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SeagricultureExploring the seaweed chain

• DiscovertheprogressionintheNorthSeaArea

• Exploringtheseaweedchain

• Commercialandscientificperspectives

• New:EducationSquare!

• Sitevisittoseaweedtestcentreandmore

Twodaysofinteractivepresentationsanddiscussionsfocussingonallaspectsinthechain:

Biobased Economy, Hatchery and Farming, Marine Spatial Planning, Market Chain Development, Mechanization, Pre-processing, Storage and Logistics, Biorefinery and Products.

-Den Helder/Texel, The Netherlands

SeptemberMore info at: www.seagriculture.eu2nd international seaweed conference

Organizing committee members:

Book of abstracts

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Table of content Organisers and (media) partners ............................................................................................................ 3

Conference program ............................................................................................................................... 4

Conference program -‐ 25-‐09-‐2013 -‐ 25 September 2013 ................................................................... 4

Conference program -‐ 26-‐09-‐2013 -‐ 26 September 2013 ................................................................... 6

Participants at the information market: ................................................................................................. 7

Sponsor coffee break first morning: ....................................................................................................... 8

Schools and universities: ........................................................................................................................ 8

Add Walz ............................................................................................................................................... 10

Abstracts, CV’s, company description of speakers and chairman day 1 ............................................... 11

Abstracts, CV’s, company description of speakers and chairman day 2 ............................................... 52

Notes ..................................................................................................................................................... 74

7th International Algae Congress -‐ Hamburg ......................................................................................... 75

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Organisers and (media) partners

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Conference program

Conference program -‐ 25-‐09-‐2013 -‐ 25 September 2013 09:00 -‐ 09:30 Registration and coffee/tea

09:30 -‐ 09:45 Welcome and introduction by Martin Scholten, IMARES

09:45 -‐ 11:15 Biobased Economy Chairman: Floris Groenendijk, IMARES Roel Bol, Biobased Economy / Ministry of Economic Affairs Prof. Dr. Bela Buck, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research AWI Marine Aquaculture, Maritime Technologies and ICZM Head of Working Group From near shore pilots to large scale offshore operations Sergio Cansado, Marine Stewardship Council Measuring fisheries sustainability

11:15 -‐ 11:30 North Seaweed promo film (work version) Launching of the 3-‐minutes promo film by Jaap Bond, deputy of the province of Noord Holland. The promo film focuses on the current situation and needs regarding the North seaweed chain in development.

11:30 -‐ 12:00 Coffee / tea break

12:00 -‐ 13:00 Experiences of seaweed end-‐users Piet Bogaert, PhD, Global Product & Process Development Manager Polysaccharides, Cargill Texturizing Solutions How collaborations between the scientific community, suppliers and processors can ensure a sustainable seaweed industry. Machiel van Steenis, Energy Valley Framework for developing a new business chain

13:00 -‐ 14:00 Networking Break During to the Lunch buffet, it is possible to visit the Table Top Presentations and Poster Sessions. With adequate participation a discussion on the further development of demand-‐driven educational seaweed programmes will be convened by NIOZ.

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14:00 -‐ 15:00 Session 1: Hatchery and Farming Chairman: Willem Brandenburg: Plant Research International Willem Brandenburg, Plant Research International Genetics Bert Groenendaal, R&D Project Coordinator, Sioen Advanced textiles as novel substrates for seaweed cultivation Dr. John Bothwell, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University Kelp plantations in EnAlgae: an EU-‐funded collaborative network

14:00 -‐ 15:00 Session 2: Marine Spatial Planning Chairman: Sander van der Burg: LEI Dr. Adam Hughes, Lecturer in Sustainable Aquaculture, Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland, Scottish Marine Institute Seaweed and Society’s Challenges in the 21st Century Josien Steenbergen, IMARES Bluegrowth developments and Multi-‐use platforms

15:00 -‐ 16:00 Session 3: Market Chain Development Chairman: Dr. Stefan Kraan, Ocean Harvest Technology Dr. Stefan Kraan, Scientific Director and co-‐founder Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd Seaweed, the low hanging fruit Helena Abreu, SeaBioplas Seaweed from sustainable aquaculture as feedstock for biodegradable bioplastics Marie Plan, Aqua B Edible seaweed: 20 years of seaweed food market evolution

15:00 -‐ 16:00 Session 4: Upscaling installations and reducing operational costs Chairman: Chris Veltman, ATO Marnix Poelman, Wageningen UR Large scale offshore windfarms and offshore aquaculture John Stavenuiter, AMC Centre Simulation model reducing operational costs for offshore windfarms and offshore aquaculture

16:00 -‐ 16:20 Coffee break

16:20 -‐ 17:05 Discussion Governance Chairman: Luc van Hoof, IMARES Ministerie EZ – Wilbert Schermer-‐Voest Stichting Noordzee – Christine Absil Blueport / VisNed -‐ Pim Visser ICES / Imares -‐ Pauline Kamermans Ekofish -‐ Louwe de Boer Rijkswaterstaat – Wanda Zevenboom Stichting Noordzeeboerderij -‐ Eef Brouwers

17:05 -‐ 17:15 Wrap up: Day 1 by Floris Groenendijk – IMARES

17:15 -‐ 17:45 Reception Mayor of Den Helder (invited)

19:30 -‐ 22:00 Dinner Evening -‐ location Dok 51 optional -‐ upon registration only

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Conference program -‐ 26-‐09-‐2013 -‐ 26 September 2013

09:30 -‐ 10:00 Registration and coffee/tea 10:00 -‐ 10:15 Introduction by Henk Brinkhuis, director NIOZ 10:15 -‐ 11:45 Various aspects for seaweed processing Chairman: Klaas Timmermans, NIOZ Jaap van Hal, Research Scientist, Energy Center of the Netherlands (ECN) Chemicals and bio-‐fuels from the third generation biomass seaweed Paulien Harmsen, Scientist Biorefinery and Biobased Products, Wageningen UR Seaweed biorefinery: production of fuels and chemicals from native North Sea seaweed species Annette Bruhn, Research Scientist, PhD, Aarhus University – Department of Bioscience The MacroAlgae Biorefinery, Laminaria for Energy, Feed and Bioremediation Paul Bikker, ASG Seaweed and seaweed components as novel protein sources in animal diets.

12:00 -‐ 13:00 Lunch & Networking Break During to the lunch buffet, it is possible to visit the Table Top Presentations and Poster Sessions. With adequate participation a discussion on the further development of demand-‐driven educational seaweed programmes will be convened by NIOZ. Show of promo film (non-‐stop).

13:00 -‐ 14:00 Keynote lecture / NIOZ Colloquium Ronald de Vries, CBS-‐KNAW FUNGAL BIODIVERSITY CENTRE Degradation of biomass of terrestrial plants and algae by fungi

14:00 -‐ 15:20 Valorisation of seaweed Job Schipper, Hortimare Follow-‐up Texel: test module for seaweed cultivation off the coast of Texel Céline Rebours, Helena Abreu and Julie Maguire, Bioforsk Integrated actions for the development of the Macroalgae Industry in Europe. Pieternella Luttikhuizen & Judith van Bleijswijk, NIOZ Population genetics of kelp and its relevance for kelp farming in northwest Europe. Alexander Lubsch / Klaas Timmermans, NIOZ First results for the NIOZ Seaweed Centre.

15:20 -‐ 15:30 Wrap up Day 2 by Klaas Timmermans, NIOZ

15:30 -‐ 17:30 Technical Visits Seaweed Centre NIOZ and TS Agri (Zilt proefbedrijf) More info

18:00 -‐ 18:20 Departure ferry to Den Helder

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Participants at the information market:

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Sponsor coffee break first morning:

Schools and universities: Hogeschool Zeeland Van Hall Larenstein ROC Noord Nederland Wageningen UR

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The “Sealab” aims to research and develop a mixed Offshore Wind and Sea farm for increasing revenues of wind farms and Building with Nature.

This project aims to investigate the improvement of the exploitation of offshore wind farms by means of co-‐use the space of offshore wind farms. Offshore wind farms (OWF) have significant spatial claims. This area can hardly be used for other functions. The starting point for this “Sealab” project is the idea that co-‐use of the revenues, synergy in O&M, improve in a sustainable way, construction and maintenance of the wind farm by “Building with Nature” and increase societal acceptance of offshore wind energy. It should be self-‐supporting. The “Sealab” research focuses the potential for sustainable shellfish-‐ and seaweed production within and around offshore wind farms. The focus is on gaining knowledge and defining the feasibility for any type of offshore crustacean production (mussel, flat oyster, lobster, North Sea crab) and seaweeds and the interaction between different species.

Heinz Walz GmbH · Eichenring 6 · 91090 Effeltrich · GermanyPhone: +49-(0)9133/7765-0 · Telefax: +49-(0)9133/[email protected] · www.walz.com

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Abstracts, CV’s, company description of speakers and chairman day 1

Welcome and introduction by Martin Scholten, IMARES

IMARES is:

• an independent, objective and authoritative institute that provides knowledge necessary for an integrated sustainable protection, exploitation and spatial use of the sea and coastal zones;

• an institute that provides knowledge necessary for an integrated sustainable protection, exploitation and spatial use of the sea and coastal zones;

• a key, proactive player in national and international marine networks (including ICES and EFARO).

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Biobased Economy Chairman: Floris Groenendijk, IMARES

Floris Groenendijk (51) has studied physical oceanography at the University of Utrecht. His master thesis was about the vertical structure of the residual currents in the Dutch coastal zone. After his academic study he worked at the Ministery of Transport and Waterways in the field of coastal morphology. In 1998 he changed radically from the Governement to a Non-‐governmental organisation; he became Director of the North Sea Foundation. During his period the North Sea Foundation launched the good fish guide and contributed to the implementation of the EU Directive of the Port Reception Facility. Since 2007 he works at IMARES Wageningen UR as head of different departments. At this moment he is head of the Maritime Departement.

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Roel Bol, Biobased Economy / Ministry of Economic Affairs

Curriculum Vitae Roel P.J. BOL Date of birth: 8th June 1950 Marital Status: Married, 3 children

Educational background: State University Utrecht, Master International Law

Experience:

1975 Board of Health Care, EEC matters and bilateral treaties 1979 Ministry of Health and Environment, Policy Advisor Department of International

Economic Affairs 1987 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Deputy Director International Economic Affairs 1988 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, Deputy Director Trade and

Industry 1993 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, Director Minister’s Office 1997 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, Director Fisheries 2001 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Director Trade and Industry 2009 Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation Program Director Biobased

Economy

Abstract presentation Roel Bol, Biobased Economy / Ministry of Economic Affairs

Since about 2005, the creation of a biobased economy has been a significant issue in the Netherlands. A biobased economy is an economy where the used raw materials are primarily derived from nature (biomass). Current analysis shows that there is already a considerable biobased market in existence: the value of current biobased production is estimated at 326 billion Euros. Widespread application of biomass will in the long term have a positive economic effect on the economy. The environmental benefits are also considerable.

Algae can play an important role in the production of biofuel, fodder, chemical platform chemicals, and high-‐value specialties. The world of algae researchers and producers has the appearance of the biobased economy itself: major projects, a lot of research, test sites and pilot plants, but the large scale substitution of fossil products by their green counterparts from algae has not yet made a take-‐off – apart from some pharmaceuticals and neutraceuticals. But algae will make their breakthrough.

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Prof. Dr. Bela Buck, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research AWI Marine Aquaculture, Maritime Technologies and ICZM Head of Working Group From near shore pilots to large scale offshore operations

Affiliation: Prof. Dr. Bela H. Buck ResearcherID: B-‐8772-‐2012 (1) Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research AWI Head of Working Group -‐ Marine Aquaculture, Maritime Technologies and ICZM Bussestrasse 27, D-‐27570 Bremerhaven (Germany), Phone: +49 471-‐4831-‐1868, Fax: +49 471-‐4831-‐1149, Mobile: +49 179-‐79159-‐90, Email: [email protected], URL: http://www.awi.de URL: http://www.awi.de/en/go/aquaculture URL: http://www.awi.de/People/show?bbuck (2) University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven Professor for Applied Marine Biology An der Karlstadt 8, D-‐27568 Bremerhaven (Germany), Phone: +49 471-‐4823-‐239, Fax: +49 471-‐4823-‐199, Email: BBuck@hs-‐bremerhaven.de, URL: http://www.hs-‐bremerhaven.de, URL: http://www.hs-‐bremerhaven.de/Bela_H._Buck.html (3) German Aquaculture Association President Bundesverband Aquakultur i.G., Fraunhoferstraße 2-‐4, 24118 Kiel (Germany), Email: BBuck@bundesverband-‐aquakultur.de URL: http://www.bundesverband-‐aquakultur.de

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Curriculum Vitae Prof. Dr. Bela Hieronymus Buck studied neurophysiology and marine biology at the University of Bremen, at the Institute for Marine Research in Kiel and at the Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) in Bremen (all in Germany). In the years 1999/2000 he was involved in research projects concerning the aquaculture of giant clams at the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), the James Cook University and the Australian Institute for Marine Science (AIMS) in Townsville (all in Australia) in which he got is graduation as a marine biologist. Onwards, he worked in various research projects at the Center for Tropical Marine Ecology. Since 2001 he is engaged in projects regarding offshore aquaculture (especially as multifunctional use of offshore wind farms) at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Bremerhaven/Germany. He conducted his PhD in 2001-‐2004 in various aspects of offshore aquaculture related to technology, biology, legislation and ICZM issues within the German Bight (grade of excellent/highest distinction). From 2005 Dr. Buck was PostDoc at the AWI and is the head of the working group “Marine Aquaculture, Maritime Technologies and ICZM”.

He was responsible to establish the Institute for Marine Resources (IMARE), in which he was the head of the section “Marine Aquaculture” as well as a member of the Directory Board.

In July 2007 he was given a professorship for “Applied Marine Biology” from the University of Applied Sciences in Bremerhaven.

Today, Bela H. Buck is involved in various projects concerning the cultivation of marine plants/animals, the development of technological design and the realisation of pilot projects to commercial enterprises. He is in cooperation with various national/international institutions. He is responsible for the new RAS plant (2.4 Mio €) for aquaculture research, which was inaugurated in March 2011. Bela H. Buck won three prices during his scientific career (e.g. The Price for interdisciplinary research from the Chamber of Commerce).

