Second Edition ANDREW S. TANENBAUM MAARTEN...
Transcript of Second Edition ANDREW S. TANENBAUM MAARTEN...
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Tanenbaum & Van Steen, Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms, 2e, (c) 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-239227-5
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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Principles and ParadigmsSecond Edition
ANDREW S. TANENBAUM
MAARTEN VAN STEEN
Chapter 8
Fault Tolerance
Slide 1 (Notes)
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Tanenbaum & Van Steen, Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms, 2e, (c) 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-239227-5
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Fault Tolerance Basic Concepts
� Being fault tolerant is strongly related to what are called dependable systems
� Dependability implies the following:
1. Availability
2. Reliability
3. Safety
4. Maintainability
Slide 2 (Notes)
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Tanenbaum & Van Steen, Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms, 2e, (c) 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-239227-5
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Failure Models
Figure 8-1. Different types of failures.
Slide 3 (Notes)
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Failure Masking by Redundancy
Figure 8-2. Triple modular redundancy.
Slide 4 (Notes)
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Tanenbaum & Van Steen, Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms, 2e, (c) 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-239227-5
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Flat Groups versus Hierarchical Groups
Figure 8-3. (a) Communication in a flat group.
(b) Communication in a simple hierarchical group.
Slide 5 (Notes)
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Agreement in Faulty Systems (1)
Possible cases:
1. Synchronous versus asynchronous
systems.
2. Communication delay is bounded or not.
3. Message delivery is ordered or not.
4. Message transmission is done through
unicasting or multicasting.
Slide 6 (Notes)
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Agreement in Faulty Systems (2)
Figure 8-4. Circumstances under which distributed
agreement can be reached.
Slide 7 (Notes)
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Agreement in Faulty Systems (3)
Figure 8-5. The Byzantine agreement problem for three
nonfaulty and one faulty process. (a) Each process
sends their value to the others.
Slide 8 (Notes)
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Agreement in Faulty Systems (4)
Figure 8-5. The Byzantine agreement problem for three
nonfaulty and one faulty process. (b) The vectors that
each process assembles based on (a).
(c) The vectors that each process receives in step 3.
Slide 9 (Notes)
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Agreement in Faulty Systems (5)
Figure 8-6. The same as Fig. 8-5, except now with two correct
process and one faulty process.
Slide 10 (Notes)
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RPC Semantics in the
Presence of Failures
Five different classes of failures that can occur in
RPC systems:
1. The client is unable to locate the server.
2. The request message from the client to the
server is lost.
3. The server crashes after receiving a request.
4. The reply message from the server to the client
is lost.
5. The client crashes after sending a request.
Slide 11 (Notes)
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Server Crashes (1)
Figure 8-7. A server in client-server
communication.
(a) The normal case.
(b) Crash after execution.
(c) Crash before execution.
Slide 12 (Notes)
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Server Crashes (2)
Three events that can happen at the server:
� Send the completion message (M),
� Print the text (P),
� Crash (C).
Slide 13 (Notes)
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Server Crashes (3)
These events can occur in six different orderings:
1. M P C: A crash occurs after sending the completion � �
message and printing the text.
2. M C ( P): A crash happens after sending the � �
completion message, but before the text could be printed.
3. P M C: A crash occurs after sending the completion � �
message and printing the text.
4. P C( M): The text printed, after which a crash occurs � �
before the completion message could be sent.
5. C ( P M): A crash happens before the server could � �
do anything.
6. C ( M P): A crash happens before the server could � �
do anything.
Slide 14 (Notes)
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Server Crashes (4)
Figure 8-8. Different combinations of client and server
strategies in the presence of server crashes.
Slide 15 (Notes)
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Basic Reliable-Multicasting Schemes
Figure 8-9. A simple solution to reliable multicasting when all receivers are known and are assumed not to fail.
(a) Message transmission. (b) Reporting feedback.
