Seafood consumption data€¦ · fish’, ‘fish, moderately fat’, etcetera were the rule rather...

Report on the seafood consumption data found in the European countries of the OT-SAFE project WP3. Risk assessment of TBT in seafood in Europe

Frank Willemsen

W-03/42

November 2003

Contract QLK1-CT- 2001-01437 OT-SAFE : Sources, consumer exposure and risks of organotin contamination in seafood.

IVM

Institute for Environmental Studies Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands

Tel. ++31-20-4449 555 Fax. ++31-20-4449 553 E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2003, Institute for Environmental Studies

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-ing, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Seafood consumption data i

Contents

1. Introduction 2

2. Belgium 3 2.1 Data sources 3 2.2 Results 3 2.3 Data from the SCOOP report 8

3. France 9

4. Germany 13

5. Greece 17

6. Italy 23

7. Hungary 27

8. The Netherlands 29

9. Portugal 31

10. Spain 35 10.1 Introduction 35 10.2 Consumption data in Spain 35 10.3 Sites of study 35

11. Sweden 39

12. United Kingdom 41

Institute for Environmental Studies 2

1. Introduction

The main objective of OT-SAFE is to assess TBT levels in seafood and the associated risks to European consumers. A database will be compiled on TBT levels in European seafood and the possible reduction of the TBT content of seafood during kitchen prepa-ration will be studied. Risk assessment will be conducted taking consumption patterns into account.

Food consumption patterns however, are extremely difficult to capture. The most com-mon type of survey that comes anywhere near recording consumption patterns is the food consumption survey. For reasons of practicality these surveys are usually conducted over a limited amount of time per subject, which results in (usually a large number of) snapshots of people’s actual consumption.

In the early stages of the OT-SAFE project the choice was made to try and identify peo-ple’s seafood consumption per species. Although this choice is justifiable, it is important to realise that food consumption surveys often do not focus on seafood at all, let alone individual species eaten as seafood. Aggregated categories with names such as ‘white fish’, ‘fish, moderately fat’, etcetera were the rule rather than the exception and were as such often of limited use for the OT-SAFE project.

For a number of countries no food consumption surveys were recovered at all. For these countries more crude data, such as import and export data, market data and catches and landings data were used. In the European setting, where it is unlikely that individuals catch considerable amounts of fish for their own consumption, all of these figures must be considered to produce overestimations of the actual average consumption.

Comparison of the findings of the OT-SAFE project with the SCOOP task 3.2.13 was difficult because of the different approach that was taken. In the SCOOP task highly ag-gregated consumption data (e.i. not in species categories) were included, whereas in the OT-SAFE search these were often discarded. To enable some sort of comparison the re-sults of the SCOOP tasks have been included for those countries where this applies.

Seafood consumption data 3

2. Belgium

2.1 Data sources

The Table ‘Summary on fish consumption in Belgium in 2000’ is composed of data that were obtained from two Belgian federal governmental data sources. Import and export data were provided by the ‘Centrale Raad voor het Bedrijfsleven - CRB’ or ‘Central Economic Council – CCE), depending on the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Data on landings in Belgian harbours were provided by the ‘Dienst voor Zeevisserij’ of the Min-istry of Small Enterprises, Traders and Agriculture. This Ministry has been regionalised since 1/1/2002 and is currently being replaced by new federal and regional structures.

2.2 Results

The seafood supply in Belgium was calculated for the year 2000 and the data have been broken down to species level as much as possible.

The Excel file ‘Summary on fish consumption in Belgium in 2000’ contains the follow-ing data:

• The column ‘Imported from’: ranking of the most important countries importing into Belgium in 2000;

• The column ‘Exported to: ranking of the most important countries Belgium was ex-porting to in 2000;

• The column ‘Imports’: imported amounts per species, given in kg, in 2000. Where possible distinction was made between whole fish or filets, to make the data more accurate;

• The column ‘Exports’: exported amounts per species, given in kg in 2000. Where possible distinction was made between whole fish or filets, to make the data more accurate;

• The column ‘Landings’: amounts per species, given in kg, landed in Belgian fishery harbours in 2000;

• The column ‘Total supply’: amounts per species, given in kg, of the total supply on the Belgian market in 2000;

• The column ‘Per capita supply’: amounts per species, given in kg, consumed per ca-put per year in 2000.

Mussel. Mytilus edulis. The data clearly show that Belgium is a mussel eating country and 99% was imported from The Netherlands. There is one remark on the total supply. The original data gave a total imported amount of 26.374.408 kg. This figure, however, comprises the sum of mussels alive (with shell) and mussel meat (without shell). The ratio between both was not given, so the accurate consumed amount could not be determined. Therefore the total amount of 26.374.408 kg is considered as being all mussels with shell. The reason is that most mussels are sold alive in Belgium and there were other original data on amounts of mussel without shell. After recalculation and with the assumption that 30% of the total weight is edible, the figure of 8.894.067kg was obtained and expressed in the table.


Salmon. Oncorhynchus spp. mostly. Salmon seems to be the most consumed fish in Belgium. All salmon are cultured and imported and the most important importing countries in Belgium in 2000 were:

• For filets: Denmark (1,815,395kg or 25.8% of the total), UK (1,383,301kg or 19.6%), France (1,140,397kg or 16.2%) and Germany (955,486kg or 13.6%). 75.2% of the total salmon filets was imported from these four countries. Which imports that were exported again could not be concluded from the original figures;

• Whole salmon (except guts): Denmark (3,292.670kg or 33.6% of the total), Sweden (2,060,721kg or 21.0%), United States of America (1,645,650kg or 16.8%), UK (856,061kg or 8.7%), France (814,838kg or 8.3%). 88.4% of the total salmon filets was imported from these four countries. Which part of imports was exported again could not be concluded from the original figures.


Table 2.1 Species.

Species Imported from**: Exported to: Imports in kg

Exports in kg

Landings in kg

Total supply in kg

Per capita* supply in kg per year

Mussel 'Mytilus spp.', see remark in text 3 (99%) 3>>>3>16 9114792 220725 8894067 0.867 Pacific Salmon "Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus kisuth and Oncorhynchus keta

8>30>400>>6>1>4>3>>512

1>>>3>11>6>4 9810008 1822888 7987120 0.778

Cod filets 'Gadus morhua, Gadus ogac, Gadus macrocephalus

8>24>8>4>60>1>>3=6 3>>1>4>8>16 7661744 1252812 6408932 0.624

Pacific Salmon filets "Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, On-corhynchus, Oncorhynchus kisuth and Oncorhynchus keta

8>6>1>4 3>>1>>16=4 7041773 2330921 4936899 4710852 0.459

Plaice 'Pleuronectes platessa' 3=6>1>>8 3>>>>1>8>6 913409 1360506 4489802 0.437 Allaska pollack filets 'Theragra chal-cogramma'