For more details: http://www.awi.de/People/show?bbuck

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Sergio Cansado, Marine Stewardship Council The MSC: Measuring fisheries sustainability

Authors: Sergio Cansado, Fisheries Assessment Manager, Marine Stewardship Council. Marine Stewardship Council, Marine House, 1-‐3 Snow Hill, London EC1A 2DH, UK Chloe North, BSc Aquatic Resource Management, King’s College London. 64 Rodenhurst Road, London SW4 8AR, BA Hons Biological Sciences, Oxford University, [email protected], +44 07557789595

MSC: The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an international standard setting organisation that provides market based solutions to the problem of overfishing. The MSC fisheries standard has been developed to assess the sustainability of wild capture freshwater and marine species, open to all fisheries regardless of size, scale, location and intensity. A total of 207 fisheries are currently certified as sustainable under the MSC program, having confirmed that they maintain sustainable fish stocks, minimise environmental impacts and are effectively managed. None of the 312 fisheries currently engaged in the MSC program (including 105 still in assessment) targets seaweed species. A set 31 performance indicators and scoring guideposts form the “assessment tree” used to assess fisheries’ sustainability. A recent investigation made by MSC shows that the MSC standard and assessment tree could be potentially used to evaluate the sustainability of seaweed fisheries. However, further investigation is required in order to develop a modified assessment tree for these species appropriate to their special characteristics (e.g. biology, ecosystem influences of harvesting and enhancement technologies).

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Curriculum Vitae Sergio Cansado Marrero BSc in Marine Biology. University of Laguna (Tenerife, Spain) / MSc in Aquaculture. University of Stirling (Scotland, UK). Marine House, 1, Snow Hill, London EC1A 2DH. +44 (0)20 7246 8937 [email protected] Since June 2012, I have been working as Fisheries Assessment Manager at the Marine Stewardship Council (London, UK), leading the review of assessments for Africa, South America and Mediterranean Sea fisheries as well as those linked to Spanish clients and enhanced fisheries. I also am responsible for reviewing specific elements of the assessment process related to principle 1 (stock status). As delegated, I implement / evaluate policy projects related to enhanced fisheries, metapopulations and, potentially, seaweed fisheries. From 2010 – 2011, I worked as Fishery Biologist at the National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC) (Swakopmund, Namibia). I provided general on-‐site support, monitoring and technical advice for the project “Support for the research programme of the NatMIRC”. Specific tasks were related to staff training for the analysis and management of the existing fisheries data from the Namibian observers program. Other duties involved drafting data management protocol, working Seminars and annual estimation of species composition and size structure of the Namibian hake catches, among others. I worked until 2010, as Fishery Research Technician at the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) (Canary Islands, Spain). Main duties were related to the scientific monitoring of fisheries in Marine Protected Areas, including processing and analysis of fishery data; designing, management and maintaining of surveys and catches databases; monitoring and fishery data collection from the observers on port. I participated in more than 20 oceanographic surveys in the Canary Islands MPAs, Mauritania, Morocco Namibia as well as scientific observer on board of tuna freezers in the Gulf of Guinea (Ivory Coast) and Indian Ocean (Seychelles). Co-‐author of several scientific reports, posters and scientific publications mainly related the work done on MPAs. The Marine Stewardship Council The MSC is a global program with fisheries participating from all the world’s oceans. We have a staff of 100 spread across the HQ in London and regional offices in the Netherlands, USA, Australia, Baltic region, France, Germany, Japan, South Africa, and Spain. The MSC is a registered charity and non-‐profit organisation, relying to a large extent on financial support from donors with an interest in protecting sustainable fishing. The MSC assessment program is used to certify wild capture freshwater and marine species, open to all fisheries regardless of size, scale, location and intensity. The MSC mission is to use the ecolabel and fishery certification program to contribute to the health

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of the world’s oceans by recognising and rewarding sustainable fishing practises, influencing the choices people make when buying seafood, and working with our partners to transform the seafood market to a sustainable basis. To maintain impartiality, the MSC operates a 'third-‐party' certification program. This means that MSC itself does not assess fisheries or decide if they are sustainable. Instead certificates are issued by certifiers who are independently accredited to be able to perform assessments of fisheries and decide if they meet the MSC's standards. MSC certification is a robust scientific process, which draws on scientific expertise from marine scientists worldwide as well as contributing to improving scientific understanding through the fishery assessment process. Every MSC certified fishery has demonstrated that it maintains sustainable fish stocks, minimises environmental impacts and is effectively managed. These are the three MSC environmental principles that every fishery in the program must prove it meets. The input that stakeholders provide during a fishery’s assessment is key to ensuring a thorough assessment and a credible outcome. For this reason, certifiers are required to carefully consider all comments received, and justify and document their responses. The MSC also has an objections procedure which provides a mechanism for any disagreement with the assessment of the fishery to be reviewed and resolved. The MSC is continually improving its program, and stakeholders are invited to contribute to its development through regular meetings of the Stakeholder Council and public consultations. Marine Stewardship Council Marine House, 1, Snow Hill, London EC1A 2DH Tel: +44 (0)20 7246 8900 Fax: +44 (0)20 7246 8901 www.msc.org

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Jaap Bond, deputy of the province of Noord Holland

Curriculum Vitae

Jaap Bond (11 december 1957) is gedeputeerde Landbouw en Landelijk Gebied. Hij startte zijn politieke loopbaan in 1996 als steunlid van de CDA-‐fractie in zijn geboorteplaats Edam-‐Volendam. In 1999 stapte hij over naar Provinciale Staten, waar hij van 2003-‐2007 fractievoorzitter was. In 2007 wisselde Bond zijn Statenlidmaatschap in voor een gedeputeerdenpost. Hiervoor werkte hij 28 jaar bij de politie.

Provinciehuis Dreef 3 Postbus 123 2000 MD Haarlem e-‐mail: bondj@noord-‐holland.nl

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Experiences of seaweed end-‐users Piet Bogaert, PhD, Global Product & Process Development Manager Polysaccharides, Cargill Texturizing Solutions

How collaborations between the scientific community, suppliers and processors can ensure a sustainable seaweed industry.

Today 70% of worldwide seaweed production is coming from aquaculture. Seaweed farming faces many challenges and needs scientific support to keep growing. The remaining 30% of the resource is wild and thus needs solutions to ensure a long term supply. These concerns should be shared within the seaweed world: scientists, harvesters, farmers, seaweed suppliers, processors, etc. All need to

align their initiatives to reach a common target: develop sustainable and innovative solutions for the seaweed industry. These initiatives must take into account induced impacts such as environmental, economical and social ones.

How can we turn our common will to sustain this activity into optimized partnerships? The aim of this presentation is to share Cargill Texturizing Solutions’ experiences and perspectives as a large industrial user and identify future collaborative projects. Cargill has been involved in several partnerships worldwide, developing fundamental or technical know-‐how with several stakeholders and is still willing to be more active.

For example,

-‐ Our seaweed experts collaborate with academic scientists for providing technical support to local seaweed communities.

-‐ Cargill permanently works with its suppliers towards best practices, seaweed traceability and quality assessment.

-‐ More fundamental subjects such as the effect of stress or genetics impoverishment upon seaweed growth and carrageenan content are also suggested.

Various examples of experiences and ideas will be shared in the presentation. Here is the chance to gather ideas and next collaboration opportunities.

Company Overview:

Cargill is an international producer and marketer of food, agricultural, financial and industrial products and services. Founded in 1865, our privately held company employs 140,000 people in 65 countries. More detailed information can be found on www.cargill.com.

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Agriculture: We buy, process and distribute grain, oilseeds and other commodities to makers of food and animal nutrition products. We also provide crop and livestock producers with products and services.

Food: We provide food and beverage manufacturers, foodservice companies and retailers with high-‐quality ingredients, meat and poultry products, and health-‐promoting ingredients and ingredient systems.

Financial: We provide our agricultural, food, financial and energy customers around the world with risk management and financial solutions.

Industrial: Cargill serves industrial users of energy, salt, starch and steel products. We also develop and market sustainable products made from agricultural feedstocks.

Cargill Texturizing Solutions is a leading supplier of gelling and thickening agents as well as emulsifiers, focusing on supplying the global food and beverage industries. Cargill Texturizing Solutions offers specific solutions for improving stability, texture, consistency and shelf life in multiple food applications, based on a wide palette of ingredients including hydrocolloids, emulsifiers, lecithins, starches and soy flours.

Curriculum Vitae Piet Bogaert, Dr. ir.

Work experience

Cargill (different locations, EMEA): Cargill Texturizing Solutions: global product & process development manager polysaccharides (starches, fruit extracts, seaweed extracts, locust bean gum).

-‐ Cargill Cocoa & Chocolate: EMEA product & process development manager.

Tate & Lyle (Aalst, BE): Team coordinator product and process development carbohydrates (starches & derivatives). Agrotechnological Research Institute (Wageningen, NL): Project leader / scientific researcher

Education

1997: Doctor in Applied Biological Sciences; chemistry. University Ghent; BE & ATO-‐DLO Wageningen; NL Title thesis: “Branched alkyl polyglycosides derived from dimorphecolic acid synthesis and surface active properties”.

1994: Bio-‐engineer chemistry University of Gent “Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; BE Title thesis: “Radical-‐ and nucleofilic induced reaction with 2-‐(halogeenmethyl)aziridins”.

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Machiel van Steenis, Energy Valley Framework for developing a new business chain

Many companies and institutions are active in the field of seaweed cultivation and use. Even though aspects like breeding and harvest are still under investigation the basic chain is comparable to other biomass valuation chains. A key question in all these chains is how to shape a chain in such a way that a positive businesscase appears.

The presentation will show some of the lessons learned in other biomass chains and apply these to the sea weed developments. In general it is clear that R&D and pilot projects are relatively easy to define. There is a lot of uncertainty on the technology, but at this stage public funding is present to a large extent. In the phase of demonstration projects, technological challenges are not fundamental anymore, they are mostly connected to the challenges of scaling up. At this point public funding is more difficult, as the technology has not been proven yet on this larger scale. On top of that, the investment required is large which makes it difficult to find investors.

It is crucial to find a bussines case for a demonstration project with as few uncertainties as possible and preferably financially neutral. Application of biomass for energy production does meet the first criterium, but is not financially neutral without exploitation subsidies. The key is to find a model where the biomass is used at higher value than energy, without making the process and chain itself too complicated. The presentation will show two cases where this has been possible, so why would this not be possible for seaweed?

CURRICULUM VITAE

Machiel van Steenis is senior project manager Biobased Energy at the Energy Valley Foundation. Energy Valley's mission is to encourage, incite, facilitate and connect companies, knowledge institutes and government bodies to develop projects together and make real progress in clean, reliable and innovative energy.

He is coordinating programmes on Biomass Conversion Technologies, Aquatic Biomass Production and Green Chemicals/Biobased Economy. After he received his PhD at Wageningen University and Research Centre, he was marketing and research manager in the private horticultural sector with a main focus on integrated crop protection. For several years he was agricultural policy advisor at the province of Groningen and started working at Energy Valley in 2006.

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Session 1: Hatchery and Farming Chairman: Willem Brandenburg: Plant Research International Genetics

Dr. ir. W.A. (Willem) Brandenburg, Project Leader: Agronomic aspect of seaweeds, Wageningen University, NL

Curriculum Vitae Dr Willem A. Brandenburg has 35 years experience in the disciplines plant systematics and economic botany and throughout his career he adressed topics such as saline agriculture and seafarming to ensure the worlds food security besides other claims on agriculture such as green energy. He is involved in a large Dutch integrated multitrophic aquaculture project ‘Zeeland sole’, the cultivation of glassworts (Salicornia spp.) in the world and currently for seafarming purposes the agronomy of Ulva and Laminaria as seaweed species. He is also developing large scale seafarms amongst others for energy, foodand feed purposes, . In this context, he also addresses in cooperation with Hortimare the production of young seaweeds to optimalise the optimal inoculation of production devices.

Company profile

Plant Research International (PRI) addresses the whole range of plant sciences from the plants’ molecular biology towards the (agro)ecological approaches. Within PRI the business Unit Agrosystems Research focuses on the development of new sustainable agrosystems, among which seafarms around seaweed production.

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Bert Groenendaal, R&D Project Coordinator, Sioen Advanced textiles for open sea biomass cultivation

Dr. Ir. Bert Groenendaal

R&D project coördinator at SIOEN Industries NV Fabrieksstraat 23, 8850 Ardooie, Belgium

Email: [email protected]

The project AT~SEA targets the development of advanced textiles in order to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of open sea cultivation of macroalgae (seaweeds) in Europe, the latter being an important source for our future supply of sustainable chemicals and energy. This paper will discuss the 18-‐months status of the development of advanced textile materials for 3 different elements of such an aquatic biomass cultivation system:

Advanced textile substrates as seaweed cultivation platforms Advanced textile based cables and connections for positioning and anchoring of the textile

cultivation system Advanced coated textiles for flexible and light-‐weight flotation tubes, as well as for storage and

transportation tanks During the presentation we will give a general overview about the project (technical objectives, partners, etc.), discuss the technological concepts for each of the 3 elements, and discuss the results from laboratory tests as well as from tests at sea. The AT~SEA project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ NMP.2011.4.0-‐3) under grant agreement n° 280860.

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About the author:

Dr. Ir. Bert Groenendaal obtained his PhD in polymer chemistry at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands. After a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California at Berkeley he moved to industry (Bayer AG in Germany, and Agfa-‐Gevaert NV in Belgium. Since 2008 he is active at SIOEN Industries NV as R&D project coordinator. Within this position he is responsible for all external projects (bilateral as well as (inter)nationally funded projects). Furthermore he is coordinator of the FP7 project AT~SEA.

About SIOEN Industries NV:

SIOEN Industries NV is a diversified stock quoted group with an extensive portfolio of products and activities: spinning, weaving and coating, manufacturing of clothing, production of fine chemicals and processing of technical textiles. Horizontal and vertical integration, diversification and permanent growth have driven us since 1960. SIOEN Industries NV is:

- World leader in coated textiles - European leader in high end technical apparel (protective clothing) - Specialist in fine chemicals

Our mission is “Protecting through innovation”. Our technical textiles are used for truck side curtains, tilts and tarpaulins, pool covers, tents and textile architectures, flexible containers (flexitanks), publicity banners, geotextiles and many more. SIOEN is also quite familiar with the maritime market, being a producer of oil boom materials, high tenacity multifilament polyester yarns for offshore cables, coated textiles for inflatable boats and many other marine (semi)products.

