Seamless Wireless RSVP over Ubiquitous Networks

Seamless Wireless RSVP over Ubiquitous Networks

Yu-Chang Chen1*, Jhih-Siao Gao2, Ya-Bo Hu1 and Shiang-Chi Tseng1

1Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Shu-Te University,

Kaohsiung, Taiwan 824, R.O.C.2Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering , National Dong-Hwa University,

Hualien, Taiwan 974, R.O.C.

Abstract

In recent years, the development of wireless communication technologies has made progression

toward Wireless Mobile ALL-IP Network. By integrating the communication technologies, connections

are provided among a great number of wireless communication networks, and users are able to select

devices from different wireless communication technologies for internet access. People are no longer

confined to some specific location for internet access, and data transmission roaming among

heterogeneous wireless networks is becoming more and more popular. For this reason, this paper

proposes Seamless Wireless RSVP to solve the problems concerning resource reservation in wireless

networks in the hope of a much better roaming communication quality. It has been an important issue

to guarantee persistent quality of service (QoS) while mobile nodes are roaming among heterogeneous

wireless networks. Therefore, this paper proposes a hierarchical advanced resource reservation

mechanism for mobile communication in wireless networks, which, by means of the hierarchical

domain registration, will cut down the amount of data exchanged and the network resource wasted

caused by resource reservations. This will consequently increase the network resource usage

efficiency. This mechanism will also reserve resources ahead of time in the candidate wireless network

that the mobile node will visit, so as to maintain the transmission quality of the original network and

achieve seamless wireless RSVP over ubiquitous networks.

Key Words: Wireless, Seamless, RSVP, Hierarchical

1. Introduction

With the change in the network access habits, wire-

less networks have gradually become part of our lives.

People have started to enjoy various network services

like voice communication, real time music, mobile IPTV,

and mobile data exchange. The wireless network envi-

ronment, aiming at “anytime, anywhere and any device”,

thus becomes the main target for developing wireless

networks of the next generation [1�4]. Users’ action of

reconnecting to other wireless networks due to move-

ment is called Handoff. A seamless handoff [5,6] is an

important technology which enables mobile nodes to

move freely without any geographic restriction while

maintaining communication quality. However, with to-

day’s IP network routing, to maintain the quality of com-

munication services [7�10] has been a big challenge

when users perform “handoffs” from a connected wire-

less network to another. This paper wishes to construct a

hierarchical Passive RSVP mechanism by means of the

hierarchical mobile IP [11,12] scheme, to reduce the

amount of messages exchanged and resources wasted as

a result of resource reservation, and to increase the net-

work resource utilization with advanced resource reser-

vation strategies. Furthermore, the QoS of the original

network is also maintained over the new network, in or-

der to achieve seamless wireless networks with persis-

tent QoS [13,14].

Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 225�234 (2011) 225

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

There still exists lots of bottleneck in today’s hand-

off technology. This paper will propose Seamless Wire-

less RSVP [15,16] to construct a seamless ubiquitous

network. The main purposes of this paper are summa-

rized into the following three points:

(a) By means of the hierarchical domain registration, we

will reduce the amount of control messages ex-

changed on the internet, to increase the transmission

efficiency.

(b) Taking the advantage of the hierarchical domain

registration, we will set up the resource reservation

between the local gateway and the new network in-

stead of that between a remote node and the new net-

work, to increase the resource utilization.

(c) By means of setting up resource reservation ahead of

time, we will maintain the quality of services of the

original network over the new network, to achieve a

seamless wireless network [17�19].

Here is the main structure of this paper: section 2

will review the related researches; section 3 will propose

the hierarchical passive RSVP mechanism and SW_

RSVP; section 4 will present the performance evaluation

of the method proposed; section 5 will give a conclusion

of this paper.

2. Related Researches

This section will introduce mobile Resource Reser-

vation Protocol, Hierarchical MRSVP, and pointer for-

warding schemes for the mobile RSVP. A comparison of

the advantages and disadvantages among these methods

will also be given.

