Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile Networks

Seamless QoS Guarantees with Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile NetworksSARAH in Mobile Networks

February 24, 2006February 24, 2006

Kyounghee LeeKyounghee [email protected]

Information and Communications UniversityInformation and Communications University

ICE600 – Computer Networks

(Testbed Buildup and S/W Installation)(Testbed Buildup and S/W Installation)

2February 24, 2005February 24, 2005

ContentsContents

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Proposed Approach

4. Implementation

5. Simulation Study

6. Application

7. Conclusions


IntroductionIntroduction

PreliminariesPreliminaries

Research ConcernsResearch Concerns

MotivationMotivation


PreliminariesPreliminaries

Need for QoS guarantees in mobile Internet To provide various realtime multimedia services to mobile users

– Voice over IP, Video on Demand, Internet broadcasting, etc.

Multimedia stream characteristics– Broadband– Error-sensitive– Intolerant to transmission delay and jitter variance

Limitations on QoS guarantees in mobile Internet Poor communication characteristics in wireless links

Service instability due to host mobility

– Handoff latency– Traffic redirection overhead


Preliminaries Preliminaries (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Two popular QoS models in wired Internet Integrated Services (IntServ) architecture

– Strict end-to-end QoS guarantees based on per-flow resource reservation

– Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)

– Generally deployed at access networks

Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture– Class of Service (CoS) concept– Less scalability concerns due to traffic aggregation– Appropriate for core networks

How to adapt IntServ to properly support host mobility at How to adapt IntServ to properly support host mobility at

access networks?access networks?


Research ConcernsResearch Concerns

Well-known issues with RSVP in Mobile IP networks

Mobile IP tunnelingMobile IP tunneling issue– RSVP message invisibility problem– Triangle routing problem

Reservation path invalidationReservation path invalidation issue

Advance resource reservation scheme Widely used solution for both two mobility issues

Proactively reserves resources at the locations where a MH may visit Limitations in current status

– Indiscriminate/excessive advance reservations resource inefficiency and signaling overhead

– Considerable modifications are required in current Internet to reduce excessive advance reservations


MotivationMotivation

Seamless QoS guarantees for mobile multimedia services

Provides seamless end-to-end QoS to mobile users– Service quality enhancements– Accommodation of realtime multimedia applications

RSVP adaptation to mobile access networks– To appropriately address both Mobile IP tunneling and reservation

path invalidation problems

– To reduce overhead for excessive advance reservationsTo reduce overhead for excessive advance reservations

– To be a transparent approach to existing Internet environment (less modifications and additions)


SARAH ApproachSARAH Approach

Overview Overview

SARAH ProceduresSARAH Procedures

FeaturesFeatures


OverviewOverview

Selective Advance Reservations and Resource-aware Selective Advance Reservations and Resource-aware Handoff Direction (SARAH)Handoff Direction (SARAH)

Three major steps in SARAH

1.1. Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) establishmentPseudo Reservation Path (PRP) establishment– Movement predictionMovement prediction using link layer (L2) functionalities– Resource-aware handoff directionResource-aware handoff direction

2.2. Extension of Reservation Path (ERP) processExtension of Reservation Path (ERP) process– PRP activation– Traffic forwarding

3.3. Optimization for extended Reservation Path (ORP) processOptimization for extended Reservation Path (ORP) process– Adjustment of reservation path to shortest routing path (using unicast or multicast IP address)

– Termination of useless PRPs


Overview Overview (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

1. PRP establishment1. PRP establishment 2. ERP after handoff2. ERP after handoff 3. ORP3. ORP

BS_CBS_BBS_A

MH

CH

BS_CBS_BBS_A

MH

CH

BS_CBS_BBS_A

MH

CH

(1)(2)

(3)

: Existing RSVP Session (1), Activated PRP (2), Optimized Reservation Path

: Inactivated Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP)

: Traffic forwarding


SARAH ProceduresSARAH Procedures

PRP establishment (before a handoff)

BS_C

3.PRP_inform

Original RSVPsession

Inactivated PRP

(a)

BS_BBS_A

MH

CH

1.L2 beacon

2.PRP_init

4.RSVP path5.RSVP resv

BS_C

(b)

BS_BBS_A

MH

CH

PRP

PRP_init_ack

SARAH & RSVPcontrol flow


SARAH Procedures SARAH Procedures (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

ERP process (after a handoff)

BS_C

(a)

BS_BBS_A

MH

CH

BS_C

(b)