4>>>720>8>75>>1>3>>6 1>3>4>>38>8 4949071 988465 1697445 3960606 0.386

Cod 'Gadus morhua' 8>>>24>3>30>6>4 1>3>>>8>16 2741443 620690 969 3818198 0.372 Herring 'Clupea harengus and Clupea pallasii'

3>>8>28>4 16>>3 3740461 45295 3487885 3696135 0.360

Sole 'Solea spp.' 3>>>1>6>4>5 3>>>1>>5>6>16 2014650 2473116 3029419 0.295 Lobster 'Homarus spp.' 404>3>400 3>>>>16>4 2705936 579443 2126493 0.207 Trout 'Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus clarki'

1>>8>52>5>3>11 3>38>16 2145139 215475 1929664 0.188

Oyster 'Ostrea spp.', with shell, alive 3>1>6 3>16>4 1761281 772 1057 1760509 0.172 Redfish 'Sebastes spp.' 24>>>4>>8>1 4>1>3 1928218 228012 324527 1701263 0.166


Common shrimp 'Crangon spp.' 3>>>204>>6>4 204>>>>3>1>16 2200404 1017013 254941 1507918 0.147 Great scallop 'Pecten maximus' mostly 1>6>8=3>504 1>5=4>3>6 1425422 290064 83563 1390299 0.135 Pollack (=saithe) filets 'Pollachius virens' 8>1>3>46=24 1>4>>3>16 1797163 579283 1301443 0.127 Trout 'Oncorhynchus apache et Oncor-hynchus chrysogaster'

1>>>8>5>4

4>>>>1>38>3 2004831 811522 1193309 0.116

Redfish 'Sebastes spp'. 8>30>>4>3>24 3>>>1 1193702 210262 4604 983440 0.096 Mackerel 'Scomber scombrus, Scomber australasicus, Scomber japonicus'

7>>3>1>6 3>>>1>16 1276514 341535 1237 939583 0.092

Greenland halibut 'Reinhardtius hippo-glossoides'

8>>4>3>1 3>1>8>6 911447 30406 1853 882278 0.086

Sprat 'Sprattus sprattus' 7>>6>>3 400 929498 61589 245112 869762 0.085 Anglerfish 'Lophius spp.' 720>6>8>3=24>1 1>>5>3>4>6 852592 349030 748674 0.073 Eel 'Anguilla spp.', vivantes 3>400>404>1>8>5 3>>1>4 941914 456284 0 485630 0.047 Sardine 'Sardina pilchardus' 1>>>5>10 4>16>1 451554 52367 10284 399187 0.039 Spiny dogfish 'Squalus acanthias' 400>>>404>1>3 1>>>>3 608788 267682 324494 351390 0.034 Brill 'Scophthalmus rhombus' - - 193998 324494 0.032 Norway lobster 'Nephrops norvegicus' 6>8>1>7 1>>311 347881 229262 283946 312617 0.030 Turbot 'Psetta maximus' - - 283946 0.028 Eel 'Anguilla spp.', fresh or frozen 3>>804=690=624 1>3 350864 90702 260162 0.025 Hoki "Macruronus novaezealandiae" filets 804>>>1>3>8>814 1>>>>>4>3 628374 373848 22984 254526 0.025Common squid 'Loligo vulgaris' 664>>>680>>11>662>720 1>>>4>>11>3>6 2218576 1992858 248702 0.024 Plaice filets 'Pleuronectes platessa' 3>>>5>8>1 5>>>>>1>3 654201 421225 232976 0.023 Anchovy 'Engraulis spp.' 1>5>52 11=1>5>16 201937 15119 41732 186818 0.018 Octopus spp. 248>1>708>204>680>11>1 1>>>4>3>10>11 561348 416985 186095 0.018 Bars "Dicentrarchus labrax" 1>>3 1>3>4 165089 25921 148267 139168 0.014 Flounder 'Platichthys flesus' 3>5>8 5>>>3 77258 97041 128484 0.013 Eel 'Anguilla spp.', smoked 3 3>1 62339 5233 57106 0.006


Table 2.2 Countries and their number.

Country Number France 1 The Netherlands 3 Germany 4 Italy 5 UK 6 Ireland 7 Denmark 8 Greece 9 Portugal 10 Spain 11 Luxemburg 16 Iceland 24 Norway 28 Sweden 30 Austria 38 Switzerland 39 Turkey 52 Poland 60 Russia (Republic of) 75 Morocco 204 Senegal 248 United States of America 400 Canada 404 Peru 504 Israel 624 India 664 Thailand 680 Vietnam 690 Indonesia 700 China 720 The Philippines 708 New Zealand 804


2.3 Data from the SCOOP report

Belgium submitted data about consumption of fish (9.1.1) and bivalves (9.1.2) expressed by consumer and high consumers, reported in Table BE Food Consumption. The sources of consumption data were not specified. No other information has been made available.

Table 2.3 BE Food consumption.

Group code

Food name

Year Data by Con-sumer (g/day)

Data by Population

(g/day)

Year Data by Consumer

(g/day) Mean High consumers Mean

9,1,1 Fish No data 13.37 47.7 No data 13.37 9,1,2, Bivalves No data 0.66 No data No data 0.66


3. France

The results presented here are extracted from the OFIMER report " Family consumption of aquatic products" for 2000 (SECODIP Taylor Nelson inquiry)

Table 3.1 Fresh aquatic products consumption for year 2000 in France.

Species Tons Fish 134497 Shellfish 91977 Crustaceans 28508 Cephalopods 4118 Total 259100

Table 3.2 Fresh Fish consumption: repartition among species.

Specie % Cod 9,4 Trout 8,2 Coalfish 9,7 Mackerel 4,2 Whiting 7,7 Sardine 4,9 Salmon 16,2 Sole 4,8 Other (indiv<4%) 34,9

It appears that the salmon is the main specie consumed in France. A recent note from the Ofimer indicates that this fish is mainly imported (45% of imported fresh fishes) and mainly from Norway. It also clearly mentioned that Salmon is essentially sold in super-market (81% of the sales).

Table 3.3 Shellfish consumption: repartition among major species.

Specie Tons Oysters 35543 Mussels 42603 Scallops 5375 Whelk 4526 Chlamys (scallops) 418 Total 88465

Mussels and oysters are the two major consumed species.


Data from the SCOOP report

France presented food consumption data on 13 food groups. Data expressed by consum-ers (mean and high consumers - 95th percentile) and by population (mean and high con-sumers - 95th percentile were presented for both adults and children The food consump-tion data are based on the INCA survey (Individual and national French food intake sur-vey). This national survey was conducted all over the country from August 1998 to June 1999, so it integrates the seasonal effects. The total sample (3003 persons) is composed of 1985 adults 15 years and over and 1018 children and young teenagers (3-14 years). The food consumption reading was done with a diary record on 7 consecutive days. The identification of the type of food and the portion size consumed were estimated with a validated photographic book. The food nomenclature was based on the nomenclature used in the food composition tables and contains about 1000 codes and 44 food groups.

