SDH Networks.ppt
Transcript of SDH Networks.ppt
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 1/124
Communications Test Solutions 1
•
Current transmission technologies (PDH)• The Synchronous Digital Hierarchie (SDH)
• Bit rates, frame structures and interfaces in SDH
• Basic elements of STM-1
• SDH network elements
• Synchronization architecture in SDH• Monitoring, maintenance and measurements in SDH
• International SDH Network standards
• Future Trends
All rights reserved.
No parts of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted,
or translated without the written permission of the publisher.
Copyright by Stephan Schultz, Wandel & Goltermann Germany
Box 1262, D-72795 Eningen u.A.e-mail: [email protected]
http://www.wg.com
Basics on SDH from STM-1 up to STM-16
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 2/124
Communications Test Solutions 2
Current Transmission Technologies
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 3/124
Communications Test Solutions 3
The Telephone System
LE LE
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 4/124
Communications Test Solutions 4
T1 T2 T3
T4 T5 T6 T7time Audio Signal
Sampler Output
timeT1 T2 T3
T4 T5 T6 T7
Pulse Amplitude
Modulated (PAM)signal
Sampling
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 5/124
Communications Test Solutions 5
+V0 0 0 0 X XXX
0 0 0 1 X XXX0 0 1 0 X XXX
1 0 0 0 X XXX
1 0 0 1 X XXX
1 0 1 0 X XXX1 0 1 1 X XXX
1 1 0 0 X XXX
1 1 0 1 X XXX
1 1 1 0 X XXX
1 1 1 1 X XXX
digital codes
-V
In accordance withCCITT’s A-law
1/2V1/4V
1/8V
1/16V
1/32V
1/64
V
Quantization
Level
3248
648096112
Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 6/124
Communications Test Solutions 6
8
bits persamplex = 64kbit /s
8000
samplesper sec
PCM Signal Data Rate
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 7/124
Communications Test Solutions 7
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 8/124
Communications Test Solutions 8
2048 kbit/s
64 kbit/s
x 4
x 30/31x 24
x 3
x 7x 5
x 3
Japan USA Europe
primary rate
2. order
3.
4.
5.
32064 kbit/s
x 3
97728 kbit/s
397200 kbit/s
x 4
x 4
34368 kbit/s
139264 kbit/s
x 4
564992 kbit/s
x 4
8448 kbit/s
44736 kbit/s
274176 kbit/s
x 6
1544 kbit/s
6312 kbit/s
x 4
PDH Systems World-wide
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 10/124
Communications Test Solutions 10
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signalling
information
time
slots0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 11/124
Communications Test Solutions 11
Si: Reserved for international use
Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Non frame alignment signal
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signalling
information
time
slots
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8
FAS(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)(M)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 12/124
Communications Test Solutions 12
Si: Reserved for international use
Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message baseddata links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
signalling
subscr. n
signalling
subscr. n+15
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signallinginformation
time
slots
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c d
MFAS NMFAS
frame 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 13/124
Communications Test Solutions 13
2.448 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15
multiframe
sub multiframe 1 sub multiframe 2
Si: Reserved for international use
Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
signalling
subscr. n
signalling
subscr. n+15
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signalling
information
time
slots
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8
FAS(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c d
MFAS NMFASframe 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 14/124
Communications Test Solutions 14
2.048 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15
multiframe
sub multiframe 1 sub multiframe 2
Si: Reserved for international use
Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
M: Transmitting CRC multiframe alignment signal
( CRC MFAS: 001011 )Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
signalling
subscr. n
signalling
subscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c dMFAS NMFAS
frame 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:
s u b m u l t i f r a m e 1
s u b m u l t i f r
a m e 2
2.048 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signalling
information
time
slots0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0 FAS C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
1 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
1 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
E2 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
1 NFAS
6 FAS
7 NFAS
8 FAS
9 NFAS
14 FAS
15 NFAS
256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit
256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 15/124
Communications Test Solutions 15
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
10 200 208 208 2042 4 4 4 4
Plesiochronous Hierarchies - Frame Structures
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 16/124
Communications Test Solutions 16
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
34.368 kbit/s; frame length 1536 bit; 44.7 us; ITU-T G.751
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
10 200 208 208 2042 4 4 4 4
10 372 380 380 3762 4 4 4 4
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s41a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b
Plesiochronous Hierarchies - Frame Structures
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 17/124
Communications Test Solutions 17
139.264 kbit/s; frame length 2928 bit; 21 us; ITU-T G.751
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
1a 2a 3a 4a 1c 2c 3c 4c 1d 2d 3d 4d1b 2b 3b 4b 1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A N N N
12 472 484 484 4844 4 4 4 4844 48044
Plesiochronous Hierarchies - Frame Structures
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 18/124
Communications Test Solutions 18
AISPDH
Equipment
AISPDH
Equipment
LOS
LOF
AIS
D-Bit
BER 10-3
D-Bit
BER 10-6
N-Bit
PDH Maintenance Signals
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 19/124
Communications Test Solutions 19
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
main
stand-by
140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s
Line TerminatingUnit
Line TerminatingUnit
Drop & Insert Station
1,2 ................. 64 1,2 ................. 64
Plesiochronous Drop & Insert
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 20/124
Communications Test Solutions 20
The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 21/124
Communications Test Solutions 21
Simpler multiplexing(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)
Simple D&I of traffic channels(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)
Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems
SDH is open for new applications(It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN,...)