BS_BBS_A

MH

CH

Activated PRPPRP

1.PRP_activate

Original RSVP session & Activated PRP Inactivated PRP

SARAH & RSVP control flow Traffic forwarding



ORP process using unicast IP address

– Establishes a new RSVP session and replaces the original one

When the network does not support IP multicast

When incoming MH already participates in unicast RSVP session



ORP process using multicast IP address

– Joins the existing multicast RSVP session

Better network utilization

Less reservation requirement


FeaturesFeatures

Pseudo reservation Advance reservation in SARAH Advantages

– Established between two neighboring base stations (BSs) shortens the average length of advance reservation path– Established and managed in the same way as a normal RSVP

session no additional RSVP messages, transparent to intermediate routers

– Inactive resources can be shared with best-effort traffic by scheduling policy

Traffic blocking at BSs enables pseudo reservations to be inactive PRP activation is performed by traffic forwarding at BSs

Requires no modification at intermediate routersRequires no modification at intermediate routers


Features Features (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

CH

BS

1.RSVP_init (Tspec)

HA

2.path

3.resv

CH

BS

1.path (1)

3.resv-err + BU (CoA = BS)

4.Path (2) & resv

2.RSVP_init (Tspec, Rspec)

HA

(a) MH is a sender (b) MH is a receiver

Initial RSVP setup to escape Mobile IP tunneling



cBS nBS

1. L2 beacon2. PRP_init

3. PRP_inform

cBS: Current BS

nBS: New BS

MH

Host movement detection scheme Detects L2 beacon frames from multiple reachable BSs (assuming underlying networks such as IEEE 802.11) Control messages

– PRP_init: notification of movement– PRP_inform: initiation of PRP establishment

Neighbor mapping tableNeighbor mapping table in each BS

Reduces the number of pseudo reservation paths (PRPs)Reduces the number of pseudo reservation paths (PRPs)



Neighbor mapping table Binding between neighboring BS’s MAC address and IP address Referred for host movement detection Example of a neighbor mapping table

BS ID MAC Address (Wireless) Network ID IP Address (Wired) R S

1 00:20:A6:4C:99:BE 220.69.186.0/24 220.69.186.145 1 1

2 00:02:2D:0B:6F:E5 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.2 1 0

3 00:20:A6:4C:99:95 220.69.187.0/24 220.69.187.128 1 1

R: Support for RSVPS: Support for SARAH



Resource-aware handoff direction scheme MH chooses its next BS by signal strength of L2 beacon framessignal strength of L2 beacon frames resource availabilityresource availability

MH

BS_A BS_B

BS_C

(2)

MH

BS_A BS_B

BS_C

(1) (3)

(1): CRP_init (BS_A, BS_B)

(2), (3): CRP_inform, RSVP path, RSVP resv

(4): CRP_init_ack (BS_A or BS_B) or CRP_init_rej

(4)Move

Beacon_A Beacon_B

* Beacon_A > Beacon_B


ImplementationImplementation

System ArchitectureSystem Architecture

Testbed ConfigurationTestbed Configuration

MPEG Video Streaming ServiceMPEG Video Streaming Service


System Architecture System Architecture

Overall framework of SARAH

SARAH Adaptation SARAH Adaptation ModuleModule

Application

TCP/UDPMobile IP

adaptation

CH

SARAH BS DemonSARAH BS Demon

RSVP

BS

SARAH Adaptation SARAH Adaptation ModuleModule

Application

Mobile IP

MH

Neighbor BS

TCP/UDP RSVP

TCP/UDP IEEE 802.11

Data flow

Control flow

Mobile IP


Testbed ConfigurationTestbed Configuration

OS: Linux ker 2.2.12 & 2.2.14Mobile IP: HUT Dynamics 0.8.1 [DynMIP]RSVP: ISI release 4.2a4 [ISIRSVP]Scheduling: ALTQ 3.0 [ALTQ]

R

BS2

: NIC (IEEE 802.3) : NIC (IEEE 802.11b) : Hub : RSVP session

Mobile IP

Trafficscheduler

BS1

Subnet A(Wired)

Subnet B(wired)

Subnet C(Wireless)

Subnet D(Wireless)

HA

RSVP

SBDSBD

CHRSVP

SAMSAM

MHSAMSAM

Mobile IP


MPEG Video Streaming ServiceMPEG Video Streaming Service

Service Scenarios• On aforementioned testbed

• Background traffic generation: MGEN tool [MGEN]

• Maximum throughput of wired network: 9.3 Mbps

• Wired subnet A: non-congested

• Wired subnet B: congested 8.1 Mbps background traffic 1.6 Mbps video traffic (IP and UDP headers: 14%)