Table 3.4 French Adult seafood consumption.

ADULTS (>15 Years) average body weight: 66.4

Data by Population (g/day)

Data by Consumers (g/day)

Food group code

Food name Year

Mean High consumers (95 perc)


9 Fish and fish products 1998/99 34.5 97.7 41.4 103.4 9 (9.1-9.4 + (a)) Fish and fish products 1998/99 29.8 87.1 37.6 94.3 9.1.1+9.2+9.3+9.4

Fish and fish products 1998/99 26.8 82.9 36.5 90.0

9 (a) 3.3.1.1 of regulation 466/2001

1998/99 3.0 21.4 15.2 42.9

9 (9.1-9.4) only molluscs

Molluscs 1998/99 2.0 13.9 12.0 23.0

9 (9.1-9.4) only cephalopodes

Cephalopodes 1998/99 0.4 0.0 18.2 29.7

9 (9.1-9.4) only crustaceans

Crustaceans and echi-noderms

1998/99 2.3 14.3 14.9 33.6


Table 3.5 French children’s seafood consumption.

CHILDREN (3-14 Years) average body weight: 31.6 Data by Population (g/day)

Data by Consumers (g/day)

Food group code

Food name Year



9 Fish and fish products 1998/99 22.2 61.7 27.5 64.7 9 (9.1-9.4 + (a)) Fish and fish products 1998/99 20.3 57.1 26.3 60.7 9.1.1+9.2+9.3+9.4

Fish and fish products 1998/99 18.8 55.7 25.8 60.0

9 (a) 3.3.1.1.of regulation 466/2001

1998/99 1.5 11.4 10.7 28.6

9 (9.1-9.4) only molluscs

Molluscs 1998/99 0.9 7.1 9.4 30.0

9 (9.1-9.4) only cephalopodes

Cephalopodes 1998/99 0.2 0.0 15.6 25.7

9 (9.1-9.4) only crustaceans

Crustaceans and echino-derms

1998/99 0.8 7.1 12.0 34.3

References

OFIMER, Bilan trimestriel (Dec 2000). Consommation des Ménages en Produits Aquatiques, Consoscan from society Secodip (group Taylor-Nelson-Sofres.)

OFIMER , Division Observatoire Economique Entreprise : Bilan annuel 2000, Données de commercialisation sous criée, (2000)

OFIMER, Note le marché du Saumon,(March 2001). Comité National de la Conchyliculture, 55 rue des Petits-Champs, 75001 Paris

OFIMER: Office National Interprofessionnel des Produits de la Mer et de l'Aquaculture, 11 bou-levard de Sébastopol, 75001 Paris


4. Germany

Table 4.1 Market share of fish and seafood in Germany.

Market share 2000 Fishery goods altogether of it: 100 %

A Sea fish 75.30% B Sweetwater fish 13.70% C Crawfish 11.00%

Table 4.2 Market share of fish per species.

Fish altogether of it: 100% 1 Alaska-Pollock,(Theragra chalcogramma) 28.50% 2 Herring, (Clupea harengus) 18.50% 3 Tuna, (Thunnus albacares) 13.20% 4 Salmon, (Salmo Salar) 6.00% 5 Redfish, (Sebastes marinus) 5.40% 6 Saithe, (Pollachius virens) 4.50% 7 Hake, (Merluccius spp.) 4.40% 8 Cod Fish, (Gadus spp.) 3.70% 9 Mackerel, (Scomber scombrus) 2.40%

10 Trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 2.20% 11 Plaice, (Pleuronectes platessa) 1.40% 12 Halibut, (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) 0.50%

Table 4.3 Distribution per-capita-consumption to product category.

Distribution per-capita-consumption to product category Product category:

A Preserved-food and marinades 30% of it: 1. Tinned Herring 16% 2. Tinned Tuna 11% 3. Tinned sardine 2% 4. Tinned mackerel 1%

B Cold treatment/deep frozen-fish 25% C Fresh fish 14% D Crawfish 13% E Other fish (for example Salt herring or young herring) 7% F Smoked fish 7% G Fish salad 4%

Table 4.4 German seafood turnover.

( x 1000 t nominal catch ) Production (German fisher) 259 Import 1,542 Export 711 Other utilization (feedstuff) 2 Nourishment consumption (Germany) 1,088 Per-capita-consumption 13,3 kg



According to the consumption data in Germany six food groups were established for cal-culating the dietary intake:

• DE/1 Fresh fish from lakes and farms; • DE/2 Fresh fish from inland waterways and harbours. These fish may be caught by

anglers and are used mainly for private consumption; • DE/3 Fresh fish from open sea, ocean etc. (marine water); • DE/4 Bivalve molluscs; • DE/5 Crustaceans ; • DE/6 Fish products. No data on consumption of specific foods were presented

Frozen fish, fish fillets from marine water (open sea, ocean), which was originally, cate-gorized 9.2.1. was not listed in group DE/6 but was inserted in group DE/3. This is in accordance to the German food consumption data obtained from the German National Food Consumption Survey (DE 001).

Mollusc products were combined with DE/4 fresh bivalve molluscs according to the German food consumption data.

Data on food consumption were obtained from the German National Food Consumption Survey (DE 001). This study was conducted in 1985-1988 in which 19.115 adults > 18 years and 889 children (4-6 years) were interviewed. The average body weight was 70.5 kg for adults and that for children was 20.9 kg.

Food consumption data for each food group DE/1 - DE/6 with regard to mean and high consumers (97.5 percentile), for adults and children and are reported in Table 4.5.


Table 4.5 Seafood consumption in Germany.

(Adults >= 18 years) Bodyweight: mean=70.5 kg, median=70 kg Food group code

Food Identifica-tion (country)

Food name Year Data by Consumer (g/day)

Data by Population (g/day)

Mean High consumers (97.5 Perc)

Mean High consumers (97.5 perc)

9.1.1 DE/1 Fresh Fish farm / Lake 1985-88 32.27 83.3 1.25 22.9

9.1.1 DE/3 Fresh Fish marine 1985-88 25.82 74 9.53 56.31

9.1.2 DE/4 Bivalve molluscs 1985-88 18.44 125.01 0.14 0 9.1.4 DE/5 Fresh crustaceans 1985-88 11.62 38.4 0.48 6.6

9.2 / 9.3 / 9.4

DE/6 Processed fish and fish products

1985-88 19.09 69.45 5.6 43.91

(Children 4 - 6 years) Bodyweight: mean=20.9 kg, median=20 kg 9.1.1 DE/1 Fresh Fish farm / Lake 1985-88 20.29 0.25 0.00

9.1.1 DE/3 Fresh Fish marine 1985-88 14.91 43.36 6.12 28.60

9.1.2 DE/4 Bivalve molluscs 1985-88 (0.01) 0.00 9.1.4 DE/5 Fresh crustaceans 1985-88 6.46 (0.10) 0.00

9.2 / 9.3 / 9.4

DE/6 Processed fish and fish products

1985-88 8.31 47.34 1.25 14.88


5. Greece

Fish production in the year 1999

More than 80 different species are landed in Greek fishing grounds. The following table describes the quantity of fish caught in 1999. Only species with a production higher than 1,5% are shown (exception: common prawn with a production of 0,96% and squid with a production of 0,94%).

