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Introduction to the New Testament

Outline of NT Survey• 21 Feb – Intro to the New Testament • 28 Feb – Intro to the Synoptic Gospels• 6 Mar – Intro to Acts & Other Writings• 13 Mar – Intro to the Letters of Paul• 20 Mar – Intro to the Writings of John

Reading Requirements• Read the Entire NT according to the schedule.– Read Matthew, Mark, & Luke before Feb 28.– Acts, 1&2 Peter, Hebrews, Jude, & James before

March 6– Romans, 1&2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians,

Philippians, Colossians, 1&2 Thessalonians, 1&2 Timothy, Titus, & Philemon before March 13.

– Read the Gospel of John, 1,2,3 John, & the Revelation of John before March 20.

Ngayon• NT Defined• Dating• Formation of the Canon• Quiz• Authors of the NT• Overview of the NT

Definition of NT• New Testament - the collection of books of the

Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other epistles, and Revelation; composed soon after Christ's death; the 2nd half of the Christian Bible

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Why is there a New Testament?

When the NT books were written

BookJames Galatians 1 & 2 Thessalonians Mark Matthew 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Romans Luke Acts Colossians, Ephesians Philippians, Philemon 1 Peter 1 Timothy Titus Hebrews 2 Peter 2 Timothy Jude John 1, 2, 3 John Revelation

Date (A.D. )45-49 49 51 50s or 60s 50s or 60s 5556 57-58 60 61 61 63 63-64 63-66 63-66 64-68 66 67 68-80 85-90 85-90 90-95

Who chose the books we have in our NT?

Canon of the NT• Greek (Phoenician?) – A rod or ruler for measuring objects

• Tagalog – Tuntunin– Pamantayan

• “A Standard.”

Christianity's Relationship w/ Judaism1. Reaffirmed its connection to Judaism– There is a list of sacred books

2. Broke with Jewish past– The Jewish Scriptures are incomplete without NT..

Needs of Early Church Met by NT1. Standards for worship, models for prayers,

liturgies, & sermons2. Reading material for public & private devotion3. A Theological Standard for …– Responding to criticism of non-Christians– Judging doctrinal disputes with other Christians

4. A standardized text to translate as Christianity spread..

NT Evidence of Canon

Iyan ang isinulat sa inyo ng kapatid nating si Pablo, taglay ang karunungang kaloob sa kanya ng Diyos. Sa lahat ng sulat niya tungkol sa paksang ito, ganito ang lagi niyang paalala. Kaya lang, ang ilang bahagi sa kanyang mga sulat ay mahirap unawain, at binibigyan ng maling kahulugan ng mga mangmang at magugulo ang pag-iisip. Ganyan din ang kanilang ginagawa sa ibang mga Kasulatan ….

-2Pe 3:15-16

History of Canon• Word first used in AD 367 by Athanasius, bishop of

Alexandria (North Africa)

Alexandria

NT definition of Canon

144 – Marcion (d. 160)

• Gospel of Luke (with no references to OT)• 10 Pauline Epistles

ca. 200 – Muratorian Canon• 4 Gospels• Acts• Pauline Epistles to 7 churches

– 1-2 Corinthians; Ephesians; Philippians; Colossians; Galatians; 1-2 Thessalonians; Romans

• Pauline Epistles to – Philemon; Titus; & 1-2 Timothy

• Jude• 1-3 John• Apocalypse of John

(Revelation)

In MC but NOT in NT• Wisdom of Solomon• Apocalypse of Peter• 2 letters "against the heresy of

Marcion"– Laodicea– Alexandria

In NT but not in Muratorian Canon– 1-2 Peter– James– Hebrews

Origen (ca. 185-ca. 254)• All present 27 books– Some doubts about Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 & 3

John, & Revelation

Athanasius & Synod of Carthage (397)

• 4 Gospels• Acts• 1-2 Co; Ephs; Phil; Col;

Ga; 1-2 Th; Romans

• Philemon; Titus; & 1-2 Timothy

• Jude• 1-3 John• Apocalypse of John

(Revelation) • 1-2 Peter• James• Hebrews.