Slide 16 (Notes)
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Nonhierarchical Feedback Control
Figure 8-10. Several receivers have scheduled a request for
retransmission, but the first retransmission request
leads to the suppression of others.
Slide 17 (Notes)
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Hierarchical Feedback Control
Figure 8-11. The essence of hierarchical reliable multicasting.
Each local coordinator forwards the message to its children and
later handles retransmission requests.
Slide 18 (Notes)
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Virtual Synchrony (1)
Figure 8-12. The logical organization of a distributed system to
distinguish between message receipt and message delivery.
Slide 19 (Notes)
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Virtual Synchrony (2)
Figure 8-13. The principle of virtual synchronous multicast.
Slide 20 (Notes)
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Message Ordering (1)
Four different orderings are distinguished:
� Unordered multicasts
� FIFO-ordered multicasts
� Causally-ordered multicasts
� Totally-ordered multicasts
Slide 21 (Notes)
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Message Ordering (2)
Figure 8-14. Three communicating processes in the
same group. The ordering of events
per process is shown along the vertical axis.
Slide 22 (Notes)
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Message Ordering (3)
Figure 8-15. Four processes in the same group with two different
senders, and a possible delivery order of messages under
FIFO-ordered multicasting
Slide 23 (Notes)
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Implementing Virtual Synchrony (1)
Figure 8-16. Six different versions of virtually
synchronous reliable multicasting.
Slide 24 (Notes)
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Implementing Virtual Synchrony (2)
Figure 8-17. (a) Process 4 notices that process 7
has crashed and sends a view change.
Slide 25 (Notes)
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Implementing Virtual Synchrony (3)
Figure 8-17. (b) Process 6 sends out all its
unstable messages, followed by a flush message.
Slide 26 (Notes)
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Implementing Virtual Synchrony (4)
Figure 8-17. (c) Process 6 installs the new view when it has
received a flush message from everyone else.
Slide 27 (Notes)
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Two-Phase Commit (1)
Figure 8-18. (a) The finite state machine for the coordinator in
2PC. (b) The finite state machine for a participant.
Slide 28 (Notes)
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Two-Phase Commit (2)
Figure 8-19. Actions taken by a participant P when residing in
state READY and having contacted another participant Q.
Slide 29 (Notes)
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Two-Phase Commit (3)
Figure 8-20. Outline of the steps taken by the
coordinator in a two-phase commit protocol.
. . .
Slide 30 (Notes)
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Two-Phase Commit (4)
Figure 8-20. Outline of the steps taken by the
coordinator in a two-phase commit protocol.
. . .
Slide 31 (Notes)
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Two-Phase
Commit (5)
Figure 8-21. (a) The steps
taken by a participant
process in 2PC.
Slide 32 (Notes)
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Two-Phase Commit (7)
Figure 8-21. (b) The steps for handling
incoming decision requests..
Slide 33 (Notes)
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Three-Phase Commit (1)
The states of the coordinator and each participant
satisfy the following two conditions:
1. There is no single state from which it is possible
to make a transition directly to either a COMMIT
or an ABORT state.
2. There is no state in which it is not possible to
make a final decision, and from which a
transition to a COMMIT state can be made.
Slide 34 (Notes)
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Three-Phase Commit (2)
Figure 8-22. (a) The finite state machine for the coordinator in
3PC. (b) The finite state machine for a participant.
Slide 35 (Notes)
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Recovery � Stable Storage
Figure 8-23. (a) Stable storage.
(b) Crash after drive 1 is updated. (c) Bad spot.
Slide 36 (Notes)
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Checkpointing
Figure 8-24. A recovery line.
Slide 37 (Notes)
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Independent Checkpointing
Figure 8-25. The domino effect.
Slide 38 (Notes)
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Characterizing Message-Logging
Schemes
Figure 8-26. Incorrect replay of messages
after recovery, leading to an orphan process.
Slide 39 (Notes)