industrial and suburban areas. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastesafter treatment can reduce land and water degradation.

26.Thesocialdifferencescanbeoverlappingandcross-cuttinginnature. The difference between Blacks and Whites becomes a social division when Blacks are found

to be poor, racially discriminated and homeless people. Ifsocialdifferencescross-cutoneanother,itisdifficultforgroupstogetpittedagainst

oneanothere.g.intheNetherlands,classandreligioncross-cuteachother.CatholicsandProtestantsareequallyrichorpoorinthatcountry.

27. In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvement since Independence. It is because Indian society is a male dominated, patriarchal society. It values men over women and gives them more power and women face discrimination and oppression in many ways:

(i) Education. The literacy rate ofwomen is still lower thanmen.Only 54%of thewomenareliterateagainst76%literacyamongmen.Thisisbecauseaboy’seducationis still preferred over sending a girl child to school.

(ii) Proportion of women in paid jobs. Women still have a small share in the highly paid jobs. Even though on an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day, her work is not given importance. This results in low paid jobsforwomen.TheEqualWagesActprovidesthatequalwagesshouldbepaidtoequalwork.However,inalmostallareasofwork,fromsportsandcinematofactoriesandfields,womenarepaidlessthanmen,evenwhenbothdoexactlythesamework.

(iii) Preference for a male child.InIndia,parentsprefersonsoverdaughtersandfindwaysofabortinggirlchildbeforesheisborn.Thistypeofsex-selectiveabortionhasled to decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys).

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(iv) Crime against Women. There are various instances of crime against women. Women are exploited and harassed at the work place and at the home. There are cases of domestic violence against women which make her unsafe even within her family.

28. (i) ThenutritionallevelsofpeopleinKeralaandMadhyaPradesharedifferent.While22%and19%menandwomenrespectivelyareundernourishedinKerala,therespectivepercentagesofmaleandfemaleundernourishmentinMadhyaPradeshare43%and42%.ThisimpliesthatKeralahasbetternourishedpeoplethanMadhyaPradesh.Also,theunder-nourishmentaverageforMadhyaPradeshisgreaterthanthatfortheentirecountry, while that for Kerala is lower than the national average.

(ii) Despite thepresence of adequate food in the country, around40%of Indians areundernourished. This is because of the erratic and unsystematic distribution of food. Some states in the country ensure smooth running of ration shops and other forms of Public Distribution System (PDS). The supply of essential commodities to the people through government agencies is known as Public Distribution System.Itbenefitsthe weaker section of the society. The ration shops under the PDS system help the population maintain the nutritional status of the people by making food available. However,onaccountofexcessexportsandinconsistent foodsupplytothemasses,nearly40%oftheIndianpeopleareundernourished.

29. Primary sector Secondary sector

1. It covers activities that are undertaken 1. It covers activities in which natural by directly using natural resources. products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activities.

2. Itusesnaturalresources. 2. Itusesman-madeproducts.

3. Since most of the natural products we 3. Since this sector gradually became getarefromagriculture,dairy,fishing, associatedwithdifferentkindsof forestry so this sector is also called industries that came up, it is also agriculture and related sector. called as industrial sector.

4. Example: dairy, cultivation, mining of 4. Example: Sugar or gur is manufactured mineralores,fishing,forestry,etc. fromsugarcane,andbreadfrom wheatflouretc.

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30.