• Movement of MH: Subnet 1 subnet 2

CH

R

BS1 BS2

Subnet 1 Subnet 2

Background traffic

Video stream

move


Testbed BuildupTestbed Buildup

OutlineOutline

ISI RSVP InstallationISI RSVP Installation

Dynamics Mobile IP InstallationDynamics Mobile IP Installation

SARAH InstallationSARAH Installation


OutlineOutline

Configuration of experimental testbed Build testbed frame

– Connection of PCs, H/W equipment

OS installation– Linux (RedHat recommended)

Network configuration– IP subneting, IP masquerading– Wireless LAN devices


Outline Outline (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

RSVP installation ISI distributionISI distribution

– http://www.isi.edu/div7/rsvp/rsvp.html– Latest rel4.2a4-1

Patch for Linux OS Traffic scheduler setting (router)

– Kernel recompile

Test of RSVP operation (RTAP or RSVP demon debug mode)

Traffic generation tool (MGEN)– http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mgen



Mobile IP installation Dynamics Mobile IPv4Dynamics Mobile IPv4

– http://dynamics.sourceforge.net– Stable version 0.8.1

Test of Mobile IP operation (DynTool)

SARAH installation SARAH BS DemonSARAH BS Demon (SBD): base station SARAH Test ApplicationSARAH Test Application: mobile host, correspondent host



MPEG streaming application Installation of video servervideo server Video client

– MpegTV player– http://www.mpegtv.com

MPEG streaming test– Network congestion– Host handoff


ISI RSVP InstallationISI RSVP Installation

Base station, correspondent host Source code patch for Linux OS Compile

– Source code modification– Makefile configuration

Router Linux kernel options: modules

– Traffic scheduler– Class-based Queue (CBQ)

Iproute2 S/W installation (if needed) Patch for Linux OS Compile

– Source code modification– Makefile configuration

CBQ configuration


ISI RSVP Installation ISI RSVP Installation (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Source code extraction & patch

Source code modification

[root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gzrsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz ./rsvp[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp linux-tc.tar.gzlinux-tc.tar.gz ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp rsvp.patch.txt ./rsvp[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd ./rsvp[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# tar xvzf rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# tar xvzf linux-tc.tar.gz[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# patch –p0 < rsvp.patch.txtpatch –p0 < rsvp.patch.txt[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# cd rel4.2a4/rsvpd

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# vi rsvp_specs.c

Line 1189: return (log(x)) return (2.303*log10(x))


ISI RSVP Installation ISI RSVP Installation (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Makefile configuration

# # XXX Changing defines is not visible to the dependency rules; do a # "make clean" if you change one! # DEFINES = -DDEBUG -DSCHEDULE -DRTAP -DSECURITY -DSTATS -DRSVP_DIAG \ -DAPI_USE_NET_BO -DISI_TEST \ -DISI_FLOW_LABEL -DNO_IPV6-DNO_IPV6

# Select Traffic Control adaptation module object

#Linux end host TCOBJS = tc_test.o rsvp_LLkern.oTCOBJS = tc_test.o rsvp_LLkern.o

# Linux traffic control #TCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_filter.o tc_linux.o tc_qdisc.o rsvp_LLkern.oTCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_filter.o tc_linux.o tc_qdisc.o rsvp_LLkern.o

# ALTQ adaptation module(s) #TCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_cbqinit.o tc_cbqatm.o rsvp_LLkern.oTCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_cbqinit.o tc_cbqatm.o rsvp_LLkern.o


Compilation

CBQ configuration in Linux

RSVP Installation RSVP Installation (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# make depend[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# make

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/]# cp cbqinit.eth2 ./rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/]# cd rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# vi cbqinit.eth2[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# chmod +x cbqinit.eth2[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# cbqinit.eth2



RSVP execution & test

*Rspeccl = {max packet arrival, token bucket size, token bucket rate, minimum policed unit, max packet size}

*Rspecgs = {service rate, slack term, max packet arrival, token bucket size, token bucket rate, minimum policed unit, max packet size}

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd]# ./rsvpd –DT1> dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000 (S)T1> dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000 (D)T1> sender 102.168.0.3/5000 [t 600k 500k 1M 50 1500] (S)T1> reserve wf [cl 600k 500k 1M 50 1500] (D, controlled load)T1> close (both)

T1> reserve wf [g 700k 0 600k 500k 1M 50 1500] (D, guaranteed service)



Traffic generation

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi sender.script (S)

PORT 5000 00000 1 ON 203.253.50.100:6000 PERIODIC 500 1250 RSVP [t 7000000 10000 1250000 50 1500]

10000 2 ON 203.253.50.100:6001 PERIODIC 600 1250

20000 1 OFF20000 2 OFF

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi receiver.script (R)