Present 27 books

Canon: The Key• The key to determining whether a book was to

be included was apostolicity: A book came directly from …– A disciple of Christ; – Someone within the sphere of influence of an

apostle; OR whether it– Expressed in a pure form the apostles' message

about Christ.

Quiz

Intro to NT Outline

BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF EACH NT AUTHOR

Adapted from Craig A. Ledbetter, Overview of the New Testament: A Basic Survey of the Background & Teaching of the Entire New

Testament, Student Edition (www.biblebc.com).

Matthew / Mateo

Mathew, also known as Levi, was a publican or tax collector who was chosen by Jesus to be one of the twelve Apostles. As a tax collector Matthew would have been a literate person well suited to author one of the gospel records. Early church tradition credits Matthew with the authorship of the gospel bearing his name.

John Mark / MarcosThis disciple is given credit by the early church as the author of the Gospel bearing his name. Mark was the Latin surname given to this young man whose Jewish name was John. John Mark was cousin to Barnabas, a prominent figure in the early church. Mark travelled with his cousin Barnabas in ministry & later in years ministered to the Apostles Peter & Paul. Mark is not identified as one who walked with Jesus yet his association with the Apostles qualifies him to produce a gospel record.

Luke / Lucas

This man is credited with authoring the 3rd Gospel & the book of Acts. Luke is mentioned 3 times in the NT. (Col 4:14; Phlm 24; 2Ti 4:11) & from these passages we learn that Luke was a doctor & a fellow worker of Paul who travelled with Paul during his missionary journeys. Luke was an educated man whose attention to historical detail is of great value to us today.

John, the Son of Zebedee / Juan

One of the 12 apostles, John was a fisherman & brother to one of the other 12 apostles, James. John is the author of the 4th gospel, 3 epistles, & the Revelation. John was a close personal associate of Jesus being referred to as the "...disciple whom Jesus loved". John's writings are of tremendous value to the Christian church & account for a big part of the NT.

Simon Peter / 1,2 PedroPeter was one of the most prominent of the twelve Apostles. He was also a fisherman & brother to another of the twelve who's name was Andrew. Peter was also referred to at times as Simeon (Acts 15:14) along with Cephas & Simon (John 1:43). Peter was a part of Jesus group of disciples & remains an important person throughout the early church history. Peter is credited with authoring the two Epistles which bear his name & as being the likely source for Mark's Gospel.

Paul / SaulThe Apostle Paul, although not one of the original 12 Apostles, was chosen by Jesus to be an apostle & to go out to bring the gospel to the non-Jewish people of his day. Paul was a Jew of respectable heritage & a ranking member of the strict Jewish sect of the Pharisees. Paul was also a Roman citizen by birth which he used to his advantage in times of persecution. His name before his conversion was Saul & he was well known because he fiercely persecuted the early Christians. After his miraculous conversion Paul went on to live one of the most fruitful lives of service for the kingdom of God.Paul wrote some of his letters by himself, including Romans, Ephesians, 1 & 2 Timothy, & Titus. However, he wrote most of his letters with co-authors including Sosthenes (1Co 1:1; ) Timothy (2Co 1:2; Ph 1:1; Co 1:1; 1Th 1:1, 2Th 1:1), Silas, (1Th 1:1; 2Th 1:1). Other times Paul does not state his co-authors my name, but does indicate that he had them (Ga 1:2).

James / SantiagoThe author of the epistle of James this man was also a brother of Jesus (Ga 1:19). James was not one of the 12 but was clearly a leader in the early church in Jerusalem (Ac 12:17; Ga 1:19; 2:9). An important council in Jerusalem chaired by James was responsible for deciding that it was not a requirement for Gentiles to keep the ceremonial aspects of the law of Moses (Ac 15:13,19). James was one of those who saw Jesus after He rose from the dead (1Co 15:7).

Jude / Judas

The author of one epistle of only 25 verses, Jude was also a brother of James & Jesus (Jude 1).His name in Greek would be Judas however this is not the traitor of Jesus but the defender of the faith who's epistle speaks out boldly against the apostasy of his day.