SDH provides TMN (ECCs)(for centralized network control)
Why SDH Why SDH
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 22/124
Communications Test Solutions 22
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
TM
DXC
ADMADMATM
Switch
STM-4/-162Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
LAN
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross ConnectTM : Terminal Multiplexer
DSC: Digital Switching Center
LAN: Local Area Network
DSC
Synchronous Network Structure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 23/124
Communications Test Solutions 24
VC-2
VC-1
VC-2
VC-1
VC-4VC-3VC-12
VC-4
VC-3
VC-2
VC-1
VC-4 VC-3 VC-12
VC-4
VC-3
Reg S M X
S M X
Multiplex
Section
Regenerator
Sections
Higher Order PathLower Order Path
STM-n
RSOH
STM-n
RSOH
STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH
VC-1/2/3 POH
Path Denominations
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 24/124
Communications Test Solutions 25
M U X /
D E M U X
M U X /
D E M U XPDH PDH
SDH SDH SDH
Reg.
CC
NNI NNI NNI
ITU-T Rec.: G.707 Synchronous Multiplex Structure
G.703 Electrical characteristic
G.957 Optical interface characteristic
The Network Node Interface (NNI)
specifications are necessary to
enable interconnection of
synchronous digital network elements
for transport of payloads
Network Node Interface (NNI)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 25/124
Communications Test Solutions 26
Bit Rates, Frame Structure and Interfacesin SDH
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 26/124
Communications Test Solutions 28
RSOH: Regenerator section overhead
MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 µs
1
3
5
9
4
270
270 Columns (Bytes)
1 9transmit
row by row
RSOH
MSOH
AU Pointer Payload(transport capacity)
STM-1 Frame Structure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 27/124
Communications Test Solutions 29
C-4
STM-1 Frame Structure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 28/124
Communications Test Solutions 30
VC-4
C-4
V C - 4 P O H
STM-1 Frame Structure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 29/124
Communications Test Solutions 31
AU Pointer
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
V C - 4 P O H
STM-1 Frame Structure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 30/124
Communications Test Solutions 32
1
3
5
9
4
270
270 Columns (Bytes)
1 9
RSOH AU-4
MSOH
AU PointerVC-4
V C - 4 P O H
C-4
STM-1 Frame Structure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 31/124
Communications Test Solutions 33
12341234123412 . . . .
11111
22222
33333
44444
STM-1 #1
STM-1 #2
STM-1 #3
STM-1 #4
STM-4
The STM-4/16/64 bit rate is obtained as integer multiples of the STM-1 tributary bit rate.
Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation on the
STM-n output signal.
B1B2
B1B2
SOH termination New SOH
Higher SDH Bitrates
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 32/124
Communications Test Solutions 34
STM-4 SOH
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X
B1 E1 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D1 D2 D3 X
D4
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D7
D10
S1 M1 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D5
D8
D11
D12
D9
D5
36 bytes
B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculatedBytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary #1
A U Pointers
Payload
#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
STM-4 Frame Structure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 33/124
Communications Test Solutions 35
Basic Elements of STM-1
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 34/124
Communications Test Solutions 36
M U X /
D E M U X
M U X /
D E M U X
back-up line
PDH PDH
SDH SDH SDH
Multiplex Section Multiplex SectionRegenerator Section Regenerator Section
Reg.
CC
clock
clock
clock
B1 B1
B3
B2B2
P a t h
Parity Bytes
F2 E1, F1, D1 ... D3E2, D4 ... D12
Comm.
Channels
B1
Reg. Section
Synchronous Network
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 35/124
Communications Test Solutions 37
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
V5
J2
N2
K4
AU - PTR
VC-3/4 POH
VC-11/12/ 2 POH
STM-1 SOH
Media dependent bytesX Reserved for national use
SOH: Section overhead
POH: Path overhead
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance andsupervision of the SDH transmission network.