PORT 6000-6009 03000 RESV 203.253.50.100:6000 WF [gx 700000 0 700000 10000 1250000 50 1500]

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# ./mgen input sender.script (S)[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# ./drec input recievr.script output out.log (R)[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi out.log (R)


Dynamics MIPv4 InstallationDynamics MIPv4 Installation

Binary distribution Home agent, foreign agent, mobile host demons Development libraries and header files

Source code distribution Source code compilation

– System configuration– Make

Configuration file setting– dynhad.conf, dynfad.conf, dynmnd.conf

Host mobility support test Mobility management: dynmn_toolMobility management: dynmn_tool

– Provides useful information for mobile networks– Enables to force a handoff

Handoff latency measurement


Dynamics MIPv4 Installation Dynamics MIPv4 Installation (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Source code extraction & compilation

Configuration file setting

[root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gzdynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz ./[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# tar xvzf dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd dynamics-0.8.1[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# ./configure./configure[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# makemake[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make installmake install

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/ha]# vi dynhad.conf HA[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/fa]# vi dynfad.conf FA[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/mn]# vi dynmnd.conf MH

* Copy all configuration files into /etc directory before execution


Dynamics MIPv4 Installation Dynamics MIPv4 Installation (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Execution

Handoff test

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/ha]# modprobe ipip; ./dynhad& modprobe ipip; ./dynhad& HA[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/fa]# modprobe ipip; ./dynfad& modprobe ipip; ./dynfad& FA[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn]# ./dynmnd& ./dynmnd& MN

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn]# ./dynmn_tool ./dynmn_tool MN Command

– status: shows the current link and network status– list: shows the list of reachable FAs– force [fa_addr]: forces a handoff to the designated FA– careof: shows the current acre-of-address of the MH

* Please check the manual for more information


SARAH InstallationSARAH Installation

SARAH BS demon - source code extraction & compilation

Configuration file setting “sarahd.conf”

[root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp sarah_v0.21.tar.gzsarah_v0.21.tar.gz ./[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# tar xvzf sarah_v0.21.tar.gz[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd sarah_v0.21/sarahd[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd]# vi sarahd.confvi sarahd.conf[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd]# makemake

* You will get “sarahd” execution file


SARAH Installation SARAH Installation (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Test application - source code compilation

Source file configuration “ch_test_server.c”, “ch_test_client.c” “mh_test_server.c”, “mh_test_client.c” “mh_stream_client.c”

[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd sarah_v0.21/test[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi ch_test_server.cvi ch_test_server.c[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi ch_test_server.cvi ch_test_server.c[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_test_cllient.cvi mh_test_cllient.c[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_stream_client.cvi mh_stream_client.c[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_stream_client.cvi mh_stream_client.c[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# makemake

* You will get “ch_test_server”, “ch_test_client”, “mh_test_server”, “mh_test_client” and “mh_stream_lient” execution files


SARAH Installation SARAH Installation (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Video client - MPEG TV Latest version

– http://www.mpegtv.com– Get full source codes or binary files

SARAH executionSARAH execution Run “sarahd” at each BS File transmission test

– Run “mh_test_client” at MH– Run “ch_test_server” at CH

MPEG streaming test– Open MPEG TV player at MH (with UDP streaming mode)– Run “mh_stream_client” at MH– Run “ch_test_server” at CH