Imports 19991

Total fish imports for Greece in 1999 were 71.675,7 metric tons. Table 5.2 shows the distribution of these imports among principal countries. Only origin countries that repre-sent more than 3% of the Greek fish imports are included.

Table 5.3 shows the imports by principal species and the principal countries of origin. Under the category “Breams” the following species are included: Red Bream, Black Bream, White Bream, Black Sea Bream, Couch’s Sea Bream, Pargo Bream, Common Dentex, Largeeye Dentex, Red Pandora and Common Pandora.

Exports:19991,2,3,5

Total fish exports for Greece in 1999 were 64.767,8 metric tons. Table 5.4 shows the dis-tribution of these exports among principal countries. Italy comprises the main importing country and, in general, EU countries receive more than the 92,7% of the fish exports.


Table 5.1 Total fish production of Greece: 1999 figures.

A. Fish landed with fishing tools1 Metric tons A1. Total 115.490,9 By principal species: Fish A2. Anchovy 16.455,6 A3. European Pilchard (Sardine) 15.213,6 A4. Gilt Sardine 1.891,9 A5. Hake 3.128,1 A6. Bogue 4.666,4 A7. Common Grey Mullet 1.964,9 A8. Chub Mackerel 1.850,5 A9. Goatfish 1.734,6 A10. Pickerel 3.680,6 A11. Horse Mackerel 3.534,1 A12. Red mullet 2.111,7 Cephalopoda A13. Cuttle Fish 3.122,7 A14. Octapus + Poulp 3.690,0 A15. Common Squid + Flying Squid 1.083,0 Crustaceans A16. Common prawn 1.116,1 A17. Common shrimp 1.811,6 Pelecipoda A18. Mussel 15.859,9 B. Aquaculture B1. Total fishes2,3 44.315,0 B2. Total pelecipoda4,5 35.500,0 By principal species: B3. Sea Bass 19.075,0 B4. Sea Bream 22.190,0 B5. Mussel 32.500,0 C. Total production (A1+B1+B2) 195.305,9

Table 5.5 shows the exports by principal species and the receiving countries. Four species comprises more than 75% of the total exports.


Table 5.2 Fish imports for Greece in 1999 distributed by principal country.

Country Metric tons (%) 71.675,7 100,0 EU countries: Italy 8.549,1 11,9 Spain 7.036,2 9,82 Germany 3.557,1 4,96 The Netherlands 2.808,6 3,92 Denmark 2.769,6 3,86 Non-EU countries: India 6.686,1 9,33 New-Zealand 5.713,5 7,97 Senegal 5.129,2 7,16 Argentina 4.748,0 6,62 Morocco 3.980,9 5,55 Turkey 2.416,9 3,37

Table 5.3 Fish imports for Greece in 1999 distributed by principal species and their origin country.

Species Total metric tons

(%) Origin country Metric tons

Common squid and flying squid

18.415,1 25,7 India N. zealand USA Spain The Netherlands

5792,5 5498,0 1837,6 1495,0 1097,0

Octapus 7.511,4 10,5 Morocco Senegal Spain

2427,3 1765,8 925,1

Hake 12.181,8 17,0 The Netherlands Denmark Sweden Argentina

2152,3 1856,0 1555,6 3575,8

Shrimps and Prawns 5.147,4 7,18 Germany 3075,9 Breams 4.022,1 5,61 Italy

Spain 1390,0 953,1


Table 5.4 Fish exports for Greece in 1999 distributed by principal importing country.

Country Metric tons (%) Total exports 64.767,8 100,0 EU countries: Italy 47.142,5 72,8 Spain 7.162,2 11,1 France 2.324,6 3,59 Germany 1.484,8 2,29

Table 5.5 Fish exports for Greece in 1999 distributed by principal species and the receiving countries.

Species Total metric tons

(%) Target countries Metric tons

Mussel 17.724,4 27,4 Italy 16377,9 Sea Bream 11.020,7 17,0 Italy

Spain France

8997,7 1179,8 433,7

Sea Bass 7.755,3 12,0 Italy Spain France

5845,2 983,1 507,9

Breams (other species except sea bream)

10.176,1 15,7 Italy Spain France

6371,3 1873,3 652,5

European Pilchard (Sardine) and Gilt Sardine

1.901,0 2,94 Italy Yugoslavia Albania

691,1 643,8 333,5

Balance sheet

From the above data, the fish balance sheet6 shown in Table 5.6 could be derived. The balance sheet was calculated only for principal species that are also traded in the EU. Therefore, the species of interest for Greece, with the highest apparent consumption, are, sardines, anchovy mussels, hake, octopus, squid, sea bream and sea bass. Anchovy and sardines are landed in domestic fishing grounds and consumed mainly in domestic mar-kets. Mussels, sea bream and sea bass are produced mainly in maricultures. A large amount of this production is exported mainly in Italy, but the domestic consumption is also large. Hake is imported in large quantities, mainly from EU countries (total hake imports from EU: 8.242,9 metric tons), but these imports are distributed more or less evenly in four countries: the Netherlands (2.152,3 m. tons), Denmark (1.856,0 m. tons), Sweden (1.555,6 m. tons) and Spain (1.199,0 m. tons). Octopus and squid are mostly imported frozen from non-EU countries. Octopus is mainly imported from Morocco, whereas squid is imported from India and New Zealand in large quantities.


Table 5.6 Fish Balance Sheet of Greece (1999) for principal species.

Product Production Import Export Total supply on the market (Metric tons) Anchovy 16455,6 492,1 1039,9 15907,8 Pilchard and Gilt Sardines 17105,5 93,0 1091,0 16107,5

Mussels 48359,9 549,2 17724,4 31184,7 Sea Bream 22332,1 442,2 11020,7 11311,4 Sea Bass 19363,6 1113,8 7755,3 12722,1 Hake 3128,1 12181,8 249,3 15060,6 Octapus 3690,0 7511,4 348.3 10853,1 Squid 1083,0 18415,1 903.7 18594,4

Seafood consumption in Greece

The apparent seafood supply shown in Table 5.6 gives only approximately the seafood consumption in Greece, since there are a lot of amateur and professional fishermen with small boats in Greece that they don’t trade their products in official and recorded mar-kets. However it can be used to give a good approach of the seafood consumption in Greece.

Table 5.7 Greek seafood consumption data (kg/cap/y).

Species Per capita supply(kg/cap/y) Anchovy 1,55 Pilchard and Gilt Sardines 1,57 Mussels 3,04 Sea Bream 1,1 Sea Bass 1,24 Hake 1,47 Octopus 1,06 Squid 1,81

Greek Seafood Consumption

1.551.57

3.041.1

1.241.47

1.061.81

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.