????• No one knows who wrote Hebrews. • Profile: Well known, Jewish, Intellectual, knew OT

well, not a companion of Jesus, not one who saw the risen Jesus

• There are 3 theories as to who it might have been:1. Paul2. Barnabas3. Apollos

? Writer of Hebrews ?1. Paul

a) Common view before AD1500 b) Before it was “The Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews,”

but no real agreement as to who wrote it.c) This is not a common belief today– 2:3 – “Ang Panginoon ang unang nagpahayag ng

kaligtasang ito, at ang mga nakarinig sa kanya ang nagpatunay sa atin na ito'y totoo.”

? Writer of Hebrews ?2. Barnabas

a) Tertullian (AD 200) wrote about “an epistle to the Hebrews under the name of Barnabas.”

b) Fits the profile of the writer– Jew (Ac 4:36), – Commissioned as missionary (Ac 13:1-4)

? Writer of Hebrews ?3. Apollos

a) Suggested by Martin Luther. Most common today.b) Alexandrian Jewish Christian– Ac 18:24-28 – “Dumating sa Efeso ang isang Judiong nagngangalang

Apolos. Siya'y taga-Alejandria, mahusay magtalumpati at maraming alam sa Banal na Kasulatan. Naturuan siya tungkol sa Daan ng Panginoon, at masigasig na nangangaral at nagtuturo nang wasto tungkol kay Jesus. Ngunit ang bautismo ni Juan lamang ang kanyang nalalaman. Siya'y buong tapang na nagsasalita sa sinagoga ng mga Judio. Nang marinig ng mag-asawang Aquila at Priscila ang pagpapaliwanag ni Apolos, siya'y isinama nila sa kanilang bahay at doo'y pinaliwanagan nang mabuti tungkol sa mga bagay na hindi pa niya nalalaman tungkol sa Daan ng Diyos. At nang ipasya niyang pumunta sa Acaya, sumulat sila sa mga kapatid doon upang malugod nilang tanggapin si Apolos. Pagdating doon, malaki ang naitulong niya sa mga mananampalataya dahil sa kagandahang-loob ng Diyos, sapagkat walang magawa sa kanya ang mga Judio sa kanilang pagtatalo sa harap ng madla. Sa pamamagitan ng mga Kasulatan ay pinatunayan niyang si Jesus ang Cristo.”

Important• Many of the NT books don’t state who their

author is. Others are under dispute among scholars. So what does it all mean for us?

• 2Ti 3:16 – “Ang lahat ng Kasulatan ay kinasihan ng Diyos …”

• Inspiration applies to what was written, not to who wrote it.

Overview of the New Testament

Adapted from Tim McCoy, Overview of the New Testament

(http://www.oaksbible.org/Contents/OverviewNewTestament.pdf)

4 GOSPELS (“Good News”) or LIFE STORIES OF JESUS CHRIST

Mateo• Attributed to the disciple, Matthew. • Jesus = KING & MESSIAH, the PROMISED Savior. • Written to the Jews. • Keys: – “kingdom” used 55 times; – “kingdom of heaven” used 35 times (unique to

Matthew); – 29 OT references & 13 additional “this was written

that it might be fulfilled . . .”

MateoOutline:• 5 Great Discourses– Chs 5-7 Sermon on the Mount– Ch 10 Apostle’s Commissioning– Ch 13 Parables of the Kingdom– Ch 18 Life in the Kingdom– Chs 24-25 Olivet Discourse (End of the Age)– Each identified by “when Jesus had finished …” (7:28;

11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1)

Marcos• Attributed to John Mark, the young friend of Paul. • Jesus = SERVANT, the POWERFUL Savior. • Written to the the Romans. • Keys: – “and” is used 1375 times; – “immediately” used 40 times - a continual drama of

action

Lucas• Attributed to Luke. • Jesus = SON OF MAN, the PERFECT Savior. • Written to the Greeks. • Keys: – unique details of humanity: birth, boyhood, praying,

weeping, bleeding; – stories of humanity: prodigal, Samaritan, publican,

Zacchaeus, thief; – poetic book: songs, prayers

Juan• Attributed to the disciple, John. • Jesus = SON OF GOD, the PERSONAL Savior. • Written to all who will believe. • Keys: – deity of Jesus; – “believe” 98 times, – “my Father” 35 times; – ministry in Judea; – omissions: no genealogy, birth, temptation,

transfiguration, parables, ascension, commission

13 LETTERS WRITTEN BY PAUL or “PAULINE EPISTLES”

Mga Taga-Roma• Theme: The RIGHTEOUSNESS of God (1:16, 17) • Doctrinal / Practical Pivot: Ch 12:1, 2 • Outline: – Chs 1 – 3:20 Who We Are By Nature– Ch 3:21-Ch 5: How to Become a Christian• Chs 6-8 How to Live the Christian Life– Chs 9-11 Why Israel Is Set Aside– Chs 12-16 How To Serve God