ReferencesReferences

[ALTQ] “Alternate Queueing,” available at ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/pub/kjc/altq-3.1.tar.gz[Awduche97] D. Awduche and E. Agu, “Mobile extensions to RSVP,” in Proceedings 6th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, pp. 132–136. Sep. 1997.[Bennett96] J. C. R. Bennett and H. Zhang, “WF2Q: Worst-Case Fair Weighted Fair Queueing”, in Proceedings of the 15th Conference of IEEE Communications Society (INFOCOM’96), Mar. 1996.[Blake98] S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, W. Weiss, “An Architecture for Differentiated Services,” RFC 2475 on IETF, Dec. 1998.[Braden94] R. Braden, D. Clark, and S. Shenker, “Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview,” RFC 1633 on IETF, June 1994.[Braden97] R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog and S. Jamin, “Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) – Version 1 Functional Specification,” RFC 2205 on IETF, Sep. 1997.[Bernet00] V. Bernet, R. Yavatkar, P. Ford, F. Baker, L. Zhang, M. Speer, R. Braden, B. Davie, J. Wroclawski, E. Felstaine, “A Framework for Integrated Services Operation over Diffserv Networks,” RFC 2998 on IETF, Nov. 2000.[Caceres99] R. Caceres and V. N. Padmanabhan, “Fast and Scalable Wireless Handoffs in Supports of Mobile Internet Audio,” ACM Mobile Networking and Applications (MONET), pp. 351-363, Vol. 3, Issue 4, 1999.[Calhoun00] P. Calhoun, “FA Assisted Hand-off,” Internet Draft on IETF, Mar. 2000.[Camp02] T. Camp, J. Boleng, V. Davies, “A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol.2, no.5, pp. 483-502, 2002.[Chang00a] R. Chang and A. Chu, “Supporting quality of service communications for mobile hosts with advanced resource reservations,” Journal of Internet Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.1-10, 2000.[Chang00b] R. Chang and H.-Y. Lu, “Predictive resource reservation in wireless cellular networks,” in Proceedings of the ICS Workshop on Computer Networks, Internet and Multimedia, pp.130-137, Dec. 2000.[Chen00] W. Chen and L. Huang, “RSVP mobility support: A signaling protocol for integrated services Internet with mobile hosts,” 15th Conference of IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Vol. 3, pp.1283-1292, Mar. 2000.[Chiruvolu99] G. Chiruvolu, A. Agrawal and M. Vandenhoute, “Mobility and QoS support for IPv6-based real-time wireless Internet traffic,” in Proceedings of 1999 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Vol. 1, pp.334-338, June 1999.[Demers89] A. Demers, S. Keshav and S. Shenker, “Design and Analysis of a Fair Queueing Algorithm,” in Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM’89, Sep. 1989.[DynMIP] “Dynamics MIP - HUT Mobile IP implementation,” available at http://www.cs.hut.fi/Research/Dynamics.[Foo00] C.C. Foo and K.C. Chua, “Implementing resource reservations for mobile hosts in the Internet using RSVP and mobile IP,” in Proceedings of IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1323–1327, May 2001.


References References (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

[Grossman02] D. Grossman, “New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv,” RFC 3260 on IETF, Apr. 2002.[Gustafson02] E. Gustafsson, A. Jonson, and C. E. Perkins, “Mobile IP Regional Registration,” Internet Draft on IETF, Oct. 2002.[HPMIP] M. Rodriguez, “An implementation of Mobile IP under Linux,” available at http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/MobileIP.[Hsu99] L. Hsu, R. Purnadi and S.S.P. Wang, “Maintaining quality of service (QoS) during handoff in cellular system with movement prediction schemes,” in Proceedings of 50th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 2153–2157, Sep. 1999.[ISIRSVP] “RSVP Code rel4.2a3,” available at ftp://ftp.isi.edu/rsvp/release.[Jain98] R. Jain, T. Raleigh, C. Graff and M. Bereschinsky, “Mobile Internet access and QoS guarantees using mobile IP and RSVP with location registers,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, Vol. 3, pp. 1690–1695, June 1998.[Jeon05] H. Jeon, M. Kim and K. Lee, “Link Layer Assisted Multicast-based Mobile RSVP (LM-MRSVP),” LNCS 3391, The International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN) 2005, pp.45-462, Jan. 2005.[Johnson04] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, “Mobility Support in IPv6,” RFC 3775 on IETF, June 2004.[Koh00] C. Koh, S. J. Leu, R. S. Chang and W. N. Yang, “Supporting QoS in networks with mobile hosts,” Journal of Computers, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp.46-54, June 2000.[Koodli05] R. Koodli, “Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6,” RFC 4068 on IETF, July 2005.[Kuo00] G. Kuo and P. Ko, “Dynamic RSVP for mobile IPv6 in wireless networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 455–459, May. 2000.[Lee02] M. Lee, K. Lee, T. C. Thang, N. N. Thanh, M. Kim, Y. Ro, J. Lee, “MPEG Streaming over Mobile Internet”, IS&T/SPIE’s 14th Annual Symposium, Electronic Imaging 2002, Jan. 2002.[Lee03a] K. Lee, M. Kim, S. T. Chanson, C. Yu, J. Lee, “CORP- A Method of Concatenation and Optimization for Resource Reservation Path in Mobile Internet”, IEICE Transactions on Communications, pp.479-489, Vol. E86-B, No. 2, Feb. 2003.[Lee03b] E. Lee, S. Byun and M. Kim, "A Translator between Integrated Service/RSVP and Differentiated Service for End-to-End QoS," in Proceedings of IEEE 10th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT 2003), Vol. 2, pp.1394-1401, Feb. 2003.[Levine97] D. A. Levine, I. F. Akyildiz and M. Naghshineh, “A resource estimation and call admission algorithm for wireless multimedia networks using the shadow cluster concept,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 5(1), pp. 1-12, Feb. 1997.[LinMIP] MosquitoNet Mobile Computing Group, “Linux Mobile IP,” available at http://mosquitonet.stanford.edu/mip/index.html.[Lucent98] Lucent Technologies Inc., “Roaming With WaveLAN/IEEE 802.11,” WaveLAN Technical Bulletin 021/A, Dec. 1998.