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Dr. John Bothwell, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University Kelp plantations in EnAlgae: an EU-‐funded collaborative network

Company Description

The EnAlgae ('Energetic Algae') project is a four year Strategic Initiative of the INTERREG IVB North West Europe programme. Within EnAlgae, Queen's University Belfast and Durham University (UK), the National University of Ireland (Galway, Ireland) and the Centre d'Etude et des Valorisation des Algues (Brittany, France) ARE evaluating offshore cultivation methods that will allow sustainable kelp biomass production. Our cultivation sites are in and around protected conservation areas, so a particular focus of our work is the development of cultivation processes that can be used in areas of high human activity. Accordingly, we are collecting biological, ecological, and socio-‐economic data to assess the suitability of various seaweed strains for large-‐scale cultivation, and the results of our first year of growth will be presented.

Curriculum Vitae -‐ John H. Bothwell 1 Contact and general information

1.1 Contact information

Homepage: http://www.qub.ac.uk/bb/People/DrJHBothwell/ 1.2 Profile

I am a Reader in Bioenergy in the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences at Durham University, where I work on brown algal systematics and speciation. My DPhil in Biochemistry was awarded in 2000 for my thesis ‘Multi-‐nuclear NMR studies on mammalian brain volume regulation’ and between 2000-‐2007 I held postdoctoral research fellowships in Cambridge, Plymouth and Roscoff, taking a year off in 2002-‐2003 to play professional rugby. From 2009-‐2012, I held a Lectureship at Queen’s University Belfast and was selected as one of the 2010 SEB President’s Medallists. 1.3 Awards and Qualifications

1991-‐1995: BA(Hons) Biochemistry, University of Oxford 1995-‐2000: DPhil Biochemistry, University of Oxford 2007-‐2009: Leverhulme Early Career Research Fellow, Marine Biological Association, Plymouth

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2010-‐2011: President’s Medallist, Society for Experimental Biology 2 External responsibilities and profile

2.1 Academic

(2010-‐present) Associate Editor, European Journal of Phycology

(2012-‐) NERC Peer review panel (2009) Invited speaker at Gordon Conference on ‘Fertilization & Activation Of Development’. (2007, 2013) Grant reviewer for NSF (USA) and Belgian Science Policy Office. Manuscript reviewer for Science (2012-‐), New Phytologist (2005-‐), Journal of Experimental

Botany (2008), Journal of Phycology (2008-‐), Protoplasma (2007), Botanica Marina (2007-‐), Journal of Neurochemistry (2002), and the Journal of the Marine Biological Association (2005-‐).

2.2 Mentoring (early-‐career academic staff)

(2010) President’s Medallist, Society for Experimental Biology (2006) Founder, UK Research Staff Association (2008) Co-‐author of ‘The Concordat to Support the Career Development of Researchers’. Available at www.vitae.ac.uk/concordat

(2007-‐2009) Keynote speaker and panel member at Foundation for Science and Technology and Nature Source events

(2007-‐2012) External Advisory board member, Vitae. (2007-‐2009) Member, RCUK Academic Career Development advisory board. (2010-‐present) Regular member of School hiring panels (2010-‐present) School ATHENA SWAN committee member

2.3 Society Membership

Council Member and Education and Outreach Chair, British Phycological Society I have been the local organiser on the Systematics Association 2011 Biennial conference in Belfast and the Ectocarpus 2012 conference in Roscoff, am co-‐organising the British Phycological Society’s 60th Anniversary meeting in London this year, and its Summer Annual Scientific meeting in Belfast in 2013.

Organising committee, European Phycological Congress in London, 2015.

2.4 Public understanding of science

(2009-‐2013) BBC local radio pundit, usually for issues relating to marine biodiversity. Cafe Scientifique and British Science Association SciBar speaker. STEMNET Science and Engineering Ambassador, giving annual talks to Biology, Religious Studies and General Studies A-‐level classed of local schools.

Date of Birth: August 1st, 1972 Nationality: British Office: (01913) 341 349 Email: [email protected]

School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Durham University South Road Durham, DH1 3LE

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Interdisciplinary lecture: ‘The grammar of intracellular communication’, Centre for Linguistics and Philology, University of Oxford.

Royal Society Scientist-‐MP pairing scheme participant, 2010-‐2011. 3 Selected peer-‐reviewed publications

Collén, J, et al. (2013) Genome structure and metabolic features in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus shed light on evolution in the Archaeplastida. PNAS. [PubMed]

Bothwell, JHF, Griffin, JL. (2011) An introduction to biological nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biological Reviews 86, 493-‐510. [PubMed]

Bothwell, JH, Marie, D, Peters, AF, Cock, JM, Coelho, SMB. (2010) Role of endoreduplication and apomeiosis during parthenogenetic reproduction in the model brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. New Phytologist 188, 111-‐21. [PubMed]

Cock, JM, et al. (2010) The Ectocarpus genome and the independent evolution of multicellularity in the brown algae. Nature 465, 617-‐21. [PubMed]

Bothwell, JH, Kisielewska, J, Genner, MJ, McAinsh, MR, Brownlee, C. (2008) Ca2+ signals co-‐ordinate zygotic polarization and cell cycle progression in the brown alga, Fucus serratus. Development 135, 2173-‐81. [PDF] [PubMed]

Coelho, SMB, Brownlee, C, Bothwell, JHF. (2008) A tip-‐high, Ca2+-‐interdependent, reactive oxygen species gradient is associated with polarized growth in Fucus serratus zygotes. Planta 227, 1037-‐46. [PubMed]

Bothwell, JH, Brownlee, C, Hetherington, AM, Ng, CKY, Wheeler, GL, McAinsh, MR. (2006) Biolistic delivery of Ca2+ dyes into plant and algal cells. The Plant Journal 46, 327-‐35. [PubMed]

Bothwell, JHF and Ng, CKY. (2005) The evolution of Ca2+ signalling in photosynthetic eukaryotes. New Phytologist 166, 21-‐38. [PubMed]

Joint first author (*) on: Foreman, J*, Demidchik, V*, Bothwell, JH*, Mylona, P, Miedema, H, Torres, MA, Linstead, P, Costa, S, Brownlee, C, Jones, JD, Davies, JM, Dolan, L. (2003) Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase regulate plant cell growth. Nature 422, 442-‐6. [PubMed]

Bothwell, JH, Styles, P, Bhakoo, KK. (2002) Swelling-‐activated Taurine and Creatine Effluxes from Rat Cortical Astrocytes are Pharmacologically Distinct. Journal Of Membrane Biology 185, 157-‐64. [PubMed]

Miedema, H, Bothwell, JH, Brownlee, C, Davies, JM. (2001) Calcium uptake by plant cells-‐channels and pumps acting in concert. Trends in Plant Science 6, 514-‐9. [PubMed]

Dr. John Bothwell School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University South Road Durham, DH1 3LE Telephone: +44 (0)1913 341 349 54° 45' 55" N, 1° 34' 19" E Homepage: https://www.dur.ac.uk/biosciences/about/schoolstaff/academicstaff/?id=11416

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Session 2: Marine Spatial Planning Chairman: Sander van der Burg: LEI The business case of mussel and seaweed production in the North Sea

Dr Ir. Sander van de Burg

LEI, Wageningen UR

[email protected]

Introduction

Interest in the offshore production of seaweeds, mussels and mussel spat is growing. For mussels, an important driver lies in the

restriction on mussel spat collection in the Wadden Sea, forcing mussel companies to shift production to other areas. This hinders further development of the mussel sector in the Netherlands.

Large-‐scale aquaculture of seaweeds in moderate temperature waters is growing as they are seen as a future sustainable source of food, feed, biofuels and basis material for production of biobased chemicals. Seaweeds are globally a significant market, in 2004 the world seaweed market was almost € 6 billion over 90% of which was farmed (Douglas-‐Westwood 2005), but they are not farmed at a significant scale in the North Sea.

In this paper we assess the business case of offshore mussels and seaweed production. Based on scientific literature, reports, interviews and personal communications we gathered insight into the current and potential status of offshore production, in combination with offshore wind energy.

Findings

From publications, we gathered data on the expected costs of offshore mussel and seaweed production, focussing on the use of long-‐lines. A literature review on the estimated costs of seaweed production shows greatly differing expected costs (See Table 1).

Technology Investment €

Lifespan Year

Operational €/year

Yield Tonne DM

€ / tonne DM

Source

Ring 1,000 / unit 10 n.a. 0.040 2500 (1) Buck and Buchholz (2004)

Long-‐lines n.a. n.a. n.a. 121 – 409 (1)

Reith et al. (2005)

25,000 / ha 10 n.a. 35 71 (1) Florentinus

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et al. (2008)

25,000 / ha n.a. 750 / ha + 104 / tonne DM

50 669(2) Lenstra et al (2011)

47,762 10 12,155 1.6 10,582(3) Petrell et al. (1993)

Table 1: estimated seaweed production costs in literature

(1) excluding operation and maintenance costs, capital costs, opportunity costs, labour costs (2) method of calculation not available (3) including cost for transport, labour and storage

We added findings from an on-‐going research project to estimate investments, labour and harvesting cost. As a results, total production costs for seaweed are estimated at between between € 1.000,-‐-‐ and € 1,500,-‐-‐ per tonne DM. In a similar exercise, the cost for offshore production of mussels and mussel spat were estimated.

Subsequently, up research, we examined the potential synergy between offshore wind energy and seaweed production. From this we developed a optimisation model to calculate the economically most attractive combination of production. The analysis illustrated that for now, the production of mussels is economically most attractive, particularly because the contours of a seaweed value chain are not yet clear.

We therefore analysed various possible usages of seaweeds to estimate revenues. The market prospects differ greatly for various usages Direct use for human consumption offers highest prices. In Europe this is a small market but we do see various developments aimed at promotion of seaweeds. Direct consumption by animals offers low value. It is more interesting to produce feed additives from seaweeds but more research is required on nutritional value and feed risks. The use of seaweeds for the production of biofuels seems unlikely due to the low prices that are paid for biofuel material. The most promising ‘application’ is biorefinery where seaweeds are refined into a range of products such alginates, chemicals and feed additives. The question then is whether or not the remaining biomass it is possible to developed a cascade of seaweed applications from high-‐value to low-‐value (e.g. combine high value chemicals with extraction of amino acids).

Conclusions and research challenges

When comparing offshore production of mussels and seaweed, the former is economically more attractive. There is an existing market for mussels that is in need for more mussel spat. It is therefore expected that first combination of offshore wind and aquaculture will focus on mussels.

In the longer term, seaweeds might prove to be an attractive product. If we relate potential revenues to expected production costs, economically viable production of seaweed seems possible. However, further prove is needed that seaweeds can be produced at these costs at a large scale. Regarding the seaweed value chain, more data on the possibilities to establish a cascade of applications is required.

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For example, one can imagine the extraction of valuable hydrocolloids, followed by extraction of functional food additives and use of remaining material as source of biofuels.

Speaker Information Sander van den Burg

Sander van den Burg is researcher at LEI, Wageningen UR. Research topics include the economic performance of aquaculture sector and value chain development for aquaculture and seaweed production. Relevant project include MCN-‐EFRO Blauwdruk, the Wageningen UR project TripleP@sea and the FP7 project MERMAID. Additionally, various research project focus on methods for quantification of sustainability, and how these can be used in decision-‐making process (e.g. in the FP7 project MYFISH and BENTHIS).

His background is in environmental sciences, with a specialisation in environmental policy, at Wageningen University. After finalising his PhD thesis and a two-‐year post-‐doc project on sustainable consumption and production, he spend three years in a consultancy firm on sustainability. In 2010, he returned to Wageningen UR, at the research institute LEI, seeking the integration of economic and ecological aspects in corporations and value chains.

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Dr. Adam Hughes, Lecturer in Sustainable Aquaculture, Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland, Scottish Marine Institute Seaweed and Society’s Challenges in the 21st Century

Seaweed and Society’s Challenges in the 21st Century

The issues of food security, climate change and the looming energy gap are amongst the largest challenges facing society and are irretrievably interconnected. There is no silver bullet, however sustainable aquaculture and more specifically the cultivation of seaweeds do offer real opportunities to tackle these issues. In a European context food security is not an issue of gross calorie intake; rather it is ensuring the supply of the relevant macro and micro nutrients to ensure good public health. The UK population is deficient in both iodine and in polyunsaturated fatty acids. This is having profound public health impacts, increasing the risks of cardiovascular disease, and lowering children’s IQs. Seaweed is rich in both these micronutrients and it offers a possible mechanism of delivery of these nutrients to the UK population. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) continue to rise faster in the UK than elsewhere in Europe. If we wish to limit global temperature rise to just 2ºC then we cannot solely rely on our (in)ability to reduce emissions. There is a requirement for the development of negative emissions technology to recapture some of the already released GHGs such as geological sequestration. But these engineering solutions are expensive. An alternate approach is bioenergy with biological carbon capture and storage. Preliminary work shows that seaweed is an ideal candidate for this form of sequestration and may offer a solution. In conjunction with carbon capture and storage seaweeds have long been touted as a possible source of biofuels, circumventing many of the constraints of terrestrial biofuels. In a Scottish context seaweed biofuels may offer a real solution to rural fuel poverty providing an economically and environmental sustainable energy solution for rural coastal communities. This presentation will spotlight current research within MASTS that is addressing these three societal issues through the development of sustainable aquaculture.