1 Mga Taga-Corinto• Theme: The LORDSHIP of Jesus Christ (1:31) • Outline:– Chs 1 –11 Corrections in Christian Conduct – Chs 12 – 16 Instructions in Christian Conduct• (12 – Gifts, 13 – Love, 14 – Languages, 15 – Resurrection)

2 Mga Taga-Corinto• Theme: Jesus, our SUFFICIENCY (12:9) [also

Comfort (1:3; 13:11)] • Important chapter: Ch 5 (Present & Future

bodies; Reconciliation• Outline:– Chs 1 – 7 Paul’s Ministry (he defends his credentials)– Chs 8 – 9 Liberal Giving– Chs 10 – 13 Paul’s Apostleship (he defends his

courage)

Mga Taga-Galacia• Theme: FREEDOM in Christ (5:1). • Doctrinal / Practical Pivot: Ch 5:1• The Christian “Declaration of Independence.”

Walk by the SPIRIT (5:16).• Outline:– Chs 1-2 Personal (Paul defends his life of grace) – Chs 3-4 Doctrinal (Freedom from the law) – Chs 5-6 Practical (Walking in the Spirit)

Mga Taga-Efeso• Theme: The BODY OF CHRIST.• Doctrinal / Practical Pivot: Ch 4:1 • Important chapter: Ch 6 (armor of God in our

battle with evil) • Outline:– Chs 1-4 The Believer’s CALL– Chs 5-6 The Believer’s WALK

Mga Taga-Filipos• Theme: Jesus, Our JOY (“joy” 16 times)• Doctrinal / Practical Pivot: 4:4• Outline:– Ch 1 Joy in Purposeful Living (1:21) – Ch 2 Joy in Humble Attitude (2:5)– Ch 3 Joy in Proper Goal (3:14) – Ch 4 Joy in Dependence on Christ (4:13)

Mga Taga-Colosas• Theme: EXALTED in Christ – Christ the head of the

body, our LIFE (hope of glory, complete in Him, fullness of deity)

• Doctrinal / Practical Pivot: 3:1. • Outline:– Ch 1 The Deeper Life - rooted in His person (1:23)– Ch 2 The Higher Life - built up in Him (2:7) – Ch 3 The Inner Life - Christ richly within you (3:16) – Ch 4 The Outer Life - wisdom toward outsiders(4:5)

1 Mga Taga-Tesalonica• Theme: JESUS’ SOON RETURN Emphasis on His

coming in the clouds. • Doctrinal / Practical Pivot: 4:1 Ch. 4:“Rapture”;

Chap. 5:“Day of the Lord” • Outline:– Ch 1 – 3 Looking back: How they were saved– Ch 4 – 5 Looking forward: How they should live

2 Mga Taga-Tesalonica• Theme: JESUS COMING TO REIGN Emphasis on

His coming to earth. • Doctrinal / Practical Pivot: 3:1 Ch. 2 – Tribulation:

Apostasy & Antichrist• Outline: – Ch 1 Comfort – from the hope of Christ’s return– Ch 2 Caution – on the time of Christ’s return– Ch 3 Command – in the light of Christ’s return

1 Timoteo• Theme: SOUND DOCTRINE• Pastoral: Lessons in Leadership• Outline:– Ch 1 The GOAL & ATTITUDE of leadership – Ch 2 The PRIORITY & AUTHORITY of leadership – Ch 3 The QUALIFICATIONS of leadership – Ch 4 The DISCIPLINE of leadership – Ch 5 The WAGES of leadership – Ch 6 The RESPONSIBILITY of leadership