AnchovySardinesMussels

SeaSea Bass

HakeOctapus

Squid

kg/cap/y5

Source: National Statistical Services of Greece (based on total population consumption)

Figure 5.1 Greek seafood consumption data (kg/cap/y).



Table 5.8 presents the average availability (g/person/day) of selected food items among the Greek population. Estimates are based on data collected in the context of the Greek national household budget survey, conducted in 1998-1999. Household budget surveys are periodically undertaken, using nationally representative samples of households (based on total population). The number of participants were 6258 households, singles included. The surveys aim at collecting, among other, data on food availability taking into consideration the households’ purchases, together with contributions from own pro-duction and food items offered to members as gifts. The data on food quantities refer to foods available at household level, since no information is recorded on the quantity of foods purchased to be consumed outside the household. Data are collected all-year round to allow for seasonal variability in food consumption. Individual availability was esti-mated without making allowances for edible proportion and under the assumption of equal distribution of food within the household and during the survey period. Sociode-mographic parmeters, such as education and profession of household head and synthesis of the household (members, sex and age) were recorded. No records for body weight and geographical level exist.

Food consumption data presented in ( Table 5.8) report food groups established for cal-culating the dietary intake. Data expressed by consumer and by population are shown. Both mean and high consumers (95 percentile) are considered . No data on specific food consumption were presented.

Table 5.8 Greek seafood consumption.

Food group code

Food name Year Data by Consumer (g/day)

Data by Population (g/person/day)

Mean High consumers

Mean High consumers

9.1.2, 9.1.3, 9.1.4 and 9.1.5

Fresh Bivalve molluscs, Cephalopodes, Crustaceans and Echinoderm

1998-99 37 95 (95th perc)

2.6 18 (95th perc)

9.4 Canned fish, fish roe, caviar, fish pies

1998-99 12 34 (95th perc)

1.5 10 (95th perc)

References -sources

1. National Statistical Services of Greece 2. Federation of European Aquaculture Producers (www.feap.org) 3. Federation of Greek Maricultures (www.imbc.gr/fgm) 4. Hellenic Ministry of Agriculture 5. Agricultural Bank of Greece 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of UN 7. Corporation for the Development of Fishery (www.etanal.gr)

http://www.feap.org/

http://www.imbc.gr/fgm

http://www.etanal.gr/


6. Italy

Table 6.1 Italy seafood consumption (g/cap/y) consumers only.

Consumer only Fresh Fish 13802 Frozen Fish 10615 Fresh “Blue fish” 10199 Frozen “Blue fish” 8390 Fresh freshwater fish 11076 Frozen freshwater fish 9101 Fresh mollusc 13139 Frozen mollusc 9507 Fresh crustaceans 7370 Frozen crustaceans 7326 Preserved Tuna 5243 Preserved Mackerel 4698 Preserved salmon 4645 Preserved anchovy 1311 Preserved sardine 2868 Cod 10293 Preserved clam 3724 Others preserved fish and seafood 5548

Table 6.2 Italy seafood consumption (g/cap/y) total population.

Total population Fresh Fish 5533 Frozen Fish 1406 Fresh “Blue fish” 830 Frozen “Blue fish” 42 Fresh freshwater fish 879 Frozen freshwater fish 166 Fresh mollusc 1521 Frozen mollusc 716 Fresh crustaceans 361 Frozen crustaceans 152 Preserved Tuna 2033 Preserved Mackerel 41 Preserved salmon 174 Preserved anchovy 85 Preserved sardine 10 Cod 255 Preserved clam 8 Others preserved fish and seafood 62



The average availability (g/person/day) of selected food items among the Italian popula-tion has been reported. Estimates are based on data collected by the Italian Institute for Food and Nutrition, conducted in 1994-1996 to establish the Italian food consumption patterns in the 90’s. The sample size was of 1200 households, corresponding to 2734 in-dividuals. Qualitative aspects of food intake profiles were surveyed by a questionnaire. a mixed 7-days based survey technique was applied in order to survey both individuals and household consumptions. Food intakes were recorded by a self-compiled diary, which contained the following informations: 7-day purchase/wastage diary, 7-day recipe diary, 7-day eating diary. Besides, social-demographic anthropometric cultural and life-style characteristics were recorded.

Table 6.3 Italian seafood consumption.

Data by Consumer (g/day) Data by Population (g/day)

Food group code

Food name Year

Mean High con-sumers (me-

dian)

Mean High con-sumers (me-

dian) 9 fish and fish products, in-

cluding molluscs, crusta-ceans, echinoderms (MCE)

1994-1996 48.3 no data 31,8 no data

9,2 processed fish and fish products

1994-1996 15.7 no data 7,4 no data

9.1.1 fresh fish, muscle meat of fish

1994-1996 37.8 no data 15,2 no data

9.2.1 frozen fish, fish fillets and fish products

1994-1996 29.1 no data 3,9 no data

9.1.1.30x1 pelagic fish, fresh 1994-1996 27.9 no data 2,3 no data 9.2.1 pelagic fish, frozen 1994-1996 23.0 no data 0,1 no data 9.1.1.30x2 freshwater fish, fresh 1994-1996 30.3 no data 2,4 no data 9.2.1 freshwater fish, frozen 1994-1996 24.9 no data 0,5 no data 9.1.2 molluscs, fresh 1994-1996 36.0 no data 4,2 no data 9.2.1 molluscs, frozen 1994-1996 26.0 no data 2,0 no data 9.4 crustaceans, fresh 1994-1996 20.2 no data 1,0 no data 9.2.1 crustaceans, frozen 1994-1996 20.1 no data 0,4 no data 9.4 tuna, fully preserved 1994-1996 14.4 no data 5,6 no data 9.4 mackerel, fully preserved 1994-1996 12.9 no data 0,1 no data 9.4 salmon, fully preserved 1994-1996 12.7 no data 0,5 no data 9.4 anchovies, fully preserved 1994-1996 3.6 no data 0,2 no data 9.4 sardines, fully preserved 1994-1996 7.9 no data 0,0 no data 9.3.4 salted cod 1994-1996 28.2 no data 0,7 no data 9.3.4 dried fish 1994-1996 0.0 no data 0,0 no data 9.4 clams, fully preserved 1994-1996 10.2 no data 0,0 no data 9.4 other preserved fish prod-

ucts 1994-1996 15.2 no data 0,2 no data


References

Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione INRAN (Food and Nutrition Na-tional Research Institute) .Turrini et al. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55 (7), 571-588, 2001).


7. Hungary

Introduction

The seafood consumption in Hungary is considered low. However, a stable and consid-erable increase in consumption has been observed since 1998 concerning not only the seafood but the freshwater species & products as well. Taking advantage of this ten-dency 2002 is declared “the year of the fish” by the Fish Product Council of the Office for Agricultural Market Regime. National promotions are going to be launched in March everywhere in the country in order to make Hungarian consumers acquainted with a wider spectrum of fish products, the benefits of fish consumption and culinary traditions of other European nations.