[Mahadevan98] I. Mahadevan and K. Sivalingam, “An experimental architecture for providing QoS guarantees in mobile networks using RSVP,” in Proceedings of The 9th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Vol. 1, pp. 50–54, Sep. 1998.[Mahadevan00] I. Mahadevan and K. Sivalingam, “Architecture and Experimental Results for Quality of Service in Mobile Networks using RSVP and CBQ,” ACM Wireless Networks 6, pp. 221-234, Jul. 2000.[Mahmoodian99] A. Mahmoodian and G. Haring, “A resource allocation mechanism to provide guaranteed service to mobile multimedia applications,” in Proceedings of 1st IEEE Workshop on Internet Technologies and Services, pp.9–17, Oct. 1999.[Malki02] K. Malki, P. Calhoun, T. Hiller, J. Kempf, P. McCann, A. Singh, H. Soliman, S. Thalanany, “Low Latency Handoffs in Mobile IPv4,” Internet Draft on IETF, Jun. 2002.[McCann05] P. McCann, “Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers for 802.11 Networks,” RFC 4260 on IETF, Nov. 2005.[MGEN] “The Multi-Generator Tool,” available at http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mgen.[Moon01] B. Moon and H. Aghvami, “RSVP extensions for real-time services in wireless mobile networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.52–59, Dec. 2001.[MpegTV] “The Mpeg TV Player,” available at http://www.mpegtv.com.[NS2] “The Network simulator – NS-2,” available at http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns.[ORINOCO] “MPL/GPL drivers for the WaveLAN IEEE/Orinoco and others,” available at http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/Orinoco.html. [Pasklis01] S. Pasklis, A. Kaloxylos and E. Zervas, “An efficient QoS Scheme for Mobile Hosts,” in Proceedings of 26th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Network (LCN 2001), pp. 630-637, 2001.[Perkins96] C. E. Perkins, “IP Mobility Support,” RFC 2002 on IETF, Oct. 1996.[Perkins98] C. E. Perkins, Mobile IP – Design Principles and Practices, Addison-Wesley, 1998.[Perkins99] C. E. Perkins, “Route Optimization in mobile IP,” Internet Draft on IETF, Feb. 1999.[Postel81] J. Postel, “Internet Protocol,” STD 5, RFC 791 on IETF, Sep. 1981.[Rosen01] E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan, and R. Callon, “Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture,” RFC 3031 on IETF, Jan. 2001.[Stevens94] W. R. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 – The Protocols, Addison-Wesley, 1994.[Stevens98] W. R. Stevens, Unix Network Programming – Networking APIs: Sockets and XTI, Prentice Hall, 1998.[Talukdar97] A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath, A. Acharya, “On Accommodating Mobile Hosts in an Integrated Services Packet Network,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 97, Vol. 3, Apr. 1997.[Talukdar99]A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath and A. Acharya, “Integrated services packet networks with mobile hosts: Architecture and performance”, Journal of Wireless Networks, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 1999.



[Talukdar01] A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath, A. Acharya, “MRSVP: a resource reservation protocol for an integrated service networks with mobile hosts”, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol.7, Issue 1, Jan. 2001.[Terzis99] A. Terzis, M. Srivastava, L. Zhang, “A Simple QoS Signaling Protocol for Mobile Hosts in the Integrated Service Internet,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 99, Vol. 3, Mar. 1999.[Terzis00] A. Terzis, J. Krawczyk, J. Wroclawski and L. Zhang, “RSVP operation over IP tunnels,” RFC 2746 on IETF, Jan. 2000.[Tseng03] C. Tseng, G. Lee, and R. Liu, “HMRSVP: A Hierarchical Mobile RSVP Protocol”, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol.9 Issue 2, Mar. 2003.[VAT] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, “Visual Audio Tool,” available at http://www-nrg.ee.lbl.gov/vat.[Wang01] Z. Wang, Internet QoS – Architectures and Mechanisms for Quality of Service, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2001.[Wang05] J. Wang, J. Yang and C. Tseng, "An Intelligent Agent-based Mobile Resource Reservation Scheme," in Proceedings of the 2005 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS'05), July 2005.[WaveLAN] “WaveLAN,” available at http://www.agere.com/client/wlan.html.[Wittmann00] R. Wittmann and M. Zitterbart, Multicast Communication – Protocols and Applications, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 2000.[WLMAC99] Wireless LAN Working Group, “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications”, ISO/IEC 8802.11:1999(E), IEEE Standard 802.11 1999 Edition, Aug. 1999.[Zhang93] L. Zhang, S. Deering, D. Estrin, S. Shenker and D. Zappala, “RSVP: A new resource reservation protocol”, IEEE Network, Vol. 7, Issue 5, Sep. 1993.