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Adam D Hughes CV

I am a researcher and lecturer in sustainable aquaculture focussing on the development of economically and environmentally sustainable production systems for marine plants and animals. Much of my work focusses on the diversification of the aquaculture industry into novel species and products. Within my current post at the Scottish Association for Marine Science I am the co-‐ordinator of the 5.7 M€ FP7 project IDREEM (Increasing Industrial Efficiency in European Mariculture) in which 15 partners across Europe aim to develop integrated multitrophic aquaculture and to asses its social, economic and environmental performance. In addition I am involved in a number of other European projects including AT~SEAS (Advanced Textiles for open Sea biomass cultivation) whose aim is to develop a textile based production system for seaweed biomass. At a national level I am working with a number of SMEs to develop both land and sea based production systems for seaweed for human consumption. In addition I sit on a number of ministerial working groups for the development of sustainable aquaculture, I am on the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland steering committee for sustainable aquaculture, an editor for the journal Aquaculture Environment Interactions and a theme leader at the Scottish Association for Marine Science.

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Josien Steenbergen, IMARES Bluegrowth developments and Multi-‐use platforms

IMARES is:

• an independent, objective and authoritative institute that provides knowledge necessary for an integrated sustainable protection, exploitation and spatial use of the sea and coastal zones;

• an institute that provides knowledge necessary for an integrated sustainable protection, exploitation and spatial use of the sea and coastal zones;

• a key, proactive player in national and international marine networks (including ICES and EFARO).

PERSONAL INFORMATION Name Josien Steenbergen

Address Goetzeestraat 26, 2021 SE Haarlem

Telephone +31 6 424 828 11

E-‐mail [email protected]

Nationality Dutch

Date of birth 01 October 1979

WORK EXPERIENCE

Dates (from – to) September 2011 -‐ current Name and address of employer EFARO

Type of business or sector Network of European Fisheries and Aquatic Research Organizations Occupation or position held Science Officer of the secretariat

Dates (from – to)

September 2009 -‐ current

Name and address of employer IMARES Type of business or sector Marine Research Institute

Occupation or position held Project manager / Fisheries Researcher

Dates (from – to) January 2007 – May 2009 Name and address of

employer DED Philippines (German Development Services)

Type of business or sector Agency for developmental work Occupation or position

held Consultant Integrated Coastal Management & Mangrove reforestation

Dates (from – to) September 2003 – December 2006

Name and address of RIVO, later IMARES

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employer Type of business or sector Marine research institute

Occupation or position held Researcher ecology & fisheries

EDUCATION AND TRAINING Dates (from – to) 1997 – 2003

Name and type of organization providing education and training

Wageningen University

Principal subjects/occupational

skills covered

MSc degree in Biology specialization ecology & fisheries internship in Laos at Mekong River Commission

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

KEY QUALIFICATIONS Josien Steenbergen has extensive experience in fisheries and coastal management projects in the Netherlands as well as international. During her masters she spent 6 months in Laos where she worked for the Mekong River Commission. She worked for two years in the Philippines, where she coordinated a community based project for the recovery of mangroves together with a local NGO. This project involved data-‐collection, as well as the actual planting of the trees together with the local people. In her current position at IMARES Josien Steenbergen is involved in and project manager of several research projects, dealing with; fisheries impact, discards and gear innovations and Marine Spatial Planning. Josien Steenbergen is an excellent communicator and besides her involvement in research she focuses on good communication between science and the fishing industry. Josien Steenbergen her organizational skills are revealed in the events that she has been organizing throughout the years of her working experience.

SELECTED PROF. EXPERIENCE Running the secretariat of an European Fisheries and Aquaculture Network

(EFARO) Project leader of (international) research projects at IMARES Establishment of cooperation projects with the Dutch fishing industry Organization of several International Events (see above)

Evaluation study of coastal management projects implemented by the German Development Services (DED) in the Philippines Implementation of mangrove reforestation project in the Philippines Community Based Coastal Management Co-‐management of fisheries in reservoirs in Laos for the Mekong River Commission

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Session3: Market Chain Development Chairman: Dr. Stefan Kraan, Ocean Harvest Technology Seaweed, the low hanging fruit

Dr. Stefan Kraan, Scientific Director and co-‐founder Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd Seaweed, the low hanging fruit Company description

Ocean Harvest Technology (OHT) is an Irish limited company founded in 2005 by Dr Stefan Kraan, an internationally recognised scientist and expert on seaweed applications and Patrick Martin a 25 year veteran of the global salmon aquaculture industry. OHT has recently completed its new R&D and administration headquarters in Galway, Ireland and its new manufacturing, distribution and sales branch in Vietnam. OHT has created a variety of patented seaweed based formulas based on the bioactive ingredients present in the different seaweeds that replace the synthetic and other less desirable ingredients found in a variety of agri-‐ and aquacultural feed ingredients.

These proven and proprietary formulas represent a breakthrough in the animal rearing and farming sectors, being the first 100% sustainable marine sourced ingredient formulas of their kind. After extensive testing during a variety of animal and fish trials, OHT has created OceanFeed™-‐salmonids, -‐shrimp, -‐swine, -‐bovine, -‐sheep –equine and C-‐pet, a pet food supplement which OHT now sells to several global clients in the fish, shrimp and animal rearing industries. Innovation and development has led to several other value added products for animal health and disease issues in farmed animals. OHT supports its unique formulas with an extremely experienced and successful scientific and technical management team working alongside the founders.

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Biography of Dr Stefan Kraan

Dr Stefan Kraan Scientific Director and co-‐founder Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd N17 Business Park, Unit 5 front Milltown, Tuam Co. Galway, Ireland [email protected]

Born in The Netherlands he graduated with a M.Sc. degree in Marine Biology at National University of Groningen, The Netherlands. He moved to Ireland to pursue a PhD on phylogenetics and aquaculture of edible seaweeds at the National University of Ireland, Galway in 1998. He became manager of the Irish Seaweed Industry Organisation in 1998 and finished his PhD in 2001. He established the Irish Seaweed Centre in 2001, a dedicated R&D centre for seaweed-‐based research and development, which was launched in 2001. After managing the seaweed centre for 9 years, Dr Kraan resigned from University life in 2009 to pursue and develop some commercial ideas using seaweeds for a variety of purposes amongst them functional food ingredients for fish farming and novel algae cultivation systems for biofuel production. Dr Kraan is currently Co-‐Founder and Scientific Director of Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd, a company that has produced Oceanfeed™, a seaweed based functional feed ingredient for the fish farming industry and other aquaculture industries. Furthermore he is involved in the development of large-‐scale seaweed biomass cultivation programs for the bio-‐ethanol industry and exploring protein extraction for from seaweeds for aquafeed industries. Dr Kraan has recently been elected vice-‐president of the International Seaweed Association. His main fields of expertise are aquaculture of seaweeds, sustainable development of algal resources, industrial applications of seaweeds and usage of seaweeds in aquaculture, biotechnology and biomedicine.

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Helena Abreu, SeaBioplas presented by Ana Lopez Contreras Seaweed from sustainable aquaculture as feedstock for biodegradable bioplastics

Company SEABIOPLAS fits in the EU 2020 strategy: a resource efficient Europe and the notion that innovative ideas can be turned into products and services to create growth and jobs. EU is the largest biodegradable polymers consuming region. Major market drivers for biodegradable polymers in this region include legislation, depleting landfill capacities, pressure from retailers, growing consumer interest in sustainable plastic solutions, a quest for fossil oil and gas independence and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The industry defines biopolymers, or bioplastics, as

polymers that are either bio-‐based or biodegradable -‐ PLA is both. The production of PLA and other biopolymers is now based in natural resources like corn, wheat, sugar beets and sugar cane. There is an increasing concern that the use of those raw materials will compete with food, feed or energy production, with consequent escalation of raw material costs and negative environmental effects. The dependence from those feedstocks is a limitation to a wider application of biopolymers in the plastic industry, thus the interest in alternative sustainable natural resources. SEABIOPLAS proposes seaweeds: offering advantages over traditional feedstocks, including higher productivities, no competition for land use, minimal water consumption while having similar sugar contents and contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions. SEABIOPLAS offers a complete integrated solution to the plastic SMEs and Large enterprises stakeholders through the scientific knowledge provided by the RTDs, from the production of the feedstock in sustainable Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture systems, to the development of the biopolymers using innovative technologies of reduced environmental impact until the validation test of the seaweed-‐based polymers in greener plastic products (shrinkable and stretchable films, adhesives, plastic additives and coatings). As a complement, the viability of valorizing the seaweed residues as benefic ingredients for animal feeds will be essayed in dairy farms and IMTA sites. The cultivation of seaweed in SEABIOPLAS will be done in a controlled manner which allows for high traceability, management of the biomass composition and properties, high quality and sustainability (preservation of natural populations) -‐ IMTA is a “technology to minimize the environmental impacts of biogenic wastes emitted by fed aquaculture” (European Platform for Technology and Innovation in Aquaculture). The SEABIOPLAS seaweed producers apply that technology. The inorganic nutrient wastes of the fish farms will be recycled as resources for a more productive, cost efficient, quality controlled and sustainable seaweed sourcing for the downstream bio-‐product development in SEABIOPLAS. Traditional polysaccharides extractions, e.g., performed under thermal heating, are time and energy consuming and imply large amounts of solvent which generates large quantities of waste disposals. In SEABIOPLAS, alternative technologies such as Microwave-‐Assisted Extraction (MAE) will be tested. Lower energy and solvent consumption as well as higher recoveries and enhanced polysaccharide properties are expected. The methodology needed for the solubilisation of sugars in seaweeds for fermentation would require less stringent (in consequence, less costly) conditions than those needed for lignocelluloses. The characterization and use of seaweeds as feedstock for lactic acid production represents one of the major innovations of the SEABIOPLAS project. Presently, PLA of high molecular weight is produced from the dilactate ester by ring-‐opening polymerization using most commonly a stannous octoate catalyst. However the production of lactic acid based materials for polymer additives, coatings and adhesive is feasible directly from lactic acid, reducing processing steps, costs and energy. Moreover, new chemical routes may be applied to

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produce high molecular mass PLA directly from lactic acid.The core group of SMEs will increase their knowhow in the development of innovative products with new raw materials and thus acquire a competitive advantage in the biodegradable plastics sector. The companies will benefit from new products, suppliers and customers in different segments of the plastics industry: (bio-‐additives for plastics/plasticizers, bio-‐plastic sleeves, bio-‐coatings). The SMEs have the industrial capabilities to integrate the new seaweed-‐based polymers in their production lines and manufacture the plastic products outlined for a large range of applications. The seaweed industry will benefit from the contact with the bioplastic sector; The SMEs expect to get new products, customers and thus open new markets possibilities; this approach should also foster the implementation of seaweed cultivation in IMTA systems and thus contribute for the growth of sustainable aquaculture in Europe. The primary sector needs sustainable and ecofriendly products. SEABIOPLAS offers a unique opportunity to develop a new business area using the seaweed residues as a natural source for replacement of synthetic molecules and organic livestock feed, creating new products, customers and the market possibilities.

Helena Abreu Directora de I&D / R&D manager -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐

ALGAplus, Lda Sede: Rua António Castilho s/n 3850-‐405 Portugal T: +351 938799423 E: [email protected] Web: www.algaplus.pt founder of ALGAplus -‐ Producing seaweed in land-‐based and earthen-‐pond systems.

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Session4: Upscaling installations and reducing operational costs Chairman: Chris Veltman, ATO

ATO -‐ Sustainable Business Engineers

IJzergietersweg 1 -‐ 1786 RD Den Helder – t 0223 670 340 m+31653993025

Bezoek onze website! www.ato.nl

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Marnix Poelman, Wageningen UR Large scale offshore windfarms and offshore aquaculture

SEAGRICULTURE II abstracts

Marnix Poelman, Frans Veenstra, Wageningen UR (IMARES) Large scale offshore wind farms and offshore aquaculture

IMARES, Department of Aquaculture, Yerseke; ing. M (Marnix) Poelman MSc* Large scale offshore wind farms and offshore aquaculture

The status and development of Dutch offshore aquaculture and opportunities for combining it with offshore wind parks

Fish culture Offshore fish culture started approximately 40 years ago in Asia, and soon after that a number of marine species have been taken into production in fish cages. Many of these species are raised in specially designed cages, of which the configuration depend on the fish species and the geographical location. The conditions in the North Sea differ from the conditions in locations where most of the European aquaculture production is realized nowadays (Norway, Mediterranean). Therefore it will not be possible to directly apply common culture techniques to the North Sea situation. A study by Reijs et al. (2008) concluded that commercial fish culture appears to be challenging in the Dutch North Sea as there are technical and biological constrains for most areas. Temperature for commercially interested species is either too high in summer (e.g. for species like cod) or too low in winter (e.g. for species like Bluefin Tuna), and the relative shallowness of the North Sea does not allow culture cages to be submerged (minimum depth 40m) at most locations. Hence just a few sites are potentially suitable for (floating cage based intensive) fish culture, with a high estimated risk for its economic feasibility. At this moment the economic and technological advancements are not considered far enough to overcome the biological boundaries for growth and production.

Bivalve culture Four shellfish species have been identified as ‘promising for culture in the Dutch North Sea’: the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), flat oyster (Ostrea edulis), Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), scallop (Pecten maximus) (Reijs et al. 2008). Within the current study we will focus on mussel culture because this is an important and well established industry in the Netherlands. The mussel sector has an average yearly production of 50.000-‐60.000 tons, currently production capacity is based on a 1.000.000 million tons production, which is currently partially supplied by import of mussels from other EU member states. Therefore, there is commercial potential to expand mussel culture from the Wadden Sea and Delta towards off shore areas, as carrying capacity and discussions on environmental

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pressure hinder further production growth in the former mentioned areas. Theoretically it is possible to culture mussels at any location in the Dutch North Sea. There are initiatives for pilot scale off-‐shore mussel culture in Belgium, Germany, UK, Ireland, Denmark, France, Italy (for details see Kamermans et al. 2011), but technical feasibility at commercial scale still has to be proven.