RSOH
MSOHPayload
P
O
H
Pointer
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M 1 E2 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Embedded Overhead Bytes
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 36/124
Communications Test Solutions 38
Parity check(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)
Data communication channels(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)
Voice communication channels(E1 between regenerators)
Frame Alignment(A1, A2)
Section Trace(J0 Identficationof regenerator source)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
AU - Pointer
Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 37/124
Communications Test Solutions 39
Parity check (B2)
Alarm information (K2)
Remote error indication (M1,K2)
Automatic protection switching(K1, K2 Bytes)
Data communication channels(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)
Clock source information (S1)
Voice communications channels(E2 between multiplexers)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
AU - Pointer
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead
F ti f P th O h d
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 38/124
Communications Test Solutions 40
Parity checkB3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point
Alarm and performance information(V5, G1)
Structure of the VCSignal label C2
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)
User communications channelbetween path elements (F2, F3)
Identification of the Path Source(Path Trace J1, J2)
J1
B3C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K4
N1
V5
J2
N2
K4
VC-3/4 POH
VC-11/12/2
POH
Functions of Path Overhead
Functions and Characteristics of the
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 39/124
Communications Test Solutions 41
Functions and Characteristics of the
Individual Elements of NNI
• The Container (C) – Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
– Synchronous to the STM-1
– Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
– Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
– Bit by bit stuffing
• The Virtual Container (VC)
– Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead)
– Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
–
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
Functions and Characteristics of the
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 40/124
Communications Test Solutions 42
• The Tributary Unit (TU)
– Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
• The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
– Combines several TUs for a new VC
• The Administrative Unit (AU)
– Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
• The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1)
– Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
– Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the
AU pointer area
– byte by byte stuffing
Functions and Characteristics of the
Individual Elements of the NNI
Overhead Byte Functionality
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 41/124
Communications Test Solutions 43
A1, A2 Frame synchronisationB1, B2 Parity bytes for transmission error monitoringJ0 Regenerator section traceD1... D3 Regenerator section DCCD4.. D12 Multiplex section DCCE1, E2 Orderwire for voice communicationF1 User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)K1, K2 Automatic protection switching (APS)S1 Synchronisation status messageM1 MS-REI (remote error idication)
J1 Higher order path trace
B3 Path parity byte for error monitoringC2 Signal Label (composition of payload)G1 Path status and performanceF2, F3 Path user channelsH4 Payload specific byteK3 Automatic protection switching (APS)N1 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
V5 Error check, path status, signal label
J2 Lower order path traceN2 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)K4 Automatic protection switching (APS)
SOH
VC-3/4
POH
VC-1/2
POH
Overhead Byte Functionality
Th f i t ti PDH i l i t STM 1
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 42/124
Communications Test Solutions 44
Container
Virtual Container
Administrative Unit
Synchronous Transport Module
Path Overhead
Pointer
Section Overhead
Plesiochronous signal 140Mbit/s
C4
VC-4
AU-4
STM-1
The way of integrating PDH signals into STM-1
P i t
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 43/124
Communications Test Solutions 45
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH
networks.
The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.
AU-Pointer
1
9
TU-PTR
V C - 4
P O H
VC-12POH
VC-12
VC-4
STM-1
Pointers
Use of the AU 4 Pointer Area Coding
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 44/124
Communications Test Solutions 46
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Opportunity for
negative stuffing
(more capacity)
Pointer
inc/dec
IDIDIDID
NDF,
mapping struc,
pointer inc/dec
J1
C4 payload
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
H1 byte H2 byte
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0
0 1
X X X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X X
1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Opportunity for
positive stuffing
(less capacity)
Pointer interpretation :
New data flag (NDF) disabled :
New data flag enabled :
AU/TU type AU-4/TU-3 :
AU/TU type AU-3/TU-3 :
AU-4 pointer 0...782 :TU-3 pointer 0...764 :
Null pointer indication (NPI) :
Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding
Not Synchronous SDH Networks
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 45/124
Communications Test Solutions 47
Frequency justification of several STM-1 signals running into a
network node (Pointer Stuffing)
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
1 9 270
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
125µs
250µs
375µs
500µs
Start of VC-4
negative justification byte (data)
Pointer withinverted D bits
New pointer
Actual pointer
Not Synchronous SDH Networks
Mapping 140 Mbit/s
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 46/124
Communications Test Solutions 48
AU Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
9 261
J1B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
20 x 13 bytes per row
C-4
140 Mbit/s
260
C-4 transport capacity: 260 x 9 x 64 kbit/s = 149.760 kbit/s
Container C-4 contains a 140 Mbit/s PDH Tributary
Mapping 140 Mbit/s
Mapping of a 140 Mbit/s Tributary into VC 4
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 47/124
Communications Test Solutions 49
W = I I I I I I I I Y = RRRRRRRR X = CRRRROOO Z = I I I I I I SR
I = Information bit
S = Justification opportunity bit
R = Fixed stuffing bit
C = Justification control bit
O = Overhead bit
The figure shows one row of the VC-4
96 IW 96 IY96 IY96 IY96 IX
96 IX 96 IX96 IY96 IY96 IY
96 IY 96 IY96 IX96 IY96 IY
96 IY 96 IZ96 IY96 IX96 IY
J1
Mapping of a 140 Mbit/s Tributary into VC-4
Mapping 34 Mbit/s
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 48/124
Communications Test Solutions 50
AU Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
260
fixed stuffing
Container C-4 contains 3 times a 34 Mbit/s PDH Tributary (ETSI structure)
C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s84
C-3
J1
B3C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
J1B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
C3
34 Mbit/s
9 261
VC-3 #1VC-3 #2
VC-3 #3
VC-4 POH
VC-3 POH
Mapping 34 Mbit/s
Mappings 2 Mbit/s
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 49/124
Communications Test Solutions 51
RSOH
MSOH
AU pointer
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
T U - 1
2
VC-12
Tu pointer
Mappings 2 Mbit/s
Mapping and Multiplexing (1)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 50/124
Communications Test Solutions 52
AU-4 Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................261
A B C A B C A A B C
S
T
U
F
F
I N
G
S
T
U
F
F
I N
G
. ......