R5

R4R3

R1

R2

Appendix 1.Appendix 1.

path

Receiver2

Sender

Receiver1

resv

path

resv

path

resv

Sender (port)Receiver (port)

Tspecphop

Sender (port)Receiver (port)

Flowspecphop Tspec: traffic spec requested by sender

Flowspec: reservation requirements to routersphop: previous hop

RFC 2205 on IETF Signaling protocol for resource reservation in IntServ networks Resources are reserved along a fixed path in the reverse direction that a path

message has been delivered (receiver-initiated approach)

Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)



R

CH

FA R HA

MH

IP RSVP

IP RSVPIPIP IP RSVPIP +IP RSVP

IP RSVP

Router

RSVPdaemon

Routingdaemon

R R

IP RSVP

IP RSVPIP

Router

RSVPdaemon

Routingdaemon

IP RSVPIP

?

IP RSVP

R

IP tunnel

– Protocol ID = 46 (RSVP)– RSVP signal messages

are encapsulated within an IP-in-IP tunnel

Intermediate routers Intermediate routers cannot reserve the cannot reserve the requested resourcesrequested resources

MH: mobile hostHA: home agentFA: foreign agent

RSVP message invisibility



FA

HA

1.path

2.resv

an optimalrouting path

IP tunnel

MH

CH

– RSVP resv messages should be directed to pass an IP tunnel

Modifications required to Modifications required to RSVPRSVP

Inefficiency in resource Inefficiency in resource consumptions due to consumptions due to non-optimal routing pathnon-optimal routing path

Triangle routing problem



CH

MHmove

CH

MH

cannot guaranteecannot guaranteerequested QoS!requested QoS!

R

R

BS BS BS BS

R

R

Traffic routing pathReserved path

Wireless cell A Wireless cell B Wireless cell A Wireless cell B

BS: Base station

Reservation path invalidation


Advance reservation-based approaches Proactively reserves resources at all neighbor locations MRSVP [Talukdar99,01], RSVP path extension [Mahadevan98,00],

Dynamic resource sharing [Mahmoodian99], Multicast-based approach [Chen00], HMRSVP [Tseng03], IARSVP [Wang05]

Excessive reservation requirements for advance reservations (several times higher than active reservation)




Cross-layer interaction

SNR(dB)

CST

DeltaSNR

CSP

MH movement directionBS1 BS2

PRPestablishment

active scan

L2roaming

L3handoff

PRPactivation

CST: cell switching thresholdCSP: cell searching pointSNR: signal-to-noise ratio



General format of SARAH messages

Message type A Reserved

0 8 16 24 31

Sequence number Message length

Information object content (if any)

R S M

A: acknowledgementR: resultS: service typeM: MH’s role (sender or receiver)

Common header

IP header UDP header SARAH common header

SARAH message contents



Message typeMessage type Src / DstSrc / Dst StepStep Description (containing information)Description (containing information)

RSVP_init MH / cBS RSVP setup initializes a RSVP setup process between CH and cBS (Tspec, Rspec, CH’s address and port)

RSVP_init_ack cBS / MH RSVP setup replies to an RSVP_init message (on success: RSVP session flow ID)

PRP_init MH / cBS ERP requests cBS to establish a PRP from/to nBS (MAC address of nBS)

PRP_init_ack cBS / MH ERP replies to a PRP_init message on success (MAC and IP address of nBS that admits a PRP)

PRP_init_rej cBS / MH ERP replies to the PRP_init message on failure (none)

PRP_inform cBS / nBS ERP initializes a PRP setup process between cBS and nBS (Tspec, Rspec)

PRP_inform_ack nBS / cBS ERP replies to a PRP_inform message (none)

PRP_activate cBS / pBS ERP requests/notifies the activation of a PRP (MH’s home address and port)

PRP_activate_ack pBS / cBS ERP replies to a PRP_activate message (none)

PRP_opt pBS / cBS ORP requests cBS to start an ORP process (MH’s home address and port)

PRP_opt_ack cBS / pBS ORP replies to a PRP_opt message (none)

RSVP_switch cBS / CH ORP requests CH to make and use a new RSVP session instead of the original one (flow IDs of the original RSVP session and a new RSVP session)

RSVP_switch_ack CH / cBS ORP Replies to a RSVP_switch message (none)