2.1 Mobile Resource Reservation Protocol

In MRSVP [20], an agent that is located at the same

network as the mobile node is called a home agent, while

an agent that is located at a neighbor subnet is called a re-

mote agent [21]. Both the home agent and the remote

agent are recorded in Mobility Specification (MSPEC).

Through the updated MSPEC and the PATH and

RESV messages transmitted between the sender and the

mobile node, the active resource reservation (Active

RSVP) between the sender and the mobile node can be

set up. Several Passive Resource Reservations (Passive

RSVP) between the sender and the remote agent will also

be set up. The Active RSVP path is a real packet trans-

mission path, while the Passive RSVP paths are only re-

served ahead of time, without any packet transmission.

As shown in Figure 1, when the mobile node moves

to a new location, MRSVP will change the Passive RSVP

between the sender and the agent of the network domain

where the mobile node is located, into the Active RSVP.

At the same time, the original Active RSVP will become

a Passive RSVP. Since the resource has already been re-

served in the Passive RSVP, the needed resources for the

mobile node in the new network can be resumed right

away. This is a seamless handoff, and the QoS persis-

tence is able to be maintained by means of MRSVP.

However, MRSVP uses too much bandwidth for Passive

RSVP, and the excessive resource wasted may reduce the

system efficiency [22�24].

2.2 Hierarchical MRSVP

By means of the hierarchical Mobile IP domain re-

gistration [25], Hierarchical MRSVP [26] can effectively

solve the problem of excessive Passive RSVP in MRSVP.

As shown in Figure 2, HMRSVP will set up a Passive

RSVP only in a boundary cell that the mobile node is

moving toward when the mobile node may move across

the domain boundary.

HMRSVP uses a hierarchical structure to cut down

the amount of messages exchanged for mobile handoffs

and solve the problem of resource wasted caused by set-

ting up excessive passive RSVP in MRSVP. However, it

is highly possible that the strategy of reconstructing the

resource reservation between the Gateway Foreign Agent

(GFA) and the mobile node after a handoff is performed

will result in lack of resources during the period after the

handoff and before finishing the Passive RSVP setup.

2.3 Resource Reservation with Pointer Forwarding

Schemes for the Mobile RSVP

Pointer Forwarding [27,28] uses the same hierar-

chical Mobile IP domain registration architecture as

HMRSVP. The difference is that Pointer Forwarding

[29,30] sets up Passive RSVP ahead of time only on the

movement path when the mobile node moves from the

present network to a new network, as shown in Figure 3.

In this way, Pointer Forwarding is able to greatly

save the time that the mobile node spends on handoffs.

However, the setup of the resource reservation takes

226 Yu-Chang Chen et al.

place only when the mobile node starts to build its Active

RSVP node, continuing along its movement path, and

stops at its new arriving node. The way how Pointer For-

warding sets up the resource reservation will reduce the

bandwidth utilization of the nodes along the whole move-

ment path, increase the packet transmission duration

along the path, and finally affect the QoS. As shown in

Table 1, we compare the advantages and disadvantages

among Mobile Resource Reservation Protocol, Hierar-

chical MRSVP, and pointer forwarding schemes for the

mobile RSVP. We will also elaborate on the advantages

of SW_RSVP, which combines the advantages of the

above three methods, in later sections.

3. The Research Method

Most network services using the Resource Reserva-

tion Protocol today are highly time-sensitive real-time

services. Therefore, knowing how to reduce the effect

caused by handoffs and maintain the communication

quality persistence is the most important issue. This paper

sets up Passive RSVP ahead of time to maintain the QoS

over the new network before the mobile node moves to it.

Hence, the needed quality of services can be obtained as

soon as when the mobile node moves into the new net-

work where Passive RSVP has already been set up.

3.1 System Architecture

As shown in Figure 4, this paper uses the hierar-

chical network for resource reservation setup [31�33].