1 86TUG-3
(A)
. ......
1 86TUG-3
(C)
. ......
1 86TUG-3
(B)
Mapping and Multiplexing (1)
Mapping and Multiplexing (2)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 51/124
Communications Test Solutions 53
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................86
N
PI
E3 F3 G3 S
T
U
F
F
I N
G
S
T
U
F
F
I N
G
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12
#1
TUG-2
(A)
TU-12
#3.....
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12
#1
TUG-2
(B)
TU-12
#3.....
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12
#1
TUG-2
(G)
TU-12
#3.....
TUG-3NPI: Null Pointer Indication
1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX
TU-12s occupy
36 bytes per
frame
Mapping and Multiplexing (2)
Mapping 2 Mbit/s (asynchronous)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 52/124
Communications Test Solutions 54
V5R
32 bytes (32x8I)
RJ2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes (32x8I)
32 bytes (32x8I)
32 bytes (32x8I)
RK4
R
N2RC1 C2 O O O O R R
S2 I I I I I I I
1 4 0 B y t e
s
35 bytes
in one
VC-4
500 µs
V5: VC-12 Path Overhead
R: fixed stuffing bits
J2: Path Trace
C1/2: Justification control bit
O: Overhead bit
N2: Network Operator byte
K4: APS
S2: Justification opportunity bit
I: Info-bit
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V4
XXX XX00
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V1
XXX XX01
PayloadVC-4 Payload
V2
XXX XX10
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V3
XXX XX11
PayloadVC-4 Payload
V4
XXX XX00
VC-12 Structure:
H4: Indicates the number of Vx
V1,V2,V3: TU-12 Pointer
H4
H4
H4
H4
H4
VC-4 POH
Mapping 2 Mbit/s (asynchronous)
VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 53/124
Communications Test Solutions 55
AU-4 Pointers
MSOH
RSOH
STM-4
VC-4-4c
J1
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
C-4-4c
F i x e
d S t u f f
F i x e
d S t u f f
F i x e d
S t u f f
4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
The first Pointer indicates J1 All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication"
B3
VC 4 Contiguous Concatenation
How to transport 600 Mbit/s ATM via
150 Mbit/ SDH ?
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 54/124
Communications Test Solutions 56
ATM switchSDH cross-connect for VC-4
ATM switch
150 Mbit/s
600 Mbit/s
In
Out
Out
In
Out
In
In
Out
VC-4-4c
STM-4c portSTM-4c port
STM-4 port
STM-4 port
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s ?VC4
VC4VC4
VC4
4 x
Different
delays for VC-4's?
622 Mbit/s622 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s SDH ?
VC-4 virtual Concatenation (Generation)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 55/124
Communications Test Solutions 57
Generation:
All Pointers are set to the same value
All VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4 All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's
AU-4 Pointers
MSOH
RSOH
STM-4
VC-4-4vc
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2H4
F3
K3
N1
C-4-4vc
4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
F3
K3
N1
H4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2H4
F3
K3
N1
( )
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 56/124
SDH and SONET are International Standards
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 57/124
Communications Test Solutions 59
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
DS3: 44.736 kbit/s
E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
AUG C-4
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
C-3AU-3
x1
x3
x7
x7
x3
x1
STM-N
STS-3N
AU-4
STS-3C
VC-4
STS-3CSPE
STS-1
VC-3
STS-1
SPE
TUG-2VT
group
x3
xN
x1
x4
DS1: 1.544 kbit/sTU-11 VC-11
C-11VT-1.5 VT-SPE
E1: 2.048 kbit/sTU-12 VC-12
C-12VT-2 VT-SPE
SDH
SONET
ITU-T G.707
BELLCORE GR.253
ANSI T1.105
ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
DS2: 6.312 kbit/sTU-2 VC-2 C-2VT-6 VT-SPE
x1
STM-0
STS-1
SDH Network Elements
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 58/124
Communications Test Solutions 62
SDH Network Elements
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 59/124
Communications Test Solutions 63
SDH Repeater
STM-n STM-n Applications:
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and RingNetworks
Terminal Multiplexer
STM-nPDH &
STM-m
Tributaries
m<n
Applications:
Point-to-Point
Transmission Systems
(STM-1, STM-4, STM-16)
Add Drop Multiplexer
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 60/124
Communications Test Solutions 64
STM-1/4STM-1/4
Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)
ADM
......