Statistics

Table 7.1 FAO-data (1999) on seafood supply for Hungary; species aggregated.

Product Imports Exports Total Supply Feed Food Per capita supply Unit 1000 metric tons kg/year Demersal Fish 1.5 0 1.5 0 1.5 0.2 Pelagic Fish 187.7 5.8 181.9 170 11.9 1.2 Marine Fish, Other 12.8 0.3 12.5 0 12.5 1.2 Crustaceans 0.2 0 0.2 0 0.2 0.0 Cephalopods 0 0 0 0 0 0 Molluscs, Other 1.0 0.2 0.8 0 0.8 0.1 Aquatic Animals, Others

0.1 0.1 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Total Seafood 203.3 6.4 196.9 170 26.9 2.7

As Hungary is a landlocked country, there is no seafood production. The import of fresh fish or other aquatic animals is not considerable. The structure of seafood consumption can be seen in Table 7.2. Figure 7.1 shows the import broken down to the most impor-tant 10 fish and mussel species.

Table 7.2 Hungarian actual (2000) seafood consumption.

Seafood Frozen Prepared or canned/bottled Total Consumption, kg/cap/year 0.41 0.74 1.15 Table 7.2 : Hungarian seafood consumption in 2000 (g/cap/y). Source: Databases of (i) the Re-

search and Information Institute for Agricultural Economics, (ii) the Fish Product Council of the Office for Agricultural Market Regime – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Budapest, Hungary)


Table 7.3 Hungarian seafood consumption.

Species g/cap/y Herring 317 Sardine 222 Hake 199 Walleye pollock 111 Tuna & skipjack loin 64 Mackerel 26 Saithe 16 Atlantic salmon 15 Atlantic cod 14 Blue mussel 8 Others 160

H u n g a r ia n s e a f o o d c o n s u m p t io n , g /c a p /y

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0

O t h e r s

B l u e m u s s e l

A t l a n t i c c o d

A t la n t i c s a lm o n

S a i t h e

M a c k e r e l

T u n a & s k i p ja c k l o in

W a l l e y e p o l l o c k

H a k e

S a r d in e

H e r r i n g

Figure 7.1 Hungarian actual (2000) seafood consumption based on the 10 most frequently consumed fish/mussel species2, 3.

References

FAO Database (http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset=agriculture) Database of the Research and Information Institute for Agricultural Economics,

Budapest, Hungary Database of the Fish Product Council of the Office for Agricultural Market Regime –

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hungary .


8. The Netherlands

Consumption data were collected in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey with dietary records from a stratified probability sample of households in The Netherlands (Kistemaker et al., 1998). The survey comprises a description of the daily consumption over two consecutive days and recording of age, sex and body weight for each individual within the sampled households. Data have been collected from April 1997 until April 1998. Collection of data was evenly spread over the weeks of the year and the days of the week. In total 6250 persons aged 1 to 97 participated, belonging to 2774 households. The mean body weight of the subjects was 65.8 kg. From the food consumption data, which was originally not always broken down into species categories, the average con-sumption per species was calculated (see Table 8.1).

Table 8.1 Consumption per species (grammes/capita/year).

Species Amount Herring 696 Whiting 631 Pollack 516 Cod 496 Salmon 394 Plaice 192 Mussels 187 fish other low fat 161 Tuna 156 shrimps & prawns 121 Mackerel 109


Table 8.2 Dutch seafood consumption.

Food group code

Food name Year Data by Population (g/day)

Mean high consumers 9.1.1.2 Eel 2000 0.13 0,3 9.1.4.3 Shrimp 2000 0.5 0,57 9.1.1.30X1 Herring 1999-2000 1.9 3 9.1.1.30X2 Cod 2000 3.07 9,9 9.1.1.30X4 Mackerel 2000 0.33 1 9.1.2.1 Mussel 2000 0.41 0,6 9.1.1.30X6 Plaice 2000 0.09 2,1

References

Kistemaker, C., Bouman, M. & Hulshof; K.F.A.M.(1998). De consumptie van afzonderlijke pro-ducten door Nederlandse bevolkingsgroepen : voedselconsumptiepeiling (1997-1998) / (The consumption of seperate products by population groups in the Netherlands: Food consumpti-on Survey 1997-1998); Published by: TNO Voeding, Zeist, The Netherlands.


Statistisch Jaarrapport 2000; (2001)Productschap vis. (statistical yearly report 2000; published by the Fishery Products Board, Rijswijk, The Netherlands).


9. Portugal

Portugal is one of the top world seafood consumers, with an estimate seafood consump-tion of 58 kg/cap/year (FAO, 1999). The landings are clearly insufficient to supply the market requirements, and therefore, Portugal imports a considerable amount of seafood.

Since statistical data concerning seafood consumption is not available for Portugal, we have gathered information of landings, imports and exports for the most relevant species, and we have done an estimation of seafood consumption based in a total population of 10 millions inhabitants. All the statistical data was obtained at the National Institute of Statistic (INE) and at the General Management of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DGPA).

Table 9.1 The most relevant sea species for Portuguese consumers.

English name Latin name Cod Gadus morhua; G.ogac; G. macrocephalus Sardine Sardina pilchardus; Sardinops sp. Hake Merluccius merluccius; Merluccius sp.; Urophycis sp. Octopus Octopus vulgaris Horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus;Caranx trachurus Chub mackerel Scomber scombrus; S..japonicus; S. australasicus Pouting Trisopterus luscus Tuna and similar species Thunnus alalunga: T. albacares; T. thynnus; Euthynnus sp. Clams Several species of Veneridae family Mussels Mytillus galoproviciallis; M. edulis; Perna sp. Cockle Cerastoderma edule Table 9.2 Seafood supply for Portuguese consumers in 2000 (INE and DGPA).

Only the most relevant sea species for the Portuguese diet are represented.

Product Landings (ton.)

Import (ton.)

Export (ton.)

Aquaculture(ton.)

Cons. per capita (Kg/year)

Cod 1353.0 90426.2 8950.0 ------- 8.28/30.10*Sardine 62734.0 11846.9 18236.5 ------- 5.36 Hake 3000.0 37937.8 2019.6 ------- 3.89 Octopus 9051.9 6968.3 1203.1 ------- 1.48 Horse mackerel 14348.6 25011.1 943.7 ------- 3.84 Chub mackerel 11527.0 6508.9 2930.1 ------- 1.51 Pouting 3271.6 --------- -------- ------- 0.32 Tuna and similar species

4643.0 20506.3 1871.8 ------- 2.33

Clams 258 1354.4 36.8 1404 0.30 Mussels -------- 1240.3 139.5 287 0.14 cockle 1291.7 ------------ -------- 114 0.14 Shrimp 392 12095.4 4945.9 ------- 0.75

* Value of consumption of cod using the equivalent live weight for 1999, following the methodology used by FAO (INE and DGPA).