When the mobile node may perform a local handoff, the

Passive RSVP setup takes place only inside the network.

This will reduce the amount of Passive RSVP as well as

the massive control messages exchanged between the

Seamless Wireless RSVP over Ubiquitous Networks 227

Figure 1. Overview of MRSVP. Figure 2. Overview of HMRSVP.

Figure 3. Overview of pointer forwarding.

sender and the mobile node, therefore increasing the

bandwidth utilization [34].

To achieve the goals of this paper, extension is

needed for the functions of the current RSVP as well as

the function modules of the mobile node, the resource

sender, and the hierarchical network GFA. Via the agent

mechanism [35], the resource reservation path switching

can be done whenever a resource reservation is set up

ahead of time or an intra-domain or inter-domain handoff

is performed. Furthermore, in order to be compatible to

the protocols in operation and to provide the ability to

perform gradual upgrade, this paper will retain the ori-

ginal functions and definitions of the Resource Reserva-

tion Protocol and define new functions in its preserved

field. We will also establish new functions and descrip-

tions for current Resource Reservation Protocol and a

few network devices [36].

3.2 SW_RSVP Mechanism

When users set up the resource reservation from a

mobile node to another mobile node, SW_RSVP will de-

cide, via the data in MSPEC, if the network that the mo-

bile node is visiting is located at the same network do-

main as the mobile node during the handoff process, and

set up ahead of time the resource reservation between the

GFA or the Sender and the remote agent of the network

where the mobile node is visiting.

To prevent an outside factor from failing the Passive

RSVP that has already been set up, SW_RSVP will send

an Update message via Mobile IP protocol whenever an

intra-domain or inter-domain handoff is performed. The

Gateway Foreign Agent or the Sender can thus be aware

that the mobile node is performing a handoff. It will

check first to see if a Passive RSVP exists before re-set-

ting up the Passive RSVP or changing the Passive RSVP

into the Active RSVP. It will remove the original Active

RSVP in the end.

The first time when a mobile node sets up a resource

reservation between the mobile node and a communica-

tion node, and performs a handoff, the resource reserva-

tion mechanism will be triggered and its procedure is as


Table 1. Four RSVP protocols compared table

Protocols

Adv. and Disadv.MRSVP HMRSVP

Pointer

ForwardingSW_RSVP

Save internal handoff costs

(advantage 1)V V V

Reduce external handoff delay

(advantage 2)V V

Mobile IPv6 compatible

(advantage 3)V V V

Handoff resource reservation guarantee

(advantage 4)V V

Extra-Resource

Costs increased by handoff

(disadvantage1)

V V

Resource consumed increased by handoff times

(disadvantage2)V

Figure 4. Overview of SW_RSVP with intra-domain handoff.

follows: the network location of the agent that the mobile

node is visiting is searched first, and then the resource

reservation is set up, either on a complete or a partial

path, based on its network domain.

Figure 5 shows the mechanism flowchart for setting

up a resource reservation ahead of time for a mobile

node. We divide it into four parts:

(a) Resource reservation setup and network handoff:

The proposed mechanism is triggered when the mo-

bile node sets up a resource reservation and performs a

network handoff, which will then set up the resource

reservation ahead of time.

(b) Inquiring about remote agents:

The mobile node inquires the agent of the current

network about the location of the remote agents of its

neighbor networks.

(c) Asking for a relay location:

When the mobile node gets the location of the re-

mote agents of its neighbor networks, it will ask these

agents for a relay location.

(d) Passive RSVP setup:

When the mobile node gets a relay location, it will

then relay Quality of Service Spec Message (QSSM), a

message for setting up resource reservation ahead of

time, to the corresponding remote agent to ask for a Pas-

sive RSVP setup.

When the mobile node performs a network handoff,

the mechanism for setting up the resource reservation

ahead of time in SW_RSVP will be triggered at the Gate-

way Foreign Agent or the Sender, depending on whether

it is an internal handoff or an external handoff. The fol-

lowing gives an example of an internal handoff. To pre-

vent an outside factor from failing the Passive RSVP, the

Gateway Foreign Agent will check to see if a Passive

RSVP exists between itself and the network where the

mobile node is located after the handoff.