PRP_release cBS / pBS ORP requests pBS to terminate the original reservation path (MH’s home address and port)

PRP_release_ack pBS / cBS ORP replies to a PRP_release message (none)

Types of control messages



Handoff latency in Mobile IP and SARAH

Active scan &First L2 beacon

( 36)

Time (ms)

0L2 roaming( 0, trivial)

Mobile IP solicitation& advertising

Mobile IP registration time

Mobile IPregistration request

Mobile IP Handoffcompletion

( 0)

Handoff latency in L2 and L3 (THandoff latency in L2 and L3 (THH))

PRP establishmentPRP establishment

( 22)

PRP activationPRP activation& forwarding& forwarding

( 11)

Need for newassociation

Passing throughoverlapped area

( 0)



Latency for ERP/ORP process

112 141

Time (ms)

L2 roaming & Mobile IP handoff

0

ERP process completion

123

New RSVP session establishment

ORP start

316

Time (ms)

0

Total ORP processing time

307

ERP data forwarding

ORP delay (9 ms)

(a) ERP latency

(b) ORP latency



Average data transmission rates 250 kbytes (2 Mbps) reserved 250 data packets per sec, each packet 1024 bytes Link capacity: 9.3 (wired) vs. 4.7 (wireless) Mbps 9 Mbps background traffic



ERP performance with distance between CH and MH Comparison between SARAH and RSVP re-establishment



ORP performance with distance between CH and MH ORP delay: 9 ms (2 hops) 13 ms (7 hops) Negligible for multimedia streaming



MPEG streaming service framework

SARAH Adaptation Module

MPEG-1 Stream Server

UDP Route Optimization

Emulator

Video Server (CH)

SARAH BS Demon

Mobile IP

BS

SARAH Adaptation Module

MPEG-1 Player[MpegTV]

Mobile IP

Client (MH)

Neighbor BS

UDP

RSVP

UDP IEEE 802.11b

MPEG-1 stream

Control flow

RSVP

Route Optimization

Emulator

Binding Update & Ack (emulation)

Client Assistant

Service Req/Ack

Mobile IP Registration



Movement detection

Client handoff

MPEG-1 stream

RSVP err + binding_update

RSVP path (home addr)

service_req

VideoServer

BS1 BS2 Client

service_req_ack

RSVP resv

Time

RSVP path (PRP)

PRP_inform_ack

PRP_inform

PRP_init

RSVP_init

RSVP path (CoA)

L2 beacon

RSVP resv (PRP)

binding_update_ack

Control message flow for MPEG streaming service Before a handoff


Appendix 15. Appendix 15. (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Client handoff

VideoServer

BS1 BS2 Client

Time

PRP_opt

MPEG-1 streamPRP_activate_ack

PRP_activate

RSVP path

RSVP_switch

RSVP resv

RSVP_switch_ack

PRP_opt_ack

MPEG-1 stream

PRP_releaseRSVP_teardown

Control message flow for MPEG streaming service (cont’d)

After a handoff



MPEG video streaming rate variation Background traffic in Subnet D Handoff arises from Subnet C to Subnet D (congested)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Background traffic

MPEG-1 stream

Data rate (Mbps)

Time (sec)

handoff



Comparison of video streaming rate variations Route optimization scheme is emulated for RSVP state restoration QoS disruption with RSVP: 12 sec (RSVP refresh interval: 30 sec)

Time (sec)

Data rate (Mbps)

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

SARAH with RSVP

RSVP with route optimization

handoff



Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of MPEG stream Average PSNR variation after a handoff

– SARAH with RSVP: 69.1 dB 68.6 dB68.6 dB– RSVP with route optimization: 69.6 dB 48.85 dB48.85 dB

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Frames

PS

NR

(d

B)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Frames

PS

NR

(dB

)

(a) SARAH with RSVP (b) RSVP with route optimization

handoff handoff

PSNR < 20.0 dB: video frame entirely lostPSNR < 20.0 dB: video frame entirely lostPSNR = 78.13 dB: no quality loss in video framePSNR = 78.13 dB: no quality loss in video frame



Backbone network(DiffServ region)

Access network(IntServ region)

Access network(IntServ region)

SenderReceiver

ER/TR: Edge router/IntServ-DiffServ translator : Resource reservation setup : Data packets

ER/TR

ER/TR

Resourcereservation

Settingforwarding class

Resourcereservation

RFC 2998 on IETF Less scalability concerns in backbone network Per-flow end-to-end QoS for end hosts

Host mobility should be supported in access networksHost mobility should be supported in access networks

RSVP-DiffServ Translation

Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile Networks

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