Seaweed culture Reith et al. (2005) concluded that Ulva sp., Laminaria sp. and Palmaria sp. have highest potential for successful culture in the North Sea. This was confirmed by Van de Burg et al. (2013) who performed a feasibility study to further investigate the potential for off-‐shore seaweed culture in the North Sea. This study concluded that there is a significant potential for seaweed culture, however there are still many unknowns for example about technical solutions to large-‐scale commercial production, unstable composition of seaweed, and processing. These uncertainties and large spread for certain estimates makes it difficult to estimate the economic feasibility at this moment. Technical The technical aspects of sea weed culture on the North sea are still under development and trials are done in the Netherlands (Oosterschelde and North sea). Criteria for the technical development are amongst others:

• Fully resistant construction to withstand weather conditions (for operation) • Fully balanced floatation • Sufficient seed supply • Sufficient growth • No excessive fouling of other organisms • No excessive predation • Avoidance pollution: either contaminants • Avoidance of loss of mussels that fall off the ropes • Reliable and robust harvest method • Infrastructure (logistics) • Capital of stakeholders/participants

Ecological IMTA (Integrated Multi-‐trophic Aquaculture) systems or co-‐culture strive to reduce the environmental impact of aquaculture, by combining different aquaculture species, which may be used for management of nutrient flows. The waste streams originating from the higher trophic levels are used by lower trophic levels, where lower trophic levels species regenerate nutrients. The challanges associated with IMTA and/or co-‐culture are related to 1) marketing and processing of two or more completely different type of products, 2) variable nutrient removal by the extractive species, 3) incompatible production rates of extractive species and finfish, 4) logistical problems associated with shared space and equipment. Management systems (bio-‐economic modelling) should be developed to facilitate the integration of all activities to optimize the output/efficiency of the full IMTA systems (pers comm. Jansen, 2013). Prospective Aquaculture inside Dutch large scale offshore wind parks has been identified as one of the many possibilities of smart and multi-‐use of space, which leads to opportunities for innovative entrepreneurship. Yet, aquaculture is a broad term and includes the culture of fish, crustaceans, bivalves, and aquatic plants. Generally we distinguish between culture types based on the feed requirements of the species; fish culture typically relies on external feed supply (fed species) while bivalves and seaweeds are defined as extractive species as they rely for food on naturally available resources.

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Concluding, the first and main opportunities for Dutch offshore aquaculture are related to the production of mussels, although diversification of species should eventually be pursued in order to optimize economic output. Development of technical solutions for offshore culture of mussels, seaweed (other bivalves, and even fish culture) are a key issue for implementation of aquaculture in offshore areas. Moreover, further roll-‐out of offshore aquaculture should also focus on sustainability aspects of the production. The prospects are followed by the potential of offshore seaweed cultures, in which the / The MCN “Blauwdruk” project aims to research the possibility to combine Offshore Wind with Aquaculture. Offshore Wind aspect is a 1.000 MW Wind Farm which consists of 5x 200 MW wind turbine clusters. For this project the Aquaculture aspect is mussel farming (50.000 ton/yr) through long lines which are located between the 5 wind clusters.

Curriculum VitaeMarnix Poelman, born in Middelburg, the Netherlands in 1976.

Marnix Poelman is researcher and project manager on sustainable aquaculture at IMARES, Wageningen UR in Yerseke. In his job he is responsible for the co-‐development of the field of sustainable marine production.

He has worked on national projects on aquaculture systems (shellfish and finfish) since 12 years with a focus sustainable production. The first years he focused on food safety of bivalve mollusks at RIVO and RIKILT. The last years he is developing ambitions on different aquaculture aspects; such as the assessment of aquaculture in the open sea, sustainability of Recirculation Aquaculture Systems and organic Aquaculture principles. He works as recognized expert to governmental and private organizations as consulting expert in the field of sustainable aquaculture. He is currently managing national projects as responsible scientist and has participated in projects within FP6 (Biotox), and is currently participating in FP7 projects, such as COEXIST and AQUAMED.

His key competence lies in the development and application of sustainability tools in aquaculture and the co-‐development of new research domains; Life Cycle Assessment, Mussel Seed Capture Systems, and Offshore aquaculture.

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John Stavenuiter, AMC Centre Simulation model reducing operational costs for offshore windfarms and offshore aquaculture

Asset Management Control Research Foundation

Treasurer of AMC Centre

The knowledge and project network for enhancing Asset Management Control

Abstract

Seaweed Conference Abstract version: 28-‐08-‐2013

Simulation model reducing operational cost for offshore wind farms and offshore aquaculture

Technical possibilities & concepts, Dr. John Stavenuiter, Asset Management Control Centre

Although the first Offshore Wind farms (OWFs) were successfully realized in the 1990s, and many developments and breakthroughs have taken place since, wide scale construction still faces several inhibitory factors that have to be overcome. One of the main hurdles is the high costs for O&M that typically amount to 25-‐30% of the total lifecycle costs of OWFs. Several factors explain for the high O&M costs, such as: the harsh conditions in which offshore wind turbines operate and have to be maintained; the unpredictability of failures; the relatively high mean time to repair (long periods at sea with less workable hours). Naturally, offshore wind farming would be more profitable, and thus economically more viable, if O&M costs could somehow be reduced. The challenges indicated above require new concepts to increase the system cost-‐effectiveness of OWFs, thereby reducing O&M costs and increasing the sector’s potential. The MCN “Blauwdruk” project aims to research the possibility to combine Offshore Wind with Aquaculture. Offshore Wind aspect is a 1.000 MW Wind Farm which consists of 5x 200 MW wind turbine clusters. For this project the Aquaculture aspect is mussel farming (50.000 ton/yr) through long lines which are located between the 5 wind clusters. For a real case simulation the following virtual Offshore Wind Mussel Farm is defined.

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The integrated Aquaculture should provide attractive cost benefits of the O&M (Operation & Maintenance) synergy (Wind and Aquaculture), estimated an O&M cost reduction of 10%. Obviously, including more actors in the O&M processes will lead to a more complex organization and more uncertainty and financial risks for the asset owner. It is therefore clear that a unified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model, which oversees all the actors and processes involved in the O&M of OWFs, will prove to be essential to determine the system cost-‐effectiveness of a Wind Fish Farm over the design lifecycle, as shown in the diagram below, as one of the outcomes.

A next project could be assessments on wind/seaweed combinations instead of mussels! Company

Asset Management Control Research Foundation (2002) (Foundation for development and utilization of AMC methods, techniques, knowledge and skills)

Introduction Capital intensive and complex equipment such as ships, airplanes, power plants, production machinery, etc., are increasingly influencing the business revenues of operating companies and thus indirectly the welfare and the environment. This is mainly caused by the increasing degree of mechanization and automation. There is also a trend that the economic service life of building material decreases by rapid technological developments, particularly in the areas of automation, safety and environment. Goal The Asset Management Control Research Foundation (AMC-‐RF) aims to make a significant contribution to supply-‐ing to the further development of Asset Management Control methods, techniques, applications and training, to improve the cost-‐effectiveness of assets. The idealistic goal is to contribute to the welfare and protection of the environment. In achieving this objective, AMC-‐RF aims to be objective and independent. Great importance is therefore attached to the publication of all research regardless of the personal views and interests of the individual participants. Method

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The AMC Centre provides the intermediary function between the asset owners, and her knowledge partners. In this role, AMC RF delivers expert opinion and advice to both sides, the inquiring and offering partners. In addition, through the AMC Centre also specific products and services are delivered such as:

• AMC promotion, information and / or acquisition; • practice-‐driven research and development; • providing AMC methods, techniques, applications, etc.; • act as an objective sounding board for (future) users/customers; • organizing seminars, symposiums, user consultations, et cetera.

For more information visit: www.amcplaza.com.

In cooperating with AMC Tools &Training BV the following AMC related products are available:

• AMC IT applications: 1. VALID, a decorated portal environment for the provision of all asset-‐related information. 2. AMICO, an expert application support for the preparation of Life Cycle Asset

Management models each. 3. PROFI Portal, a portal application for structured offering all product, process and

procedural information. 4. PRIMA, an extensive .NET application to continuous improvement within AMC support 5. DGAME an AMC related serious game (for demo see http://dgame1.amicoservices.nl/.

• AMC related programs and courses: 1. AMC Masterclasses 2. Asset Management Courses (BSc level) 3. Engineering College Programs 4. AMC Base Courses

For more information visit: www.amicoservices.nl .

Speaker information:

Dr John Stavenuiter, born in Haarlem, the Netherlands on February 10, 1956. John Stavenuiter is Founder of the Asset Management Control Research Foundation (www.amc-‐rf.com) and Program Director of the Asset Management Control Centre (www.amccentre.nl).

For more than ten years he is working with a lot of other AMC stakeholders developing and implementing all kind of Asset Management related tools and training, see www.amcplaza.com.

A lot of his practical knowledge is obtained from the RNLN Maintenance Establishment in Den Helder, were he worked for 25 years. As Head System Management, he recognized the need for well-‐educated asset managers and logisticians. Because of his responsibility for the cost-‐effective logistics support of the warship’s combat systems he could combine science with practice. He promoted an integrated life cycle approach and he specialized in Life Cycle Management and Systems Support Engineering. This has resulted in more than forty papers and lectures for national and international conferences.

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In 2002 he obtained a PhD on Asset Management Control at Delft University of Technology. At this moment in the Defense Organization and several civil organizations, are now implementing Asset Management Control.

Besides this he has developed an AMC MSc course, in cooperation with the Hogeschool Zeeland University of Applied Science and has act as sub-‐contractor in developing an MSc module LCA and Eco-‐design, within the Baltic University Program, coordinated by the University of Uppsala.

At this moment he is studying the opportunities of wind fish farm combinations and started a K2K project, founded by the Dutch government, to set-‐up a Wind Farm Logisitcs Faculty at the Shanghai Maritime University, based on his concepts.

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Discussion Governance Chairman: Luc van Hoof, IMARES Ministerie EZ – Wilbert Schermer-‐Voest Stichting Noordzee – Christine Absil Blueport / VisNed -‐ Pim Visser ICES / Imares -‐ Pauline Kamermans Ekofish -‐ Louwe de Boer Rijkswaterstaat – Wanda Zenveboom (invited) Stichting Noordzeeboerderij -‐ Eef Brouwers

Curriculum VitaeW.L.M. (Wilbert) Schermer Voest

Senior beleidsmedewerker kustvisserij en aquacultuur Ministerie Economische Zaken Directoraat Generaal Agro Directie Dierlijke Agroketens en Dierenwelzijn Bezuidenhoutseweg 73 2594 AC Den Haag Postbus 20401, 2500 EK Den Haag Tel.: 06 46391928 E-‐mail: [email protected]

Senior policy advisor coastal fisheries and aquaculture

Ministerie van Economische Zaken October 2001 – Present (12 years)Den Haag

Beleidsontwikkeling; -‐ implementatie en -‐ evaluatie op het gebied van schelpdiervisserij en aquacultuur vooral op het gebied van innovatie. In 2013 ga ik mij vooral bezighouden met: -‐ De evaluatie van de afspraken die in het mosselconvenant zijn opgenomen -‐ Het mogelijk maken van nieuwe innovatieve projecten in de kustwateren en op land -‐ Het vervolgbeleid m.b.t. experimenten op het gebied van oesterkweek mosselzaadinvang en een meer flexibele visserij -‐ De afronding van het onderzoek naar de ecologische effecten van de mosselvisserij in de Waddenzee ("PRODUS-‐onderzoek") -‐ Het opstellen richtlijnen voor het varen en vissen (inclusief maricultuur) bij de nieuw aan te leggen windmolenparken in de Noordzee.

Auditor Ministerie van LNV August 1990 – December 2000 (10 years 5 months) -‐ begeleiden evaluatie-‐onderzoek -‐ uitvoeren organisatieaudits

Organisatie-‐adviseur Ministerie van Defensie

August 1982 – March 1990 (7 years 8 months) Organisatie-‐adviseur bij de centrale directie Organisatie en Informatie

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Curriculum VitaeChristine Absil

Christine Absil graduated from the University of Utrecht (MSc ecology) and the Agricultural University Wageningen (Doctorate marine toxicology) and is programme manager fisheries & aquaculture with the Dutch North Sea Foundation. She started this post 1998, building on a career in science. Initially, she dealt with toxicology, water quality issues and fisheries management, but is currently focusing mainly on sustainable fisheries. Through her position with this civil society organisation, she gained extensive experience in the various disciplines related to sustainable fisheries

management. She works both on market transformation through consumer awareness, and on policy issues, notably in multi-‐stakeholder settings. She is vice chair of the North Sea Regional Advisory Council (NS RAC), and member of the Management Committee and Executive Committee of the Pelagic RAC. Although representing civil society in stakeholder negotiations, her starting point is evidence, not emotion.

In 2004, she initiated the Good Fish Guide in the Netherlands, which resulted in a hugely increased awareness on seafood sustainability. The assessment methodology has consequently been used by WWF international, resulting in a substantial increase in the demand for sustainably sourced seafood in Europe. In 2010 she received a prestigious national award (Edgar Doncker prize) for her work on awareness and transition towards sustainability of seafood production. Company info SDN:

The North Sea Foundation (NSF) is an independent environmental NGO, based in the Netherlands. The mission of North Sea Foundation (NSF) is to represent the interest of life in the North Sea, which does not have a voice. With many of its activities, notably on seafood and sustainable shipping, NSF works on a global scale. NSFs goal is a clean and healthy sea, capable of counterbalancing human influences. A properly functioning and resilient ecosystem lays the foundation for this. The capacity of the ecosystem determines the boundaries of how humans can use it. NSF key focus areas are: clean shipping, sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, marine protected areas and a waste free sea. NSF staff are selected for their expertise and an excellent knowledge of dossiers and passion for the marine environment. They are prepared to handle complex issues, seeking creative solutions with involved stakeholder groups.

