Sdrhcon2011 reinhold
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Transcript of Sdrhcon2011 reinhold
Rebuilding after Disasters: A Loss Mitigation Perspective
Forest Products Society’s Sustainable Disaster Relief Housing Conference
October 28, 2011
Timothy Reinhold, Ph.D., P.E. IBHS Senior Vice President of Research &
Chief Engineer
“Where building safety research leads to
real-world solutions.”
IBHS Mission
To reduce the social and economic effects of natural disasters and other property losses by conducting research and advocating improved construction, maintenance and preparation practices.
Exponential Increase in $ Losses
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Decade
Insu
red
Lo
sses f
rom
Hu
rric
an
es
(1990 d
ollars
- B
illio
ns)
Source: NOAA Data 1900 – 1990 IBHS Data 2000 -
Building Performance Chain
Loads & Effects
Design Maintenance Construction &
Installation
Building Codes and Enforcement
Retrofitting
Where You Build
How You Build How Well You Maintain
Building Codes
• are an important base for assuring a common measure of safety and performance
• must address the risks inherent at the location
• are minimum standards
• based on sound engineering provide good structural performance
Hurricane Charley Experience 2004
• Data from 5,200 policies written by one company in Punta Gorda and Port Charlotte
• Permit data obtained from the Charlotte County
• Wind speed estimates obtained from Applied Research Associates (Company that developed hurricane wind risk modeling used in ASCE 7)
Claim Frequency by Age of Home
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Fra
cti
on
of
Po
licie
s
Year of Construction
Frequency of Claims - Fraction of policies with Claims
Average = 36.4%
Average = 18.3%
1995 High Wind Standards
Strong Codes Reduce Claim Severity and Frequency
Severity
Pre 1996: $24/sf
1996 - 2004:
$14/sf
- 42%
Frequency
Pre 1996: 41 claims/100 policies
1996 - 2004:
17 claims/100 policies
- 60%
9
Amount of Roof Damage
4%
20%
51%
25%
14%
48%
33%
5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% of
Total Claims
Pre 1996 1996 - 2004
Building Code Category
No Roof Damage Partial Covering Whole Covering Whole Covering with Decking
* Includes claims with known damage types only, except for partial covering/partial decking.
10
Interior Damage and ALE by Year of Construction
29%
51%
9%
11%
44%
47%
9%0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% Total
Claims
Pre 1996 1996 - 2004
Building Code Category
Interior Damage,
ALE ≥ 1 Month
Interior Damage,
ALE < 1 Month
Interior Damage,
No ALE
No Interior Damage
11
Garage Door Failures
• Failed primarily due to lack of reinforcement and track bracing for design pressures
• Some were also damaged by windborne debris
Newer HUD Building Codes
IBHS Voluntary Construction Standards Code Plus Bringing up to code
Code Plus Aspects for New Construction
• Increases design loads for pertinent hazards • Performance based criteria with some prescriptive
options • Paying attention to water penetration • Wind and/or hail impact resistant roofing • Formal design review • Connections, connections, connections • Verification through targeted inspections • Some insurance discounts are available in some
markets (company by company)
Performance of FORTIFIED . . . For safer living ® Homes in Ike
• Roof covering and sealed roof deck
• Structural capacity
• Water intrusion and water management
Fortified Designated Homes on Bolivar Peninsula
Fortified Designated Homes on Bolivar Peninsula
Fortified Designated Homes on Bolivar Peninsula
One Approach to a Sealed Roof Deck
A Different Type of Shingles
Gable End Failure
Inside Home with Gable End Failure
Signs of Water Intrusion
Signs of Water Intrusion
Objective science can – and does – significantly reduce property losses, injuries and deaths.
IBHS Research Center
Wind Hail
Wildfire Water
Large Test Chamber
145 ft W x 145 ft L x 70 ft H test chamber
60 ft W x 30 ft H wind inlet
105 fans, each with 350 hp motors
Enough power for 9,000 homes
Flow volume = 20 X Niagara Falls
High-speed cameras & TV lighting
Recreating Mother Nature in the Lab
Wind Data Gathered in Field
During Disasters
Engineers Use Data to Recreate Actual Wind
Scenarios in Lab
105 Fans Bring Scenarios to Life
Wind Simulation Capabilities
Extra-tropical winds - frontal system or Nor’easter Hurricane-force winds - Category 1, 2, 3
Tornadoes - vortex edge conditions Thunderstorms - frontal winds
Initial Major Research Focus
• Roofs = 1st line of defense against many natural hazards
– Wind
– Wind driven rain
– Wind driven ember (firebrand) attacks
– Hail
• Wind Loads and Wind Effects
• Current Test Standards and Ratings
Roof Covering Failures
95% of Homes w/ Claims 52% of $ in Claims
3-Tab Shingle Permit Survey Post Charley Replacement
Wind-Driven Rain ~ 8 in. per hour
Spray nozzle
Drainage system in the attic to collect water that
entered though vents and, after roof shingles were
blown off / removed, through the roof deck.
Water collection system in living
space;
50 – 2’ x 10’ collection zones in
the duplex
Water Intrusion through Soffits
Open
Covered
Water Intrusion: Gable End Vent
At a wind speed of 30 mph+ Water Entry Rate for Open Vent = Wind-driven Water Deposition Rate
Water Entry Through Openings: Roof On
Opening Open Soffit Vinyl Vented Gable End
Direction & Wind Speed
Head On 45 Head On 45 Head On
miles/hour Accumulation
Inch / hr (% wall deposition)
Relative to Open Soffit Inch / hr (% wall
deposition)
50 1.3 (15) 1.6 (20) 6% 3% ~8 (100%)
70 2.9 (33) ----- 25% ----- -----
Water Intrusion: Exposed Roof Sheathing
Water entry through sealed roof deck ~ 1/3 that through unsealed roof deck. Water entry through un-taped roof deck >> water entry through openings at eave and gable end.
Examples of water entry into living space
Consequences of Water Entry
Loss Estimates Unsealed Roof Deck = 3 X Greater
Furniture Cleaning versus Replacement ($16,935 vs. $5,408)
Thank you! Questions?
www.DisasterSafety.org
DISCLAIMER
IBHS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY, IN NEGLIGENCE, TORT OR
OTHERWISE WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY OF THE
INFORMATION AND/OR PRACTICES DESCRIBED IN THIS
SLIDESHOW. ALTERATIONS OR MODIFCATIONS TO ANY OF
THE CONTENT OF THIS SLIDESHOW ARE THE SOLE
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PERSON AND/OR BUSINESS
MAKING SUCH ALTERATIONS OR MODIFICATIONS. NOTHING
CONTAINED IN THIS SLIDESHOW IS INTENDED OR WRITTEN
TO BE USED, NOR MAY IT BE RELIED UPON OR USED, BY ANY
PERSON AND/OR BUSINESS AS LEGAL ADVICE.