WEST EAST
Synchronous Cross Connect
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 61/124
Communications Test Solutions 65
16x16x
4x 4x
VC11
34
2
SDH
Multiplexer
VC 4
VC 3
VC 12
2.4 Gbit/s
622 Mbit/s
2.4 Gbit/s
622 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 (45)Mbit/s
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 (45)Mbit/s
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s155 Mbit/s
VC12
VC3
140
VC4
VC12
VC3
140
2
2
VC12
VC12
2
2
140
VC12
2
2
34
34
2
2
VC12
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
VC4
140
155VC4
155 Mbit/s
Synchronous Line Equipment
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 62/124
Communications Test Solutions 66
OpticalReceive
UnitSync
DEMUX
4
4
4
4
OpticalTransmit
UnitSyncMUX
4
4
4
4
ManagementCommunication Unit
Service Channel Unit
OverheadProcessing Unit
DataChannels
Service
Channels
PC / TMN (Q)
16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1
16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1
STM-16
STM-16
SLX 1/16
Hybrid Networks Connect Old and
New Technologies
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 63/124
Communications Test Solutions 67
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/sSTM-1
STM-4SDH
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
TM
DXC
ADMADMATM
Switch
STM-4/-162Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
LAN
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross ConnectTM : Terminal Multiplexer
New Technologies
STM-4
Trunk NetworkTrunk
Network L 2
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 64/124
Communications Test Solutions 68
Local Network
STM-16
STM-1
Exchange
FlexMux
SubscriberAccess
Mux64/2M
Local
Exchange
Trunk Network
L 1
Trunk Network
L 2
SDHNetwork Topology
Network L 2
Synchronization Architecture in SDH
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 65/124
Communications Test Solutions 69
Synchronization Network
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 66/124
Communications Test Solutions 70
PRC
SSU SSU
Primary Reference Clock
Synchronization Supply Unit
SDH Equipment ClockSEC
SDH
Equip.
SEC
SDH
Equip.
SEC
SDH
Equip.
Caesium (Stratum 1) requ : 1 x 10-11
typ : 5 x 10-12
long term: holdover 24h:
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10-8 , 1 x 10-10
typ : 4 x 10-11 , 2 x 10-11
Synchronization reference model
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 67/124
Communications Test Solutions 71
Limits:
Max. 10 x G.812 TNC
Max. 60 x G.813 SEC,
though no more than20 between 2 TNCs
G.811
PRC
G.812
TNC
G.812
TNC
G.813
SEC
G.813
SEC
G.813
SEC
SSU SSU
Synchronization of SDH Network Elements
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 68/124
Communications Test Solutions 72
Synchronous
SDH Signal
155 Mbit/s
Data Signal
2 Mbit/s
Data Signal
2 048 kHz
Central Clock
SDH Network Element
Osc.
Internal
Oscillator
± 4.6 ppm
Hold-over mode
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 69/124
Communications Test Solutions 73
Phase error [ ns]
Observation interval [s]0.01 1 100 10000
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Hold-over measured values (TIE)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 70/124
Communications Test Solutions 74
Which Recommendations defineSynchronization Networks
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 71/124
Communications Test Solutions 75
ITU-T ANSI / Bellcore ETSI
Definitions G.810 T1.101 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-1
Network G.825 T1.105 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-3
Primary Reference Clocks G.811 T1.101 ETS 300 462-6Synchron. Supply Clocks (ST2) G.812 T1.101 ETS 300 462-4
Equipment Clocks (ST3) G.813 (G.81s) GR-253 ETS 300 462-5
Monitoring, Maintenance and Control Functionsin SDH
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 72/124
Communications Test Solutions 76
LOS Loss Of Signal LOS Loss Of SignalTSE Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) TSE Test Sequence ErrorLSS Loss of Sequence Synchron. LSS Loss of Sequence Synchr.LTI Loss of incoming Timing Ref. LTI Loss of inc. TimingRefOOF Out Of Frame OOF Out Of FrameLOF Loss Of Frame LOF Loss Of FrameB1 R S i BIP E B1 S i BIP E
P h y s . / R e g .
S e c t .
P h y s . / S e c t i o n
EVENTS SDH EVENTS SONET
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 73/124
Communications Test Solutions 77
B1 Regenerator Section BIP Err. B1 Section BIP ErrorsB2 Multiplex Section BIP Err. B2 Line BIP ErrorsMS-AIS Multiplex Section AIS AIS-L Line AISMS-RDI Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. RDI-L Line remote Defect Ind.MS-REI Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. REI-L Line Remote Error Ind.AU-LOP Loss Of AU Pointer LOP-P SP Loss Of Pointer
AU-NDF New Data Flag AU Pointer NDF-P SP New Data FlagAU-AIS AU Alarm Ind. Signal AIS-P SP AISAU-PJE AU Pointer Just. EventB3 HO Path BIP Errors B3 SP BIP ErrorsHP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped UNEQ-P SP UnequippedHP-RDI HO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-P SP Remote Deect. Ind.HP-REI HO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-P SP Remote ERrro Ind.
PDI-P SP Payload Defect Ind.HP-TIM HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-P SP Trace Ident. MismatchHP-PLM HO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-P SP Payload Label MismatchTU-LOP Loss Of TU Pointer LOP-V VP Loss Of PointerTU-NDF New Data Flag TU Pointer NDF-V VP New Data FlagTU-AIS TU AIS AIS-V VP AISTU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of Multiframe
BIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors UNEQ-V VP UnequippedLP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.
PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. MismatchLP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.
M u x S e c t .
H i g h e r O r d e r P a
t h
L o w e r O
r d e r P a t h
L i n e ( L )
S T S P a t h ( S P
)
V T P a t h
( V P )
P
LCD Loss of Cell Delineation I.610HCOR Correctable Header ErrorsHUNC Uncorrectable Header ErrorsVP-AIS Virtual Path AIS I.610VP-RDI Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication I.610VC-AIS Virtual Channel AIS I.610
VC-RDI Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication I.610Vx-AIS Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. (O.191)Vx-RDI Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. (O.191)LOC Loss Of Continuity I.610
A T
M P a t h
Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission
Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 74/124
Communications Test Solutions 78
RSOH
MSOH
Payload
B1:
- Supervision of the
whole STM-1 frame
- Covers the regenerator
sections of a trans-
mission system
B2:
- Covers the multiplex
sections (from network
node to network node)
B3:
- Covers the transmission
paths from beginning to
the end (tributary to
tributary)
RSOH
MSOH
PayloadPayload
RSOH
MSOH
Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission
quality of a life STM-N signal !
Payload AU-PTR
Parity Supervison Procedure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 75/124
Communications Test Solutions 79
T r a n s m i t S i d e
BIP-8 B1
frame nframe n+1
Parity Supervison Procedure
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 76/124
Communications Test Solutions 80
Comparisonwith the Tx side value
T r a n s m i t S i d e
BIP-8 B1
frame nframe n+1
BIP-8 B1
R e c e i v e S i d e
frame n+1 frame n
recalculation at Rx side
Bit interlea ed data field str ct re of the area co ered
How to Built a Parity Byte ?
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 77/124
Communications Test Solutions 81
• Bit interleaved data field structure of the area covered
– Field width: BIP-24: 24 bits (B2)
–
BIP-8: 8 bits (B1, B3) – BIP-2: 2 bits (V5)
• Column by column parity check for even numbers of "1"
BIP-24
801
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
123
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3
even numbers of "1"
Example: 24 bit interleaved parity check (BIP-24)
Regenerator Multiplex Higher Order Lower Order
SDH Maintenance Interactions
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 78/124
Communications Test Solutions 82
LOS/LOFRS-TIM
BIP Err.
"1" AIS
MS-AIS "1"
MS-BIP Err.
MS-REI
MS-RDI
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
AIS
"1"
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-BIP Err.
HP-REIHP-RDI
"1" AIS
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
LOM
HP-PLM
LP-UNEQ
LP-TIM
LP-BIP Err.
LP-REI
LP-RDILP-PLM
"1"
"1"
"1"
AIS
AIS
RegeneratorSection
MultiplexSection
Higher OrderPath
Lower OrderPath
(J0)
(B1)(K2)
(B2)
(M1)
(K2)
(C2)
(J1)
(B3)
(G1)
(G1)
(H4)
(C2)
(V5)
(J2)
(V5)
(V5)
(V5)
(V5)
Maintenance Signal Definitions (1)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 79/124
Communications Test Solutions 83
LOS Drop of incomming optical power level causes BER of 10-3 or worse
OOF A1, A2 incorrect for more than 625 us
LOF If OOF persists of 3msB1 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8
MS-AIS K2 (bits 6,7,8) =111 for 3 or more frames
B2 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-24
MS-RDI If MS-AIS or excessive errors are detected, K2(bits 6,7,8)=110
MS-REI M1: Binary coded count of incorrect interleavedbit blocks
AU-AIS All "1" in the entire AU including AU pointer
AU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
HP-UNEQ C2="0" for 5 or more framesHP-TIM J1: Trace identifier mismatch
HP-SLM C2: Signal label mismatch
HP-LOM H4 values (2 to 10 times) unequal to multiframesequence
B3 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8
HP-RDI G1 (bit 5)=1, if an invalid signal is received in VC-4/VC-3
HP-REI G1 (bits 1,2,3,4) = binary coded B3 errors
Maintenance Signal Definitions (2)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 80/124
Communications Test Solutions 84
TU-AIS All "1" in the entire TU incl. TU pointer
TU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
LP-UNEQ VC-3: C2 = all "0" for >=frames;
VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) = 000 for >=5 framesLP-TIM VC-3: J1 mismatch; VC-12: J2 mismatch
LP-SLM VC-3: C2 mismatch; VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) mismatch
BIP-2 Err Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-2 (V5)
LP-RDI V5 (bit 8) = 1, if TU-2 path AIS or signal failure received
LP-REI V5 (bit 3) = 1, if >=1 errors were detected by BIP-2
LP-RFI V5 (bit 4) = 1, if a failure is declared
Abbreviations:
AU Administration unit
HP High path
LOF Loss of frame
LOM Loss of miltiframe
LOP Loss of pointer
LOS Loss of signal
LP Low path
OOF Out of frame
REI Remote error indication (FEBE)
RDI Remote defect indication (FERF)
RFI Remote failure indication
SLM Signal label mismatch
TIM Trace identifier
TU Tributary unit
UNEQ Unequipped
VC Virtual
C container
Perfomance Parameter
ITU T G 821
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 81/124
Communications Test Solutions 85
ES Errored Second Second with> 1errored block
SES Severely Errored Second Second with > 30% errored blocks
or > 1 defect
BBE Background Block Error Errored block, not occuring aspart of SES
ITU-T G.826
ES Errored Second Second with > 1 bit error
SES Severely Errored Second Second with BER > 1 x 10E-3
UAS Unavailable Seconds:
Time10 sec 10 sec
< 10secUnavailable Seconds
Unavailabilitydetected Availabilitydetected
ITU-T G.821
Jitter and Wander
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 82/124
Communications Test Solutions 86
Jitter and Wander Definitions
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 83/124
Communications Test Solutions 87
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . . .
Time Line
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 10 0Bit Sequence
1 UI
Ideal Signal (NRZ)
Actual Signal(with Jitter
and Wander)
Phase Variations (Jitter or Wander) in a Digital Transmission System
Sources of Jitter and Wander
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 84/124
Communications Test Solutions 88
• Interference signals
• Pattern dependent jitter
• Phase noise
• Delay variation
• Stuffing and wait time jitter
• Mapping jitter
• Pointer jitter
Jitter and Wander Measurement Method
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 85/124
Communications Test Solutions 89
Pattern
Clock
SignalInput
Ext. Reference Clock Input(Wander Measurement)
ClockInput
N
1V
V
Pattern-ClockConverter
FrequencyDivider
Phase Detector
Phase Detector
~ 1 Hz
Filters
HP LP
Peak-to-PeakDetector
Low Pass Filter VCO
JitterandWander
Reference Clock Generator (PLL)
ResultEvaluation
Amplitude / dBValues acco rdin g to ITU-T Rec. G.825 and G.813
Jitter Measurement Filters
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 86/124
Communications Test Solutions 90
Frequency / Hz10 Hz
STM-1: 500 Hz 65 kHz 1.3 MHzSTM-4: 1 kHz 250 kHz 5 MHzSTM-16: 5 kHz 1 MHz 20 MHz
HighFrequency
Jitter
Jitterincluding
lowerFrequency
Components
TotalJitter
Wander
Max. Jitter Amplitude: 1,5UI 0,15UI
Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak Amplitude
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 87/124
Communications Test Solutions 91
JitterAmplitude
(PP)
Measurement Period
Jitter / UIpp
Time
Jitter and Wander Measurements
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 88/124
Communications Test Solutions 92
• Network output jitter (G.825)
• Network element output jitter (G.783, G.813)
• Jitter transfer function (G.958)
• Jitter and Wander tolerance (G.825, G.813)
Wander Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)
WANDER Definitions
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 89/124
Communications Test Solutions 93
a de o g e g a a o (be o 0 )
TIE "Time Interval Error"
MTIE "Max. Time Interval Error"
TDEV "Time Deviation", timing variation as a function ofintegration time. Provides information about thespectral content.
TVAR "Time Variation", square of TDEV
ADEV "Allen Deviation"
MADEV "Modified Allen Deviation"
Definitions specified in ITU-T Rec. G.810
TIE and MTIE Definitions
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 90/124
Communications Test Solutions 94
MTIE
Observation Period
Start End
Wander / UI
Time
TIE at t End
TIE max
TIE min T i m e v a r i a
t i o n a g a i n s t r e f e r e n c e
Results (MTIE) compared to Standards
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 91/124
Communications Test Solutions 95
Network resilience
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 92/124
Communications Test Solutions 96
Linear Protection (G.783)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 93/124
Communications Test Solutions 97
W
P
W
P
W
W
P
1 + 1 Protection scheme
1 : 1 Protection scheme
1 : N Protection scheme
Linear Protection (G.783)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 94/124
Communications Test Solutions 98
W
P
W
P
W
W
P
1 + 1 Protection scheme
1 : 1 Protection scheme
1 : N Protection scheme
ADMTraffic A -> B ADM
Traffic A -> B
Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 95/124
Communications Test Solutions 99
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
B
Traffic B -> A
Unidirectional Ring
traffic between A-B
uses the entire length of ring
Bidirectional Ring
- use the shorter or longer path
- increase number of paths
- short path : traffic
long path : protection
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
B
B -> A
longerpath
Fiber 1 : unidirectional
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 96/124
Communications Test Solutions 100
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Fiber 1 : unidirectional
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 97/124
Communications Test Solutions 101
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Fiber 1 : unidirectional
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 98/124
Communications Test Solutions 102
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 99/124
Working
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 100/124
Communications Test Solutions 104
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Protection
Working
Working
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 101/124
Communications Test Solutions 105
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Protection
Working
Fiber 1
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 102/124
Communications Test Solutions 106
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Fiber 2
working
protection
Fiber 1
Two fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring
(BLSR)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 103/124
Communications Test Solutions 107
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Fiber 2
working
protection
Fiber 1
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 104/124
Communications Test Solutions 108
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Fiber 2
working
protection
AProt Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 105/124
Communications Test Solutions 109
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