Figure 6 describes the mechanism flowchart for set-


Figure 5. The mechanism flowchart of SW_RSVP.Figure 6. The mechanism flowchart of Gateway Foreign Agent

(GFA) and the corresponding node in SW_RSVP.

ting up the resource reservation ahead of time at the

Gateway Foreign Agent (GFA) and the corresponding

node in SW_RSVP. There are three parts in Figure 6:

(a) Check for resource reservation:

When the mobile node performs a network handoff,

the Gateway Foreign Agent will check the resource re-

servations it has set up to see if there exists an Active

RSVP connected to the mobile node.

(b) Resource reservation setup and the handoff:

If the Active RSVP of the mobile node’s Gateway

Foreign Agent is not connected to the mobile node’s cur-

rent network, a connection will be built to the Active

RSVP located in the mobile node’s current network;

otherwise, the Passive RSVP will be set as the Active

RSVP.

(c) Teardown of the original resource reservation:

When the Gateway Foreign Agent re-sets up the re-

source reservation or sets the original Passive RSVP as

the Active RSVP, it will send a RSVP TEAR message to

the old home agent of the mobile node before the handoff

is performed to tear down the old Active RSVP.

4. The Simulation Results and Analysis

This section will present an analysis and comparison

of MRSVP, Pointer Forwarding, and SW_RSVP me-

thods proposed in this paper in terms of the resource

reservation costs and the time needed for QoS persis-

tence. HMRSVP will be absent in our comparison of

simulation results because it cannot established Passive

RSVP Path in advance, therefore is possibly unable to

achieve the QoS guarantees. Especially, the inter-do-

main handoff occurred. Figure 7 shows the routing tree

model used for the efficiency analysis. There are four

different network domains which exchange data with

each other through the internet.

The following parameters are defined for the pur-

pose of analysis and comparison:

IRN (Inter Routing Node) stands for the routing number

between two networks on the internet.

C stands for the costs used for the resource reserva-

tion in a method.

L stands for the height of the routing tree.

T stands for the time needed for QoS persistence via a

certain method.

k stands for the movement number of the mobile node.

a stands for the starting point of a movement of the

mobile node.

b stands for the destination point of a movement of

the mobile node.

4.1 Resource Reservation Costs Analysis

This paper will compute the number of nodes where

a resource reservation is set up when an intra-domain or

inter-domain handoff is performed for MRSVP, Pointer

Forwarding, and SW_RSVP proposed in this paper. The

total cost formula involving resource reservation and

Passive RSVP when a handoff is performed will then be

obtained for each method.

Since MRSVP does not involve intra-domain hand-

offs, only formula (1) is considered while computing

MRSVP cost. For Pointer Forwarding and SW_RSVP,

both intra-domain and inter-domain handoffs can be in-

volved, hence formula (2), formula (4), formula (3), and

formula (5) will be considered.

(1)

(2)

(3)


Figure 7. Routing tree model.

(4)

(5)

First, the resource reservation costs needed for the

mobile node to perform intra-domain handoffs in the

same network domain are evaluated. We assume that the

routing nodes that the mobile node accesses on each

movement are all under the same Gateway Foreign Agent.

Figure 8 shows the cost that each method needs to pay

for the resource reservations.

Next, the resource reservation costs needed for the

mobile node to continually perform inter-domain hand-

offs in different network domains are evaluated. Here we

assume that the routing nodes the mobile node accesses

on each movement are under different Gateway Foreign

Agents. Figure 9 shows the cost that each method needs

to pay for resource reservations.

Lastly, the resource reservation costs needed for the

mobile node to alternately perform intra-domain and

inter-domain handoffs are evaluated. We first assume

that the mobile node moves around routing nodes under

the same Gateway Foreign Agent. Then, it moves to a

routing node under a different Gateway Foreign Agent.

