Seawater Flow Batteryfor Cold-ironing and for

Grid-level Energy Storage

Prof. Peter J. Schubert, Ph.D., P.E.Director, Richard G. Lugar Center for Renewable

Energy at IUPUIBlue Tech Summit, San Diego

8 November 2013

Clean Cold-ironing with the Seawater Flow Battery

2

3

The Navy Knows Cold-IroningNavy ships have been “plugging-in” to pier-side electric services, referred to as “cold iron,” at Naval Base San Diego since the 1940s. Cold ironing is a shipping industry term that first came into use when all ships had coal-fired, iron-clad engines. When a ship would tie up at port without necessity to feed the fire, the iron engines would cool down, eventually going completely cold.

“Cold iron” evolved into the Shipboard Shore Energy Management Program. Recently, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus stated that the Department of the Navy will produce at least half of shore-based energy requirements on installations from alternative sources by the year 2020. In light of this requirement, SSEM has proven to be an effective way of reducing energy consumption.

-LT Lenaya Rotklein, USN

http://www.navyregionsouthwest.com/go/doc/4275/1216455/Reducing-energy-costs

Engineering Challenges

• Membrane selectivity• HCl Fuel Cell for round-trip efficiency• Electrode design, form factor• Bio-fouling & effluent control• Safety

Benchtop Prototype

Deposited Sodium 4

Performance EstimatesRevision

Prepared by Richard G. Lugar Center for Renewable EnergyAssumptions Equation Parameter 1 unit Parameter 2unit Calculationunits Comments/QuestionsArea of membrane w*h 15 m 15 m 225 m^2Saline concentration constant 3 percent 0.03 fraction assumes infinite supply (no desal)Electrolyte volume w*h*t 0.1 m 225 m^2 22.5 m^3 calls for high conductivity electrolyteSodium mass V/rho 927 kg/m^3 22.5 m^3 20857.5 kg displaces electrolyteMoles Na mol/gmw 0.023 vc 20857.5 kg 906847.8 molesNumber Na #/mol 6.02E+23 Na 906847.8 moles 5.46E+29 numberCoulombs (Q) e-/atom 6.24E+18 C/number 5.46E+29 number 8.75E+10 CoulombsCharge/discharge time assumed 12 hours 43200 seconds weather time constantEffi ciency constant 80 percent* 8.00E-01 fraction No heat loss, irreversibility, overvoltagePower VQ/S 2.7 Volts 2.03E+06 Amps 4.38E+06 Watts Current density in mA/cm^2 (below)Energy P*t 4.38E+06 W 12 hr 5.25E+07 Whr 900

52.5 MW-hr 4 MW over 12 hour period

units Comments1320 kg/m^3 Ethylene carbonate or similar

2.5 ratio Assume HCl FC 2x, BOP 1.5x74,250 kg

707 Wh/kg respectable metric!59 W/kg improve with folded form-factor

Seawater Battery Performance 30-Oct-13

Energy Storage Capacity

Specific Power

Balance of plant

*Sodium pathway only treated, but effi ciency accounts for HCl pathway also, for total of 80% round-trip. Electrolyte density

Battery massSpecific Energy

Specific Energy Calculation

Supplies 4 MW continuous over 12 hour period 5

Project Summary & BudgetSeawater Battery for Grid-Level StorageFive-Year R&D to PrototypeMulti-organization, multi-disciplinary Project ProposalTask List Organization Start Duration Budget DeliverableMembrane development and dimensions Lugar Center Year 1 5 $500,000 robust Na permeable membraneCurrent collector and geometry Year 2 4 $500,000 materials, geometry, catalystElectrolyte selection and displacement mechanism Year 1 5 $500,000 stable with Na+, non-aqueousDendrite suppression or intercalation compound Year 1 5 $500,000 displace electrolyte with SodiumMechanical design, filtering, flow, maintenance Year 3 3 $500,000 rugged, low-cost, safe designHCl fuel cell Year 1 5 $500,000 long-lived components, high eHigh current electrical design Year 3 3 $500,000 power management, distributionSafety considerations and risk assessment Year 4 2 $100,000 design, operation suggestionsPrototype construction, validation, testing Year 4 2 $1,200,000 working prototype and dataProject management Lugar Center Year 1 5 $200,000 on-time, under-budget

TOTAL $5,000,000

6

Project includes 2 intermediate demonstrations

Next Steps

• Form coalition of complementary capabilities• Identify first-adopters, suitable test site• Create joint venture, sign contracts• Secure financing, disperse funds• Start work, manage effectively.

“Let’s go”

Solid E

lectr

oly

teNa+

Cl-H2O

OH-

Sea Water (Na+)

Desalinated Water

NaOH (aq)

ChargeCathode

DischargeCathode

Sea Water (H2O)

e-

Cl2 gas

e-

Cl-OH-

Solid E

lectr

oly

teNa+

Org

anic

Liq

uid

E.

H2 gas

H2O

Org

anic

Liq

uid

E.

Na

Solid E

lectr

oly

te

Na+

OH-

Thank You

• www.lugarenergycenter.org• IUPUI (Indianapolis)• Peter J. Schubert, Ph.D., P.E.

– Director, and Professor of ECE– E-mail: pjschube@iupui.edu– Phone: +1 317-278-0812

New home for the Lugar CenterMove-in date: December ‘13