The Portuguese seafood consumption per capita (Kg/year) depends substantially on how cod is included in the statistical data. As an example, between 1992-1994 the Portuguese seafood consumption per capita (Kg/year) was 37.4 if cod was included as dried fish, however if it was converted to fresh codfish (which is the normal procedure in FAO) then the Portuguese seafood consumption per capita would be 61.6 Kg/year. Another important factor that should be considered is the edible consumption.

Taking the same example using dried cod for the estimations, if gross consumption per capita is used we would have a consumption per capita between 1992-1994 of 37.4 Kg/year, however, if only the edible portion (the weight of the product which may be consumed entirely as food) is considered, then we would have a consumption per capita of 24.8 Kg/year. According to our information’s the seafood consumption per capita elaborated by FAO takes in consideration only gross consumption.

Figure 9.1 presents information concerning the most representative sea species for Por-tuguese consumers. Although bivalves are not among the most important food items, they have been included because they are target species from the point of view of TBT risk assessment.


Tunna and similars

50%

13%

20%

17%Spain

Others

Cod

5%

25%

19%

51%

Spain

Others

Hake

77%

16%7%

Spain

Others

Horse mackerel

99%

1%

Spain

Others

Octopus

75%

18%

7%

Spain

Others

Mussels

63%20%

13%4%

Spain

Others

Clams

33%

49%

18%

Spain

Others

26%

18%15%

41%Spain

Others

Gana

Belize

Norow ay

Russia

South Afr.

FilipinesChile

N.Zeland.

Netherland

Moçambique

France

Figure 9.1 Distribution of main Portugese seafood imports (INE).

References

FAO database (http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset=agriculture). Database of the National Institute of Statistics (INE). Database of the General Management of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DGPA). Anon, (1998). Portuguese fisheries 1986-1996. National Institute of Statistics and General

Management of Fisheries and Aquaculture, pp 279.


10. Spain

10.1 Introduction

Spain is perhaps one of the most coastal countries in Europe, which determines both the traditional consumption of seafood from people, and its character of seafood producer. Table 10.1 shows the Food Balance Sheet from FAO in which the seafood per capita supply is collected. Data from Table 10.1 are very general and information on seafood species consumption is poor. Only general data on demersal, pelagic, crustacean, etc is obtained. Therefore, additional information about actual seafood consumption from Health and Consumption Ministery in Spain (National Consumption Institute- INC) has been obtained and reported in the followings items.

10.2 Consumption data in Spain

The Nutrition and Feeding National Study (1991) from INC reveals the seafood con-sumption habits from different groups in Spain. The data are expressed in g consumed per person and day.

Although the previous study consider in detail the consumption for all the seafood spe-cies in the market, only the 10 more representative species are collected in Fig. 10.1.

0

5

10

15

20

25

g/person/day 20.70 5.90 5.47 4.68 4.15 3.24 3.17 2.88 2.29 2.14

Whiting Squid Sole Sardine Anchovy Prawn HakeHorse-

mackerel

Salad Cod

Oil tunny fish

Figure 10.1 Seafood species more consumed in Spain.

We consider as more interesting for the study the five species located on the top of the list, since they are the more consumed: whiting, squid, sole, sardine and anchovy. How-ever following this criteria bivalves and crustacean would not be included.

10.3 Sites of study

In order to choose the more suitable places to center the study and sampling we have re-viewed the species consumption in the different regions of Spain, considering, in addi-tion, their geographic situation and their socio-economic importance.


Figure 10.2 shows the seafood consumption in the seventeen regions of Spain and its comparison with the national average. The following five regions in different geografic areas of Spain with a high seafood consumption have been chosen:

• Andalucía (south). With coast in the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas • Cantabria (north). Coast in the Atlantic sea • Cataluña (north-east). Mediterranean sea • Galicia (north-west). Atlantic sea • Madrid (center region). Without coast

Figure 10.3-10.7 compare the national consumption of the five selected species with that of each region.

Most of species are consumed in the selected regions at similar or higher levels than na-tional average.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Gal

icia

Cas

tilla

yLa

Rio

jaC

anta

bria

Pai

s V

asco

Mad

ridAs

turia

sAr

agón

Anda

lucí

aN

avar

raC

astil

la L

aC

atal

uña

Com

unid

adEx

trem

adu

Mur

cia

Isla

sIs

las

g/pe

rson

/day

RegionalConsumptionNationalConsumption

Figure 10.2 Seafood consumption in different regions of Spain.

0

5

10

15

20

25

g/pe

rson

/day

AndalucíaSpain

Andalucía 23.50 6.71 4.72 4.20 9.20

Spain 20.70 5.90 5.47 4.68 4.15

Whiting Squid Sole Sardine Anchovy

Figure 10.3 Selected species consumption in Andalucia.


0

5

10

15

20

25g/

pers

on/d

ay

CantabriaSpain

Cantabria 19.00 3.83 4.71 5.97 7.96

Spain 20.70 5.90 5.47 4.68 4.15


Figure 10.4 Selected species consumption in Cantabria.

0

5

10

15

20

25

g/pe

rson

/day

GaliciaSpain

Galicia 22.00 8.79 7.22 5.59 0.17

Spain 20.70 5.90 5.47 4.68 4.15


Figure 10.5 Selected species consumption in Galicia.

0

5

10

15

20

25

g/pe

rson

/day

CataluñaSpain

Cataluña 12.30 7.64 3.44 4.52 1.70

Spain 20.70 5.90 5.47 4.68 4.15


Figure 10.6 Selected species consumption in Cataluña.


05

1015202530

g/pe

rson

/day

MadridSpain

Madrid 26.60 3.94 12.00 3.38 5.49

Spain 20.70 5.90 5.47 4.68 4.15


Figure 10.7 Selected species consumption in Madrid.

References

The Nutrition and Feeding National Study (1991). Consumption National Institute. Spain Health and Consumption Ministery.

FAO Database (http: //apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset=nutrition)


11. Sweden

Swedish consumption habits for fish and shellfish have been investigated by the National Food Administration of Sweden [1]. 1212 persons aged 17-79 years answered to a ques-tionnaire. Consumers were asked how often different types of fish, shellfish or fish prod-ucts had been eaten during the last year. The following options were given in the ques-tionnaire:

• Consumed never any of the fishes or dishes given in the table • Consumed a few times a year • 1-3 times a month • Once a week • Several times a week • Once or several times a day • Don’t know.

The table in Appendix 1 gives thus no direct information about the amounts of fish or shellfish consumed but only how often seafood and fish had been consumed.

Separate studies about the Swedish population food-consumption habits were performed 1989 [2] (households expenses for food and food habits) and 1997-1998 [1] by “Riksmaten” (Country’s food). Each investigation was based on 2000 households. With respect to vegetables, fat consumption and smoking habits significant changes had been observed between the two investigations. With respect to the consumption of fish and shellfish no changes were observed as can be seen from Table 11.1 below.