NSF was formally established in 1980. It has the formal status of an institution for general civil purpose, because 90% of the funds are used for civil society purposes. The organisation has 14 FTE staff, and is providing internship positions to five students per year on average.

| Stichting De Noordzee | Drieharingstraat 25 | 3511 BH Utrecht |

| Christien Absil | T +31(0)30 2340016 | http://noordzee.nl |

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Curriculum VitaeWillem Visser (1957)

Nijenrode Business School BBA (1978) Rotterdam School of Management MBA (1981) IT Consultancy 1981-‐1982 Projects and Sales Shipbuilding for the Dutch and International Fishing Industry 1982-‐2002 Manager Fish Auctions Northern Holland 2002-‐now President European Association of Fishing Ports and Auctions 2004-‐2010 Chief Executive VisNed, association of Fish Producer Organisations 2010-‐now

Member North Sea Regional Advisory Council Ex Com 2004-‐now Member EU Advisory Committee Fishing and Aquaculture WG 3 2006-‐2013

Curriculum VitaePauline Kamermans

Pauline Kamermans received her BSc degree in Biology at the University of Amsterdam (1984). After this she moved to the University of Groningen for her MSc in Marine Biology (1987). One of the subjects for her thesis was macroalgae at the coral reef in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. She holds a PhD degree from the University of Groningen (1992). For this, she carried out research on food limitation in bivalve shellfish at the Netherlands Institute for

Sea Research on Texel. She worked as a post-‐doctoral researcher on juvenile fish at the University of North Carolina, USA and on macroalgae and seagrasses at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology in Yerseke. She was assistant coördinator of the EC-‐Environment and Climate project: "Eutrophication and Macrophytes (EUMAC)". Since 2000 she is researcher at the Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research in Yerseke. This institute became part of the Institute of Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES) in 2006. Her main research topic is shellfish aquaculture, but she was also involved in a study on possibilities for off-‐shore production of seaweed in combination with wind farms (BIO OFFSHORE).

Pauline Kamermans is the shellfish and macroalgae chair of the expert group on Aquaculture (WGAQUA) of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Seaweed culture is a new topic within ICES. Since 1977, several ICES expert groups have contributed to developing science on the environmental dependence and effects of aquaculture. In 2013 a single group (WGAQUA) was established with a mandate to focus on aquaculture environment interactions and to address advisory and science requests by member states related to the sustainability of aquaculture farming practices. The group works on specific topics within the following themes: • Aquaculture Technologies and Ecological Services • Sustainable Aquaculture Management Approaches • Environment and Fisheries Interactions with Aquaculture

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Curriculum VitaeLouwe de Boer-‐ Ekofish

Managing Director

Ekofishgroup June 2004 – Present (9 years 4 months)

Skipper

Morgenster UK44 June 1983 – June 2004 (21 years 1 month)

Blue Port Urk (Link) February 2012 – July 2012

Paraplu voor alle innovatieve ontwikkelingen en ideeën ten behoeve van de visserij. Loket en label voor projecten. Kwaliteitslabel: open innovatie; ketensamenwerking; duurzaamheid; toegevoegde waarde visserijketen; kennisuitwisseling.

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Abstracts, CV’s, company description of speakers and chairman day 2 Introduction by Henk Brinkhuis, director NIOZ

Prof. dr. H. (Henk) Brinkhuis

Prof. dr. Henk Brinkhuis took office as general director NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research on October 1, 2011. Henk earned a master's degree in marine geology and biostratigraphy/paleoceanography from Utrecht University, with a subject in organic geochemistry at Delft Technical University. He received his doctorate marine geology, micropaleontology and paleoceanography from Utrecht University, where he continues his chair in Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography.

Henk has a strong taste for Phanerozoic extreme climate change and paleoecology. He (co-‐)authored over 125 peer-‐reviewed scientific publications and (co-‐)supervised over 25 PhD students. As a Dutch national representative, Henk is strongly involved in the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). He helped form many integrated national and international scientific education programs in paleo-‐climatology and -‐ecology and served on numerous scientific advisory panels and committees.

Prof Dr Henk Brinkhuis | General Director | Royal NIOZ| PO Box 59 | 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands | Tel +31 (0)222 369364 (office manager) | +31 (0)222 369366 (direct) | Mob +31 (0)6 52652689 | Fax +31 (0)222 319674 | mail to: [email protected]

Also at Utrecht University: Marine Palynology | Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology | Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences | Utrecht University | Budapestlaan 4 | 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands | Tel +31 (0)30 2532629 (office manager) |+31 (0)30 2537691 (direct)| Mob +31 (0)6 52652689 | Fax +31 (0)30 2535096 | mail to: [email protected]

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Chairman Day 2: Klaas Timmermans, NIOZ

Curriculum VitaeKlaas Timmermans, marine biologist, senior scientist & Head of Department of Biological Oceanography, NIOZ-‐Texel.

As off 1991, Klaas Timmermans works as a senior scientist/ marine biologist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, first within the Department of Marine Chemistry & Geology, and from 2008 on in the Department of Biological Oceanography. His main research interests are on the cutting edge of marinemicrobiology and chemistry: they focus on the effects of changes in metal speciation (= availability for biota), changes in CO2 conditions on marine phytoplankton and ecophysiology of micro-‐ and macro-‐algae (seaweeds) in the laboratory and at sea. Specifically, he studied the effects of trace metal deficiencies on open Southern Ocean diatoms, the role of diatoms in biogeochemical cycles, the effects of diatom growth on global climate change (and vice versa), the bioavailability of trace metals, most notably iron, and the possibilities to use marine autotrophes (micro-‐algae, seaweeds) a producers of high valueproducts (pigments, phytosterols, etc). His work combines biology, analytical chemistry, remote sensing and metal speciation modeling. The overarching goal is to arrive at insight in the effects of the biotic and abiotic environment, including changes therein (e.g. global warming, ocean acidification), on production and losses in biomass of marine autotrophes.

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Various aspects for seaweed processing Jaap van Hal, Research Scientist, Energy Center of the Netherlands (ECN) Chemicals and bio-‐fuels from the third generation biomass seaweed

Abstract: Chemicals and bio-‐fuels from the third generation biomass seaweed

Jaap W. van Hal* and W.J.J. (Wouter) Huijgen The Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten The Netherlands *[email protected]

The seaweed biorefinery project aims to convert native seaweeds to chemicals, biofuels and energy. As seaweed in our vision is grown off-‐shore, it does not compete with the food supply or has other land use issues. Since about ¾ of the earth is covered by water, the potential is large. We have estimated that the Dutch part of the North-‐Sea has the potential to produce 25 Mton of biomass, which is equivalent to 350 PJth [1].

Seaweed offers numerous possibilities for production of renewable chemicals and energy carriers for a future “bio-‐based economy”. It is highly suited as a raw material for the co-‐production of chemicals, biofuels and energy via the biorefinery approach. In this project suitable and efficient biorefinery strategies and concepts are developed for seaweed biomass.

The national seaweed biorefinery research project aims to adapt the biorefinery concept to seaweed. The biochemical composition of seaweed differs significantly from lignocellulosic biomass. Fractionation and chemical transformation processes for lignocellulosic biomass are therefore not directly applicable for seaweeds.

In our proposed biorefinery, the seaweed is first dewatered to remove a large fraction of the more than 80 % water that seaweed contains. The seaweed is then fractionated into its main components, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals.

In the second stage of the biorefinery, the main components, sugars, proteins and minerals, are converted into bulk chemicals and energy carriers. The project aims to develop catalytic and enzymatic conversions. Direct catalytic conversion of whole biomass is also considered a viable route.

We will present a comparison of the different seaweeds in terms of their biochemical composition and the potential biorefinery routes. Some seaweeds are rich in C6 carbohydrate molecules, whereas other seaweed species are rich in C5 carbohydrate molecules. This difference in biochemical composition offers the opportunity for species specific fractionation conversion routes. We will describe our progress towards fractionating seaweeds, as well as the conversion of these fractions to chemicals. We will also describe our progress towards directly hydrolysing the seaweeds towards broths suitable for fermentation. References: [1] Reith, J.H., Deurwaarder, E.P., Curvers, A.P.W.M, Kamersmans, P. Brandenburg, W. "Bio-‐offshore: Grootschalige teelt van zeewieren in combinatie met off-‐shore windparken in de Noordzee", 2005, ECN-‐C-‐05-‐008

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Company:

ECN is a non-‐profit energy research institute working on a broad spectrum of energy and environmental techniques (e.g. solar, wind, biomass, climate change). The institute has about 600 employees.

The ECN unit Bioenergy and Efficiency (BEE) develops advanced uses of biomass, advanced processing and consults on policy development and technical applications. The R&D programme is divided into 1) Sustainable process technology (SPT) 2) Bio Energy 3) Thermal systems and 4) Bio refinery and Processing. About one hundred highly qualified professionals of this unit work on physico-‐chemical conversion (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, pretreatment/fractionation, catalysis) of biomass and residues in national and international projects with government and industry. A range of experimental and analytical facilities (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, gas cleaning, gas engine, catalytic synthesis) are available for lab and pilot-‐scale RTD. Substantial experience also exists in process modelling and integral plant design including economics evaluation, application of mineral residues, emission control and LCA.

The ECN biorefinery program focuses on advanced physico-‐chemical pre-‐treatment/fractionation, pyrolysis and catalytic biomass conversion of lignocellulosic -‐ (wood, straw etc.) and seaweed biomass. Biorefinery concepts will play an important role in a bio-‐based economy. Our primary focus has been the development of pretreatment or fractionation technology as a basic step in biorefinery. This involves separating lignocellulosic or aquatic biomass into high-‐quality fractions using, e.g., organosolv or aquathermolysis processes which are adapted and improved by ECN. We are also developing the thermochemical steps to process these fractions into transport fuels and chemicals. Although these technologies are in their early stages of development, they have an enormous potential which has already been recognized in the field.

ECN has been involved in seaweed research starting in 2005 with the BIO-‐OFFSHORE project. ECN has taken part in national seaweed projects involving harvesting, logistics, processing and design. ECN is coordinating a national government supported project Seaweed Biorefinery which develops technology for converting seaweed to chemicals and fuels. ECN partners in a national SBIR project for demonstration of large-‐scale near shore and offshore seaweed cultivation in the North Sea (2011 and onward). ECN is involved in the FP7 seaweed oriented programs: MERMAID and @SEA.

Curriculum VitaeJaap W. van Hal

Jaap van Hal is a research scientist at the Energy Research Center of the Netherlands (ECN). Jaap is the research coordinator of the national research program seaweed biorefinery. His research focuses on adapting the biorefinery concept towards seaweeds. Other research areas are the conversion of lignin (in BIOCORE, a FP-‐7 EU project) and the conversion of bio-‐alcohols (a national research project). Jaap got his undergraduate degree from Leiden University in coordination chemistry and his Ph.D. from Rice in organometallic chemistry. He then worked for SABIC in Houston for about 10 year and moved recently to ECN. He has extensive experience in heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, primarily for the production of bulk chemicals both for liquid and gas phase processes.

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Paulien Harmsen, Scientist Biorefinery and Biobased Products, Wageningen UR Seaweed biorefinery: production of fuels and chemicals from native North Sea seaweed species

Seaweed biorefinery: production of fuels and chemicals from native North Sea seaweed species

Paulien Harmsen*, Ana López-‐Contreras, Rolf Blaauw and Jacco van Haveren

Food and Biobased Research-‐WageningenUR, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6709 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands

* [email protected]

Seaweeds are used as food but also as source for food additives, pharmaceuticals and chemicals (e.g. hydrocolloids as thickening agents). Annually, 7-‐8 million tonnes seaweeds are harvested, with an estimated total value of the products of US$ 5-‐6 billion[1]. Because of the special chemical composition of seaweeds (high in (polymeric) sugars, proteins and without the recalcitrant lignin found in lignocellulose) and the possibilities for cultivation at large scale with high yields, they are potential feedstocks for the production of renewable chemicals and fuels for the Biobased Economy [2].

In this project, biorefinery strategies and concepts are developed for seaweed biomass. In this respect brown seaweeds are of special interest as they contain mannitol, alginate, polymeric sugars, proteins and minerals. The seaweed needs to be fractionated into its main components after which they can be converted into chemicals and fuels by catalytic, enzymatic and fermentative conversion routes. Two brown seaweed species have been studied as a feedstock for biorefinery:

a) Saccharina latissima.

Freshly harvested Saccharina latissima was pressed using different techniques in order to reduce the water content. From the press liquid mannitol as extracted and purified. In addition, sugar-‐rich fractions from different seaweeds were tested as substrate for the production of acetone, butanol and ethanol by fermentation.

b) Laminaria digitata

Freshly harvested Laminaria Digitata was used to study alginate extraction. Alginate is currently extracted from seaweeds by a batch process using lots of water and chemicals. Aim of this study was the extraction of alginate by reactive extrusion in order to reduce water and chemical consumption. Alginate was isolated from the fresh seaweed and the procedure used for this extraction will be described and results on yields will be presented.

Acknowledgement

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This work was performed in the framework of EOS-‐LT project “Seaweed Biorefinery” (seaweed.biorefinery.nl) financed by AgentschapNL (project nr. EOS LT 08027)

References: [1] McHugh D. J. (2003) “A guide to the seaweed industry” . FAO Fisheries Technical Paper (FAO). 0429-‐9345, no. 441, ISBN 92-‐5-‐104958-‐0.

[2] Kraan, S. (2011) Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, p.1-‐20, online

Curriculum Vitae Paulien Harmsen

Project manager and scientist at Wageningen UR Food and Biobased Research in the field of the Biobased Economy and more specific on Biorefinery and Biobased Products (http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/Persons/ir.-‐PFH-‐Paulien-‐Harmsen.htm)

Experience in pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass and seaweeds for the production of materials or chemical building blocks, on lab scale and semi-‐pilot scale. Working on sustainable value chains for the Biobased Economy and editor of “Groene Grondstoffen”, a series of publications on the use of agro commodities and secondary residue streams in safe and healthy products for consumer and industrial markets

(http://www.groenegrondstoffen.nl/Serie_GG.html).

MSc in Chemical Engineering and TwAIO (2 years study) on controlled release at the University of Twente.

Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research (www.fbr.wur.nl)

Wageningen UR is a collaboration between Wageningen University and specialized Research Institutes. Food and Biobased Reasearch is one of those institutes with focus on sustainable, innovative and market oriented solutions for healthy food, fresh food chains, biorefinery, biobased chemicals and materials.

About us

The fast increasing world-‐population, diminishing resources and changing consumption patterns call for sustainable and innovative solutions in healthy foods and renewable, biobased products. Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research works in close cooperation with national and international companies, governments and other knowledge institutes on solutions to overcome these challenges.

Our knowledge of the whole supply chain, from raw materials to production and processing methods, logistic issues and end products, allows us to help our clients with issues regarding healthy and tasty foods, sustainable food chains, biorefinery and biobased products.

Food & Biobased Research is part of Wageningen University & Research centre. Our cooperation with Wageningen University enables us to access a broad spectrum of knowledge and expertise, on the fundamental as well as applied scientific level.