Afterward, it continues to move around routing nodes

under new Gateway Foreign Agents. Figure 10 shows

the cost that each method needs to pay for resource reser-

vations; the seventh handoff is an inter-domain handoff.

4.2 Time Analysis for QoS Persistence

Now the paper will compute the number of nodes

involved in control message exchange when an intra-

domain or inter-domain handoff is performed for MRSVP,

HMRSVP with Pointer Forwarding, and SW_RSVP pro-

posed in the paper. The time cost formula for QoS persis-

tence when a handoff is performed will also be obtained

for each method.

Since MRSVP does not involve intra-domain hand-

offs, only formula (6) is considered when computing

MRSVP time cost. For Pointer Forwarding and SW_

RSVP, both intra-domain and inter-domain handoffs can

be involved, hence formula (7), formula (9), formula (8),

and formula (10) will be considered when computing the

time cost.

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)


Figure 8. Comparison of resource reservation costs withintra-domain handoffs.

Figure 9. Comparison of resource reservation costs withinter-domain handoffs.

(10)

First, the time costs needed for QoS persistence

when the mobile node performs intra-domain handoffs

in the same network domain are evaluated. We assume

that the routing nodes that the mobile node accesses on

each movement are all under the same Gateway Foreign

Agent. Figure 11 shows the time costs that each method

needs to pay for QoS persistence after a handoff is per-

formed.

Next, the time costs needed for QoS persistence

when the mobile node continually performs inter-do-

main handoffs in different network domains are evalu-

ated. Here we assume that the routing nodes the mobile

node accesses on each movement are under different

Gateway Foreign Agents. Figure 12 shows the time costs

that each method needs to pay for QoS persistence after a

handoff is performed.

Lastly, the time costs needed for QoS persistence

when the mobile node alternately performs intra-domain

and inter-domain handoffs are evaluated. We first as-

sume that the mobile node moves around routing nodes

under the same Gateway Foreign Agent. Then, it moves

to a routing node under a different Gateway Foreign

Agent. Afterward, it continues to move around routing

nodes under new Gateway Foreign Agents. Figure 13

shows the time costs that each method needs to pay for


Figure 10. Comparison of resource reservation costs withintra- and inter-domain handoffs.

Figure 11. Comparison of RSVP reconstruction time withintra-domain handoffs.

Figure 12. Comparison of RSVP reconstruction time withinter-domain handoffs.

Figure 13. Comparison of RSVP reconstruction time withintra- and inter-domain handoffs.

QoS persistence after a handoff is performed; the eighth

handoff is an inter-domain handoff.

5. Conclusion

This paper proposed Seamless Wireless Resource

Reservation Protocol (SW_RSVP), a Resource Reserva-

tion Protocol for seamless wireless networks, to set up

resource reservation by means of the wireless network

hierarchical structure and the strategy for setting up re-

source reservation ahead of time. From the analysis re-

sults above, we obtain the following advantages of SW_

RSVP proposed in this paper:

(a) It mitigates the efficiency problem that the current

Resource Reservation Protocol encounters when be-

ing applied in the wireless roaming network.

(b) It uses a hierarchical structure and consequently cuts

down the amount of message transmissions.

(c) It reduces the costs for setting up Passive RSVP and

increases the network resource utilization.

(d) It reduces the external handoff delay, therefore

achieving the goal of a seamless handoff.

From the above analysis results, we conclude that the

SW_RSVP mechanism proposed in this paper can achieve

seamless wireless RSVP over ubiquitous networks.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the editor and the anonymous re-

ferees for their invaluable comments made on this paper.

This paper is fully supported by the National Science

Council, Taiwan, Republic of China, under grant number

NSC98-2221-E-366-007 and NSC99-2220-E-366-003.

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Manuscript Received: Dec. 17, 2010

Accepted: Mar. 8, 2011


Seamless Wireless RSVP over Ubiquitous Networks

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