Table 11.1 Consumption of fish and shellfish (g/day).

Women Man 1989 1997-1998 1989 1997-1998 35 30 34 34

The average yearly fish consumption based on this information is 12.14 kg/person corre-sponding to 108 000-tons/year for 8.9 million inhabitants of Sweden. This value is in reasonable agreement considering total food consumption in Sweden based on informa-tion from the European Commissions’ action program.

‘Fish quality labelling and monitoring’ available at the Internet. Based on available data on export and import and catches including those from aquaculture, the total consump-tion was estimated to be 131 000-tons/ year.

Based on the fish consumption frequencies of Swedish population (Appendix 1) the amount of different types of fish and shellfish consumed has been estimated by us applying the following assumptions:

• Eat fish a few times per year equals to 4 meals a year • 1-3 meals monthly equals to 1.5 meals monthly • A few meals a week equals to 2 meals weekly • One or several meals a day equals to 1.5 meals a day


• The amount of fish consumed was set to 50-150g per meal depending on the type of fish and this is indicated in Table 11.2 along with total consumption.

• In case less than 1% of the persons had indicated a preference the frequency was set to 0.5%.

Table 11.2 Estimated Swedish seafood consumption per capita and year for different types of seafood.

Consummation/person g/year g/meal Cod, Saithe, Haddock, Hake 3380 150 Sole, Mackerel, Turbot, Halibut 1410 150 Fish pins made of Saithe or Cod 720 100 Herring from Baltic Sea 885 150 Salmon, Whitefish from Baltic Sea 464 150 Salmon from Norway (breed) 805 150 Salmon from Pacific 466 150 Shellfish 1035 75 Caviar from Cod and others 930 50 Eel, smoked 50 50 Pike, Bass, Croakey 473 150 Canned Tuna, Mackerel, Sardines 640 50 Canned Herring 630 50 Smoked Herring from Skagerrak/Kattegatt 87 100 Smoked Herring from Baltic Sea 199 100 Total fish consumption (g/cap./year) 12174 Total fish consumption (g/cap./day) 33.4

The total fish and shellfish consumption per capita of 33.4g a day is in good agreement with the other investigations (see Table 11.1). Therefore Table 11.2 is likely to represent a reasonable estimate of Swedish fish and shellfish consumption habits.

References

Wulf Becker, Vår Föda, 1, 27 (1999). Wulf Becker (1989). Befolkningens kostvanor och näringsintag i Sverige. National Food

Administration.


12. United Kingdom

To determine the seafood species for use in this project it would have been better to use seafood consumption data directly attributable to species. Unfortunately, the UK does not have this data available. Seafood consumption data that is available is grouped into non-specific types such as white fish, shellfish and oily fish. Table 12.1.

The next best available dataset to enable selection of species is the fish/shellfish landings into the UK. This can be used to give an approximation of seafood consumption. However, not all fish landed will be used for human consumption some for example will be exported, some will be converted into animal food. Not all of the fish weight landed is used for food, items such as head; tail and gut will not be used.

The total fish landings into the UK by species selection is given in Table 12.2, the data is taken from the United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics 1999 and 2000. Shellfish figures from these tables do not show farmed and shore harvested numbers. To obtain more ac-curate figures the report published by DEFRA CEFAS, Shellfish News No10 giving data for 1999 was used. The most recent report giving figures for 2000, No 12 is incomplete due to the foot and mouth epidemic which prevented some data from being collected. These further shellfish figures are added to Table 12.2.

The FAO has compiled data on seafood production and per capita supply; Data for the UK is summarised in Table 12.3. This shows that demersal fish are the highest con-sumed fish. The data in Table 12.2 shows that this is composed largely from cod and haddock, most whiting is exported. Shellfish, which include crustaceans, make up the next largest section. Pelagic fish form the third group with herring and mackerel the most landed species although these are mostly used in feed or exported.

The data is presented in Figure 12.1 with some further detail on shellfish species. Whilst the above data indicates the most highly consumed fish, TBT concentrations in the vari-ous species also need to be considered. Little data exists for TBT in seafood in the UK, so average figures for TBT concentration from Belfroid et al, 1999 are used in conjunc-tion with the few UK values available. The common whelk, Buccinum undatum is included, as this species is known to bioac-cumalate TBT. It is also a species that is only consumed in localised areas giving rise to a possible higher consumer risk. Figures for consumption of whelks have already been studied in greater depth for radio-ecological reasons and can be applied to this study. We can therefore use this species for localised high consumption.


Table 12.1 Household consumption of individual foods 2000.

Fish Grams p.p.p.d. Grams p.p.p.w. Grams p.p.p.y. White, filleted, fresh 2.0 14 728 White, unfilleted, fresh 0.1 1 52 White, uncooked, frozen 2.3 16 832 Herring, filleted, fresh 0.0 0 Herring, unfilleted, fresh 0.0 0 Fatty, fresh, other than herring(a) 2.0 14 728 White, processed 0.7 5 260 Fatty, processed, filleted 0.4 3 156 Fatty, processed, unfilleted 0.4 3 156 Shellfish 1.0 7 364 Cooked fish 1.1 8 416 Canned salmon 0.9 6 312 Other canned or bottled fish 3.7 26 1352 Fish products, not frozen (a) 1.7 12 624 Frozen convenience fish products 4.0 28 1456 Total fish 20.4 143 7436

Table 12.2 Fish Landings into UK 2000; demersal fish.

Demersal fish Thousand tonnes Brill 0.4 Catfish 0.8 Cod 37 Dogfish 7.3 Haddock 50.3 Hake 3.5 Lemon Soles 4 Ling 7.6 Megrims 5 Monks orAnglers 14.7 Plaice 8.6 Pollack (Lythe) 2.5 Saithe 10.2 Sand Eels 9.7 Skates and Rays 5.5 Soles 1.9 Turbot 0.5 Whiting 23.3 Whiting, Blue 17.7 Witches 2.4 Other Demersal 14.6 Total Demersal 227.3

Seafood consumption data

43

Table 12.3 Fish Landings into UK 2000; pelagic fish.

Pelagic Thousand tonnes Herring 39.5 Horse Mackerel 2.7 Mackerel 54.6 Pilchards 2.9 Sprats 8.3 Other Pelagic 2.3 Total Pelagic 110.3

Table 12.4 Fish Landings into UK 2000; shelfish.

Shellfish Landings Farmed Total Cockles 20.3 1.4 21.7 Crabs 25.7 25.7 Lobsters 1.2 1.2 Mussels 7.5 1.7 9.3 Nephrops 28.3 28.3 Periwinkles 1.1 1.1 Queens 5.3 5.3 Scallops 19.7 19.7 Shrimps 1.6 1.6 Squids 1.4 1.4 Other Shellfish 14.8 Inc oysters 14.8 Common Oyster 1 1 Pacific Oyster 0.7 0.7 Total Shellfish 127 131.8

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