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Biobased Products

In a ‘biobased economy’ we use the renewable resource biomass for biobased products, chemicals, materials and energy. This is important in order to prevent the further depletion of non-‐renewable raw materials and increasing CO2-‐emissions. The Business Unit Biobased Products works in three research programs: biorefinery, biobased materials and biobased chemicals, on solutions for a more sustainable economy.

Paulien Harmsen, MSc Scientist Biorefinery and Biobased Products Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research

T: +31 (0)317 480224 E: [email protected] I: www.biobasedproducts.nl www.groenegrondstoffen.nl

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Annette Bruhn, Research Scientist, PhD, Aarhus University – Department of Bioscience The MacroAlgae Biorefinery, Laminaria for Energy, Feed and Bioremediation

The Macroalgae Biorefinery – Laminaria for energy, feed and bioremediation

Annette Bruhn1, Ditte B. Tørring2, Michael Bo Rasmussen1, Mette M. Nielsen1, Teis Boderskov1, Peter Schmedes1, Jens Kjerulf Petersen2, Kristian Oddershede Nielsen2, Xiaoru Hou3, Jonas Høeg Hansen3, Dirk Manns4, Anne Meyer4 & Anne-‐Belinda Bjerre3

1Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

2Danish Shellfish Centre, DTU-‐Aqua, Øroddevej 80, 7900 Nykøbing Mors, Denmark

3DanishTechnological Institute – Energy and Climate, Gregersensvej, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark

4Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

The major challenge in making seaweed cultivation economically feasible in Europe is that the production cost is too high relative to the selling price. In order to achieve a positive business case, production need to be mechanized and the value of the harvested biomass needs to increase.

The Macroalgae Biorefinery – a Danish strategic research project -‐ exhibits a cross-‐disciplinary approach working on both lines.

Two native species of brown algae, Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima, are cultivated in an 18 ha area in the Danish embayment, Limfjorden. Mechanization of the handling processes is attempted by implementing existing mussel long-‐line cultivation technology. Following harvest, new wet pre-‐treatment processes, such as ensiling, are tested in order to make the seaweed biomass storage stable, without the resource demanding drying process. The biorefinery approach to the biomass is initially focused on two products only: Bioethanol and fish feed. Following an enzymatic hydrolysis, a fermentation process converts the carbohydrates into bioethanol, aiming at leaving the protein fraction undamaged, and up-‐concentrated. This fraction will be tested as a fish feed ingredient, substituting for other marine protein sources. Finally, the overall economic and environmental sustainability of the concept is analyzed, taking the bioremediative effect of seaweeds on eutrophicated coastal waters in account.

Since the beginning of the project in 2012, S. latissima has been cultivated and harvested over one growth season with an average yield of 1 kg seaweed (fresh weight) m-‐1. Implementation of line

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mussel technology for deployment of seed lines and harvest was successful. The harvested biomass (2 metric tonnes) has been stored either frozen or as silage. Preliminary results of explorative hydrolysis and fermentation of L. digitata to ethanol showed a conversion efficiency of over 95% of the glucose sugar fraction in the raw material.

In the following three years, production yield and seasonal variation will be tested in a number of potential Danish cultivation sites, as well as the genotypic and phenotypic variation between local populations will be analyzed in the perspective of selective breeding.

Thus, we hope that selective breeding and mechanization inspired by similar trades will increase yields and reduce costs, while optimized pre-‐treatments, extraction techniques and fermentation processes, will increase the value of the biomass. All adding to make the ends meet for feasible seaweed cultivation in Europe.

The Macroalgae Biorefinery is a four-‐year project (2012-‐2016) financially supported by the Danish National Strategic Research council.

Name: ANNETTE BRUHN Title: Research Scientist, Ph.D. Address, work: Aarhus University, Institute for Bioscience Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark Tel: +45 87159715 e-‐mail: [email protected] Education: 2008: Ph.d. Aarhus University Department of Biology (in co-‐operation with Kiel University, Marine Research Institute, Germany)

2003: M.Sc. Aarhus University

Employment: 2008 – 2009: Post. doc., Marine Ecology Aarhus University

2008: Consultancy and project manager, NERI (6 months)

2006: Research assistant, Galathea 3 expedition, Aarhus University

Main area of expertise: Cultivation of algae biomass as a resource for food, feed, renewable energy and high value products and as a means of environmental bioremediation Optimisation of biochemical composition of cultivated algae according to application

Selected publication

1. Sode, S., Bruhn, A., Balsby, T., Larsen, M.M, Gotfredsen A. and Rasmussen, M.B. Bioremediation of reject water from anaerobically digested waste water sludge with Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). Accepted to Bioresource Technology.

2. Kristian Rost, A., Bruhn, A. and Ambus, P. 2013. Nitrous oxide emission from Ulva lactuca is stimulated by nitrite, nitrate and light. Results from batch-‐culture incubations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 448:37-‐45.

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3. Nielsen, M.M., Bruhn, A., Rasmussen, M.B., Olsen, B. and Larsen, M.M. Møller, H.B. 2012. Cultivation of Ulva lactuca with manure for simultaneous bioremediation and biomass production. Journal of Applied Phycology 24 (3):449-‐458.

4. Bruhn, A., Dahl, J., Nielsen, H.B., Nikolaisen, L. Rasmussen, M.B., Olesen, B., Arias, C., Markager, S. S. & Jensen, P.D. 2011. Bioenergy potential of Ulva lactuca: growth yield, methane production and combustion. Bioresource Technology 102 (3): 2595-‐2604.

5. Bruhn, A, Richardson, K. & LaRoche, J. 2010. Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) Nitrogen metabolism genes and their expression in response to external nitrogen sources. Journal of Phycology 46 (2): 266-‐277.

Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience and AlgaeCenter Denmark. AU Bioscience is all about life. We teach and carry out consultancy and research within all aspects of life from bacteria to whales, genes to ecosystems and from basic to applied research. Bioscience was established in 2011 by a fusion of research groups from The National Environmental Research Institute and the traditional Biological Institute. We give priority to basic and strategic research and research-‐based consultancy services. With approximately 500 staff and more than 500 students at Bachelor and Master levels as well as 130 thesis writing students, it makes for an exciting and inspiring working and study life.

AU Bioscience is one of four partners in AlgaeCenter Denmark, also counting the Danish Technological Institute, the House of the Ocean and the KattegatCentre.

AlgaeCenter Denmark was founded in 2010, and is a platform for research, development and dissemination of cultivation and utilisation of macroalgae for food, feed, biomitigation, energy and high value products. We work in dialogue with industrial partners, national authorities as well as research institutions in Denmark and internationally.

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Paul Bikker, ASG Seaweed and seaweed components as novel protein sources in animal diets.

Bikker, P., M.M. van Krimpen, A. Palstra, W. Brandenburg, A. Lopez-‐Contreras and S. van den Burg

Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Netherlands. [email protected]

The development of the world population stimulates the demand for animal proteins. This increases the competition of biomass for human and animal consumption or for biofuel, and urges an efficient use of available natural resources. Moreover, within the EU a more sustainable and less import based food production chain is required. In the past, coastal communities gathered seaweed onshore for use as feedstuff, mainly for ruminants. In intensive animal production in the EU, seaweed is not used to any significant extent. Nonetheless, seaweed(products) may be of interest, especially because seaweed cultivation does not compete in land-‐use with traditional arable crops. Therefore, we conducted a feasibility study into the production and use of macro algae in the North Sea area for inclusion in animal diets. Seaweed can be used in animal diets in complete form, as a residue of bioprocessing, as a source of bioactive components and micronutrients or because of technological properties. Mainly in young piglets, effects of seaweed components on immune competence and gut health have been demonstrated. Nutrient digestibility seems relatively low and may vary between animal species. More insight is required in the comparative feeding value of seaweed species, suitable for cultivation in the North Sea, in diets for ruminants, pigs, poultry, and fish. Attention should be given to the high ash content and the high seasonal and inter species variation in composition. Further research has to determine whether enzymatic or technological treatment of seaweed can improve nutrient digestibility and enhance the value of seaweed in animal diets. Our study suggests that combined use of seaweed fractions for food, non-‐food and feed applications through biorefinery allows the most promising opportunity for efficient use of resources and an economically viable business case. Therefore, future research should focus on the nutritional, functional and feed safety aspects of seaweed and (residue) fractions in target species. Curriculum Vitae Paul Bikker is senior scientist in monogastric nutrition in Wageningen UR Livestock Research. He obtained his PhD in animal nutrition at this university in 1994 in a study into energy and amino acid requirements of growing-‐finishing pigs. Since then, he has been working as a researcher and consultant in animal nutrition in various positions. His main fields of expertise include the mineral and trace element nutrition of monogastric species, amino acid and energy utilisation in pigs, diet composition and gut health and nutritive evaluation of (new) feed ingredients. Much of his research is conducted in cooperation with governmental bodies (Dutch and EU) and companies involved in the production of animal feed and feed ingredients and implemented by the feed industry.

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Keynote lecture / NIOZ Colloquium Ronald de Vries, CBS-‐KNAW FUNGAL BIODIVERSITY CENTRE Degradation of biomass of terrestrial plants and algae by fungi

Degradation of biomass of terrestrial plants and algae by fungi Ronald P. de Vries CBS-‐KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: +31 302122600, e-‐mail: [email protected] Fungi are the crucial for the global carbon cycle by converting plant biomass into nutrients for themselves and other organisms. Degradation of plant biomass by fungi involves a broad range of extracellular enzymes that degrade polysaccharides as well as the aromatic polymer lignin. Large differences in the enzymatic repertoire has been revealed by the increasing number of fungal genomes that have become available and in many cases a correlation between genome content and natural substrate could be found. Efficient utilization of these complex carbon sources requires more than just a broad set of enzymes. It also requires the right enzymes to be produced at the right time and for the production of the right metabolic enzymes to convert the resulting monomers. To facilitate this, most fungi have developed fine-‐tuned regulatory systems that respond to the presence of plant biomass components by activating genes encoding specific extracellular and metabolic enzymes. So far, the main focus of fungal studies into biomass degradation has been on terrestrial plants, while a much lower number of studies address the fungal ability to degrade algae. In this presentation the organization of biomass degradation in fungi will be presented as well as initial results from studies into fungal degradation of algal biomass.

Description CBS

The Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures -‐ CBS) -‐ an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and situated in Utrecht -‐ maintains a world-‐renowned collection of living filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria.

The Institute's research programs principally focus on the physiology, taxonomy and evolution of fungi as well as on functional aspects of fungal biology and ecology, increasingly making use of

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molecular and genomics approaches. The institute employs circa 80 personnel, among whom 40 scientists.

Its collection now maintains over 70.000 strains of micro-‐organisms, representing a large percentage of the species in the fungal kingdom that have been cultured to date. In diversity of species it is unchallenged as a reference centre for mycological research. The task to preserve the organisms while maintaining their original characters is a perpetuating challenge to technicians and scientists alike. CBS is a centre of expertise, advising on mycological problems of a scientific, health-‐related or industrial nature. It offers various services including identifications, patent deposits and courses. Research projects for third parties can be carried out on a strictly confidential base. The institute also publishes books and the journals Studies in Mycology, CBS Biodiversity Series and Persoonia.

Curriculum Vitae Name: Dr. Ronald P. de Vries Affiliations: Fungal Physiology, CBS-‐KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre Address: Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands +31 302122600, [email protected] Date of Birth: 15-‐10-‐1967 Education PhD Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Graduated 13-‐9-‐1999. Title Thesis: Accessory enzymes from Aspergillus involved in xylan and pectin degradation. Masters Molecular Sciences, Wageningen Universisty, The Netherlands. 1986-‐1992. Work experience 2009 – present Group Leader Fungal Physiology, CBS-‐KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Utrecht,

The Netherlands 2006-‐2009 Senior Scientist, Microbiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 2002-‐2006 Postdoc, Microbiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 1999-‐2001 Postdoc, Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen

University, The Netherlands Other academic activities

- Obtained 14 competitive research grants - Editor or editorial board member for 4 peer-‐reviewed journals - PhD examiner or co-‐promoter for 13 PhD students

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Valorisation of seaweed Job Schipper, Hortimare Follow-‐up Texel: test module for seaweed cultivation off the coast of Texel

Abstract Seagriculture

Job Schipper (Hortimare BV and North Sea Farm Foundation)

September 2013

Offshore seaweed cultivation: North Sea Farm

Offshore Cultivation of seaweed is the ultimate challenge from a technical point of view. Waves and currents affect both the cultivation unit and seaweeds. Design and seaworthiness are key for success which resulted in Hortimare’s invention of the H-‐frame. Aspects of this patented system will be presented and experiences will be shared around the interaction between the system and seaweed cultivation as well as the mechanization of planting and harvesting.

A large scale seaweed farm will have a noticeable effect on the environment at sea. Beside its nutrient consumption positively lowering eutrophication, the seaweed is a habitat that provides shelter to marine life and is a bio diverse ecosystem. The economic value of exploitation related to integrated approaches of aquaculture are presented.

Seaweed farming is a sector in development. In order to establish a successful sustainable innovation, a chain of companies is needed that adequately exchange information and coordinate technologies, systems and processes with each other. Traditionally this happens at a test farm or in a business incubator. The North Sea Test Farm is initiated for this particular purpose and the foundation hopes to welcome companies and technology/knowledge providers at the farm to collaborate on sustainable solutions for the future.

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Céline Rebours, Helena Abreu and Julie Maguire, Bioforsk Integrated actions for the development of the Macroalgae Industry in Europe.