2 Timoteo• Theme: HANG IN THERE • Pastoral: Paul’s farewell letter (4:7) • Outline:– Ch 1 “Kindle afresh” your gift (1:6)– Ch 2 “Be strong” in the grace of Jesus (2:1)– Ch 3 “Difficult times will come” (3:1)– Ch 4 “Preach the Word” (4:1)

Tito• Theme: SOUND BEHAVIOR• Pastoral: Godliness or Good Deeds• Outline:– Ch 1 Godliness in the church– Ch 2 Godliness in the home – Ch 3 Godliness in the world

Filemon• Theme: FORGIVENESS • Personal: defending a believing, runaway slave

8 LETTERS WRITTEN BY OTHER AUTHORS or “GENERAL EPISTLES”

Mga Hebreo• Theme: A BETTER WAY• Probably not written by Paul. (Apollos?) • An important NT book linking the OT with the NT

• Ch 11: FAITH • Outline:– Chs 1 - 4:13 The Superiority of the Person of Christ– Chs 4:13 – 10:18 The Superiority of the Priesthood

of Christ – Chs 10:19 – 13 The Superiority of the Life in Christ

Santiago• Theme: PRACTICAL WISDOM Our behavior

must match our belief• Written by James, the earthly brother of Jesus. A

series of 54 commands.• Outline:– Ch 1 Testings & Temptations – Ch 2 Faith without Works is Dead (2:17)– Ch 3 Control of the Tongue– Ch 4 The Source of Lust– Ch 5 Reacting to the Rich

1 Pedro• Theme: HOPE IN SUFFERING Written by Peter,

the disciple.• Outline:– Ch 1 Hope & Holy (our living hope & be holy) – Ch 2 Grow & Government (grow in the Word; respect

government) – Ch 3 Wives & Witness (wives be submissive; be ready

to witness)– Ch 4 Stewards & Suffering (be a steward of your gift;

suffer rightly)– Ch 5 Leaders & Lions (leader principles; Satan is like a

lion)

2 Pedro• Theme: TRUTH IN FALSEHOOD Written by

Peter, the disciple. • Outline:– Ch 1 True Knowledge & Inspiration of Scripture (1:20,

21) – Ch 2 Prophets & Peril (false prophets & peril to

believers)– Ch 3 Mockers & Melting (scoffers & earth destroyed

by fire)

1 Juan• Theme: THAT YOU MAY KNOW (5:13) Written by

John, the disciple.• Outline:– Chs 1 – 2 God is LIGHT - 7 Action Tests of our Faith– Ch 3 Practicing Righteousness - Blending of our

actions & belief– Chs 4 – 5 God is LOVE – 4 Belief Tests of our Faith

2 Juan• Theme: EMBRACE TRUTH Personal: Written by

John to “a chosen lady”

3 Juan• Theme: HOSPITALITY Personal: Written by

disciple John to Gaius

Judas• Theme: CONTEND FOR THE FAITH Written by

Jude – earthly brother of Jesus• Michael the archangel; details on Enoch, the 7th

from Adam

1 PROPHETIC BOOK or APOCALYPTIC BOOK

Pahayag• Theme: UNVEILING OF THE END TIMES• Outline:

– “A careful reading of the book of Revelation has made it clear that the book consists of 7 sections, and that these 7 sections run parallel to one another. Each of them spans the entire dispensation from the 1st to the 2nd coming of Christ. This period is viewed now from 1 aspect, now from another.” William Hendriksen

– Chs 1-11 – The Struggle on Earth. The Church persecuted by the world. The Church is avenged, protected & victorious. • Chs 1-3 Christ in the 7 Lampstands• Chs 4-7 The book with the 7 Seals• Chs 8-11 The 7 Trumpets of Judgment

– Chs 12-22 – The Deeper Spiritual Background. The Christ (& church) persecuted by the dragon (Satan) and his helpers. Christ & His Church are victorious. • Chs 12-14 The Woman & Child Persecuted by the Dragon et al.• Chs 15-16 The 7 Bowls of Wrath• Chs 17-19 The Fall of Babylon & the Beasts• Chs 20-22 The Judgment on the Dragon, New Heaven, Earth & Jerusalem