AProt Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring(BLSR)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 106/124
Communications Test Solutions 110
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
AProt Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring(BLSR)
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 107/124
Communications Test Solutions 111
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 108/124
AProt.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 109/124
Communications Test Solutions 113
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 4
AProt.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 110/124
Communications Test Solutions 114
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
ot be 3
TMN in SDH networks
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 111/124
Communications Test Solutions 115
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 112/124
TMN Overlay
Central QQ
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 113/124
Communications Test Solutions 117
CC CC
Central
OS
Local
OS
Q
Q
Q
Q ECC
ADM
ADM A
D M
ADM
Q ECC
Management of :
Telecommunication Management Network(TMN) Overlay
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 114/124
Communications Test Solutions 118
PerformanceFaults
Configuration
Accounting
Security
DXC DXC
Central
OS
Local
OS
XX
Q3
Q3
Q3Q ECC
ADM
ADM A
D M
ADM
QECC
Central
OS
NE
Manager
NE
Manager
Q3
Data Communication Network : X.25, ISDN, LAN
STM-N
STM-N STM-N
TMN Reference Configuration
Operating
System
OS F
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 115/124
Communications Test Solutions 119
OS
Mediation
Device
MD
Network
Element
NE
Data Communication Network
DCN
Network
Element
NE
F
F
F
Q3
Q3
Q2 or Q1
Qx
Q3
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
MD: Conversion between different interfaces
(Information Conversion Function ICF:
manufacturer-specific information model ->
operator specific information model)
Local Communication Network
LCN
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 116/124
Reduced equipment costsmulti vendor compatibility
SDH Benefits
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 117/124
Communications Test Solutions 121
Lower maintenance costsbuilt-in defect and anomaly monitoring
Future proof equipmentSDH is the physical layer for BISDN
Efficient drop / insert facilities ADM (add&drop multiplexers), DXC (digital cross connectors)
TMN capabilitiesBuilt-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC
More flexibility in provision of servicesadding transmission capacity by routing on demand
Current Systems : 4, 8, 16 x OC-48 (MCI, Sprint)
Future Trends - WDM Systems
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 118/124
Communications Test Solutions 122
Pirelli : WaveMux 3200
32 x OC-48 channels
80Gbit/s over 1200km
40 x OC-48 channels
100Gbit/s over 600km
Ciena :
There may not be a near term need, but this is the direction
that networking will take next for 3 or 4 years.
Ryan, Hunkin, Kent Consulting '96
, , ( , p )
WDM WDM
Future Trends - Optical Components
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 119/124
Communications Test Solutions 123
ADM
Optical D&I
Local Traffic
2Mbit/s, DS-3, STM-1
l1, l2, l3, l4
l2
l1, l2, l3, l4
l2
WDM WDM
STM-N,
OC-N
STM-N,
OC-N
Extract selectively
Minimize need for demultiplexing
entire bandwidth
STM-64
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 120/124
Communications Test Solutions 124
STM-16c
VC2-5c
PoS
DWDMFuture
Trends
in
SynchronousTechnology
TMN
•Please name the PDH bitrates !
Pl l i t ffi “ !
Let‘s summarize !
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 121/124
Communications Test Solutions 125
•Please explain „stuffing“ !
•When will „stuffing“ be applied ?
•What is the reaction of a Network element after an „LOS“ alarm ?
•What is the meaning of an „LOF“ alarm ?
•Is it possible to drop an 2Mbit/s signal out of an 140Mbit/s line ?
•Why not ?
•Please name the SDH bitrates !
•Explain the way an PDH signal is integrated in an STM-1 !
•Please name the different sections of an SDH connection !
Let‘s summarize !
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 122/124
Communications Test Solutions 126
•What is a parity byte ?
•Please explain the way to build a parity byte !
•Which parity bytes do you know ?
•Which overhead bytes are used for data communication ?
•What is a „pointer“ ?
•What is a „pointer“ used for ?
•Please name the SDH network elements !
Let‘s summarize !
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 123/124
Communications Test Solutions 127
•What are they used for ?
•Please explain how a synchronization network looks like !
•What is a holdover mode ?
•Which byte is used to transport an HP-UNEQ ?
•Please explain „Jitter“ and „Wander“ !
•How can jitter be defined ?
•Please explain the terms TIE and MTIE ?
•Please explain the term TDEV ?
•Explain the possibilities to synchronize a NE !
•Please name the main Jitter and Wander measurements !
Let‘s summarize !
8/11/2019 SDH Networks.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sdh-networksppt 124/124
Communications Test Solutions 128
•Explain these measurements !
•Please explain the methods of linear protection !
•What kind of ring structures do you know ?
•Please explain „DWDM“ !
•What are the the advantages of a TMN controlled network ?
•How is the TMN interface called ?