Title

“Integrated actions for the development of the Macroalgae Sector in Europe”

Authors

Rebours Céline1, Meland Marte1, Abreu M. Helena2, Bay-‐Larsen Ingrid3, Hovelsrud Grete3, Gachon Claire MM4 and Maguire Julie5

1 Bioforsk, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Frederik A. Dahls vei 20, 1432 ÅS, Norway, [email protected]

2 ALGAPLUS Lda, Angeja, Portugal

3Nordland Research Institute, Universitetsalléen 1, 8049 Bodø, Norway

4Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK

5 Indigo Rock Marine Research Station, Gearhies, Bantry, Co. Cork Ireland

Abstract

High yield biomass production methods are in increasing demand worldwide to supply energy, food, feed as well as high-‐value pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is also tackling the threats resulting from climate change, with the aim 'to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable sustainable economic development.' As new potential production areas on land are scarce, developing innovative production systems at sea would contribute to answer these challenges. Global aquaculture grows at a staggering rate of 7 percent annually per year and, produces for 50 percent of finfish, 25 percent of aquatic plants and 25 percent of invertebrates such as crustacean (e.g. shrimp, prawns, crabs) and mollusks (e.g. clams, oysters and mussels). In Europe, aquaculture accounts for about 20% fish production, and directly employs around 70 000 people. In 2010, its value was € 3.1 billion for 1.26 million tons of biomass. Despite being renowned for its quality, sustainability and high consumer protection standards, EU aquaculture is stagnating, at approximately 2% of the worldwide aquaculture production. Norwegian salmon farming is the largest European aquaculture, contributing for over 44% of the European total. Despite excellent expansion prospects over the coming decades, the industry suffers from controversies over its social, economic and environmental sustainability. Investigations in Scotland and Norway show that social acceptance is largely connected to environmental concerns, in which both environmental, social and economic sustainability are to be considered. The European aquaculture industry relies on protein and oil feeds derived from wild fish stocks at their limit of exploitation. Almost 90% of the global fish oil production is consumed to feed high valued predatory fish, which through excretion, contribute to elevated local nutrient concentrations. These production practices have significant negative impacts on the environment and on fish quality,

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leading to increasing public concern. Criticisms are directed mostly to production practices, and the direct discharge of significant nutrient and effluent loads into coastal waters from both open-‐water and land-‐based systems. Plans for tripling the size of Norwegian aquaculture by 2025 cannot be achieved using current monoculture practices in an environmentally and economically sustainable way. The EC “strategy for the sustainable development of European Aquaculture” addresses the integrated prevention and control of pollution (CEC, 2002). Experimental and pilot scale trials in Canada, Chile, South Africa, United States and China already report the efficiency of Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) to mitigate the environmental issues associated with intensive marine animal aquaculture. Adoption of IMTA practices is in line with one of the EU2030 goals (Thematic Area Environment for European Aquaculture) and has recently been officially suggested as a way to increase sustainable aquaculture production (COM (2012) 494). The introduction of IMTA has also economic implications in terms of ecosystem services and the potential of creation of niche markets. For example, Nobre et al. 2010 1valued reductions in nutrient removal costs, environmental restoration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Abalone-‐Kelp IMTA at US$ 1-‐3 million per annum compared to monoculture and products from an IMTA system could be commercialized under “environmentally friendly” label or organic certification. The environmental improvements conceivable with IMTA have economic and social implications for the wider community. More specifically, the EC issued a regulation for Biologic Aquaculture of both animal and macroalgae where it clearly outlined the nutrient-‐removing role of algae in polyculture systems (Com. Reg. Nº710/2009). In connection with off-‐shore salmon farming, macroalgae are the optimal candidates to extract inorganic nutrients from the water to produce new biomass through photosynthesis. Worldwide, the macroalgae industry already produces a wide variety of products and increases by 5.7% annually in volume, with over 93% of the global production being farmed. Countries in East and Southeast Asia dominate macroalgae culture production (99.8% by quantity and 99.5% by value in 2008); while the European industry is almost completely reliant on the exploitation of natural stocks and has steadily decreased since the 1990´s. The rapid development of macroalgal farming in Europe could contribute to address the challenges encountered by animal aquaculture today. Macroalgal aquaculture will however also have to address the effects of climate change and overcome its impacts by rising innovations at different levels i.e. technology, biology, policy. This paper will present the emergence of multiple issues and integrated actions resulting to the foreseen rapid expansion of the macroalgal industry in Europe.

Curriculum vitae of the first author

Dr Céline Rebours is an experimental marine biologist, specialized in phycology. Her areas of expertise are on algal culture and uses of algae as fodder in marine hatcheries, nurseries and on-‐growing facilities for both invertebrates and fish. Dr. Rebours is researcher at the Bodø unit of the Arctic Agriculture and Land Use Division in Bioforsk. Dr. Rebours has been involved in several international, national and regional projects as project leader, work package leader or scientific adviser. Dr Rebours is designated expert in the international committee ISO TC234 (Aquaculture) and an elected member in the steering committee of International Society for Applied Phycology.

Bioforsk description

Bioforsk -‐ Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research has their main areas of competence linked to food quality and safety, agriculture and rural development, environmental 1 Nobre et al, 2010: Addressing the complexity of the Earth system. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. DOI:10.1175/2010BAMS3012.1.

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protection and natural resources management. Bioforsk pays increasing attention to the ecology and productivity of coastal environments/ ecosystems, both national and international. Bioforsk within the section for bioproduction and ecosystem in Northern Coastal regions aims to develop an innovative R&D strategy adapted to the local problems. Bioforsk Nord Bodø (BNB) department is in charge of developing a new research strategy into the blue-‐green zone. BNB also intends to assist in developing the first stages towards a future sustainable development of the algae aquaculture industry in Norway. BNB has its expertise in plant & growth physiology, phycology, microbiology and organic farming. For 2010-‐2016, BNB is involved in several projects concerning coastal plant biology, ecology and environmentally friendly production. Through its close relationship to organic agriculture, BNB brings expertise in environmentally friendly production and organic farming techniques that are applicable to IMTA development.

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Pieternella Luttikhuizen & Judith van Bleijswijk, NIOZ Population genetics of kelp and its relevance for kelp farming in northwest Europe.

'Population genetics of kelp and its relevance for kelp farming in northwest Europe'

Pieternella C. Luttikhuizen and Judith van Bleijswijk

Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, the Netherlands

In collaboration with Hortimare, Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands

Abstract

Molecular genetic techniques can be used for obtaining insight in a wide range of population dynamic aspects. Diversity in genetic markers between and within populations can, for example, tell us about the effective size of populations, about a population's demographic history, about connectivity in a metapopulation and it can be the basis for marker assisted breeding. Here we will present preliminary results from our population genetic studies of Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima in NW Europe. The former has previously been studied in other parts of the world, while for the latter almost nothing is know about population structure. While many species in the sea are characterized by large dispersal ranges due to pelagic, free-‐floating life stages, this is not necessarily the case for kelp. It has been shown for L. digitata that kelp stands can differ significantly in their genetic composition at relatively short geographic ranges, at least in the English Channel area. This is possibly related to kelp's life history but may also be related to the specific competitive nature of dense kelp stands in that area. The data we will collect will inform us about connectivity in the two species mentioned as well as about the amount of genetic variation within populations. This knowledge can be applied for conservation genetics projects (e.g., to predict whether translocation will introduce foreign genetic contamination) and for farming (by forming the basis for marker assisted breeding). We will briefly review what is known about historical biogeography, then outline our plans and show our initial progress.

Description of the institute

NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research is the national oceanographic institute of the Netherlands. The institute is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). It employs approximately 370 staff and has an annual budget of about € 30 million. NIOZ has research centres on the Wadden Sea island of Texel and in Yerseke on the southern shore of the Eastern Scheldt estuary.

CURRICULUM VITAE's

Pieternella Luttikhuizen graduated from Wageningen University in 1996 as a biologist specializing in population genetics and marine ecology. After working as a mathematical modeller in the field of metapopulation structure, she continued to work on marine genetics for her PhD at the Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) and the University of Groningen, graduating in 2003. Her study object was then the colourful bivalve Macoma balthica, and this has remained a major study

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organism since that time. However, she now also studies other organims including crustaceans, polychaetes, macroparasites and seaweeds. She has carried out research at the University of Amsterdam and the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, and is now back at NIOZ on Texel. Her scientific interest is in using molecular genetics to estimate population connectivity in the sea. She also uses these data to reconstruct colonisation history and historical demography of populations. Her particular focus is on how time, large population size and connectivity interact to form actual patterns of population genetic structure. With respect to seagriculture she is involved in estimating genetic variability and population connectivity of kelp populations in NW Europe. This knowledge may be used as a basis for marker assisted breeding of kelp.

Judith van Bleijswijk studied molecular biology in Leiden with specializations in microbial ecology (Rhizobium-‐leguminose symbioses) and geobiochemistry. After her PhD at NIOZ on ecophysiology of the marine calcifying alga Emiliania huxleyi and various small projects, e.g. on microbial mats and phytoplankton lyses, she became staff scientist in the Molecular Biology Laboratory of NIOZ with contributions to various research projects that benefit from molecular biological approaches. She developed species specific diagnostic tests for bivalve larvae, seals, bacteria and algal viruses, supervises students in the lab, and performs data analyses and bioinformatics. Current research topics are meta genome analyses of North Sea sediment samples; Pyrotag sequencing of the microbial community above cold water corals; Microbial community composition of ballast water before and after treatment; Expression of genes related to calcification in the coral Acropora millepora; and microsatellite analyses of the seaweeds Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima (together with Drs Schipper, Hortimare).

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Alexander Lubsch / Klaas Timmermans, NIOZ First results for the NIOZ Seaweed Centre.

Abstract

Investigating production and loss terms of native North Sea seaweeds

Growth and composition of seaweeds in relation to environmental factors as light, nutrients, temperature and hydrodynamics has been studied intensively (Lobban & Harrison, 1994, Lüning, 1990), but hardly in a comprehensive manner including the study on interactions of the different factors. What is more, loss factors such as viral lysis, grazing and erosion are hardly taken into account (certainly not in relation to varying environmental conditions) although essential for a proper understanding and sustainable production. The here proposed integrated approach will thus be the first study in which effects of environmental variables on seaweed production and loss will be studied in a concerted manner.

The focus is on native seaweed species from the North Sea area: Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima (brown seaweeds) Palmaria palmata (red seaweed) and Ulva lactuca (green seaweed). These seaweeds inhabit different habitats, and can be assumed to have different adaptations to (changing) environmental conditions. The 4 species of seaweeds will be investigated for growth, composition and losses in relation to nutrient availability (nitrogen, phosphorus) and relevant physicochemical (e.g. light, temperature) and hydrodynamic conditions (e.g. turbulence). It can be envisioned that the environmental conditions will not only determine growth, but through the effects on composition, for example induction of anti-‐herbivory substances, or anti-‐viral compounds (Holdt & Kraan, 2011) it may also affect loss factors. Nutrient limitation and shifts in limitation from one element to another can significantly affect internal composition, physiology and growth of seaweeds (Gevaert et al. 2001, Lobban & Harrison 1994, Pederson et al. 1996).

Understanding interacting effects between nutrient limitations and hydrodynamic forcing is thus a key factor to study. For the loss factors, we will determine the effects of environmental variables of nutrient availability and hydrodynamics on seaweed morphology/size, cellular composition change and biomass loss as caused by erosion, viruses and mesograzers, as amphipods, copepods and polychaetes (leaving out losses caused by fish and sea urchins / snails). Effects of environmental variables on these loss factors in native North Sea seaweeds are largely uncharted territory. Insight in major stimuli of production and losses in seaweed biomass will allow better

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understanding of wax and wane of seaweeds, both under natural as well as (large scale) production conditions.

At the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) on Texel, a seaweed test facility has recently been operational. This facility is part of the Netherlands Seaweed Science and Technology Center (SSTC). The aim of the SSTC will be to bridge the gap between fundamental research on seaweeds and large scale production. A full factorial design will be used for eco-‐physiological studies on seaweeds, allowing variations in temperature, light, nutrient regimes, salinity, etc..

Company Profile NIOZ

NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research is the National Oceanographic Institution of the Netherlands (www.nioz.nl). The institute was founded in 1876 and is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. The institute is located on the island of Texel at the border between the North Sea and the Wadden Sea, and about 100 km north of Amsterdam. From 1 January 2012 the Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology (CEME) in Yerseke in the South-‐West of the Netherlands became part of NIOZ. This has resulted in one big organization for fundamental marine research in the Netherlands employing in total more than 300 people and with an annual budget of more than €25 million. The mission of NIOZ is “to gain and communicate scientific knowledge on seas and oceans for the understanding and sustainability of our planet, and to facilitate and support marine research and education in the Netherlands and Europe”. The four basic disciplines of oceanography at NIOZ-‐Texel are physics, chemistry, biology and geology and are organized in 5 Departments: Marine Geology, Physical Oceanography, Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Biological Oceanography and Marine Ecology. NIOZ-‐Texel is internationally highly respected for its coastal seas and oceanographic research. The institute employs around 250 people, among which 32 permanent academic staff. The Department of Biological Oceanography is one of two departments on marine biology and interacts closely with the other departments on physics, geology, chemistry and biogeochemistry. The department of Biological Oceanography has approximately 50 scientists, PhD-‐students, undergraduate students and technical personnel, and has close cooperation with the Universities of Groningen, Amsterdam and Utrecht. It is very well equipped for biological sea-‐going research, mesocosm studies, microbial cultivation in dedicated climate rooms, flow cytometry, pigment analysis, molecular biology, trace metal chemistry, (in)organic carbon biology and virology. Curriculum VitaeAlexander Lubsch PhD-‐student in the Department of Biological Oceanography, NIOZ-‐Texel. Alexander Lubsch studied Biological Science (BSc-‐degree) at the University of Muenster (Germany) and Biological Oceanography (MSc-‐degree) in Rostock (Germany). During his Master’s studies at Alfred-‐Wegener-‐Institute for Marine and Polar Research (AWI) on Helgoland in 2010 he investigated on the palatability of brown macro-‐algae (Phaeophyceae) by meso-‐grazers (e.g. Isopods, amphipods, gastropods). In 2011/2012 Alexander Lubsch worked onboard research vessels on the North-‐ and Baltic Sea for the von Thuenen Institute

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for SeaFisheries located in Hamburg and Rostock. Since November 2012 he works as a PhD-‐student at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research within the Department of Biological Oceanography under the supervision of Klaas Timmermans. Alexander’s main research interests are growth and loss terms of native North Sea seaweed and its eco-‐physiology in the laboratory and at sea. His work combines biology, analytical chemistry, and remote sensing. The overarching goal is to arrive at insight in the effects of the abiotic environment, including changes therein (e.g. seasonal change), and by understanding the physiology of marine macro-‐algae to support the establishment of sustainable seaweed-‐farming in the North Sea.

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7th International Algae Congress -‐ Hamburg

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