8/10/2019 sdccc

1/28

1. CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING

INSTRUMENTSAim:

To study and calibrate the precision measuring instruments like Vernier caliper,

Micrometer, and Dial gauge.

Apparatus Required:

Surface plate, Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Dial gauge, and Slip gauges.

Spei!iati"#:

Vernier caliper Range: L. :

Micrometer Range: L. :

Dial gauge Range: L. :

Stud$:

1.% &er#ier a'iper:

The Vernier caliper has one !L" shaped frame #ith a fi$ed %a# on #hich Vernierscale is attached. The principle of Vernier is that #hen t#o scale di&isions slightly

different in si'es can be used to measure the length &ery accurately.

Least ount is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is e(ual to

the difference bet#een a main scale di&ision and a Vernier scale di&ision.

L)*ST +-T / Main scale di&ision 0 / Vernier scale di&ision

Uses:

1t is used to measure the e$ternal diameter, the internal diameter and the length of

the gi&en specimen.

(.% Mir"meter:

The micrometer has an accurate scre# ha&ing about /2 to 32 threads4cm and

re&ol&es in a fi$ed nut. The end of the scre# is one tip and the other is constructed by astationary an&il.

L)*ST +-T 5itch scale di&ision 4 -umber of threads5itch scale di&ision Distance mo&ed 4 number of rotation

Uses:

+utside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder.

1nside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollo# cylinders

and spheres.

8/10/2019 sdccc

2/28

).% *ia' +au+e:

The dial gauge has got 3 hands. The short hand reads in mm. +ne complete

re&olution of long hand reads one mm. The plunger of the dial gauge has to be placed on

the surface #hose dimension has to be read.Least ount +ne di&ision of the circular scale #ith long hand.

Uses:

1t is used as a mechanical comparator.

,.% S'ip +au+es:

They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabili'ed. The surfaces are

highly polished to enhance #ringing. 1t is used as a reference standard for transferring the

dimensions of unit of length from primary standard. 1t is generally made up of highcarbon, high chromium hardened steel.

Uses:

These are accurate and used as comparator.

-.% Sur!ae p'ate:The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional

measurement in #orkshop is surface plate. 1t is a flat smooth surface sometimes #ithle&eling scre#sat the bottom.

Uses:

1t is used as a base in all measurements.

Pr"edure F"r Ca'irati"#:

/.6 The range of the instruments is noted do#n.

3.6 7ithin that range, slip gauges are selected.

8.6 The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for 'ero and theslip gauges are placed one by one bet#een the measuring points 9%a#s of the

instruments.6

.6 The slip gauge 9actual6 readings and the corresponding 9obser&ed6 readings in the

measuring instruments are noted do#n and tabulated.

S.-o

Slip;auge

Reading

09*ctual6

1n mm

5recision Measuring 1nstruments Reading 9+bser&edl6 in mm

Vernier aliper Micro Meter Dial ;auge

MSR

9mm6

VSR

9di&6

TR

9mm6

)rror

9mm6

5SR

9mm6

8/10/2019 sdccc

3/28

The precision measuring instruments are studied and calibrated.alibration graphs are then dra#n for all measuring instruments bet#een

/.6 *ctual &alue and +bser&ed &alue.

3.6 *ctual &alue and *bsolute error.

(/a%. MEASUREMENT OF *IMENSIONS OF A GI&EN

SPECIMEN USING SLIP GAUGE

Aim:

To heck the Various Dimensions of a 5art sing Slip ;auge

Apparatus Required:

.

Surface 5late, Dial ;auge 7ith Stand, Slip ;auge, 5art9Specimen6

Spei!iati"#:

Dial ;auge : Range:======= L.. :========mm

Pr"edure:

/. The part #hose dimensions are to be measured is placed on the surface plate.

3. The spindle of the dial gauge is placed o&er the part and dial gauge is fi$ed on

the stand such that the short and long handoff the dial gauge so#s 'ero

readings.

8. Then the part is remo&ed and the slip gauges are placed one o&er another on

the surface plate belo# the spindle of the dial gauge until the hands of the dialgauge deflect from 'ero reading.

. This ensures that the dimensions achie&ed by slip gauges and the part is same.

>. The re(uired dimensions of the part is measured by finding out the total

8/10/2019 sdccc

4/28

(/%.C0ECING T0E S2UAREESS OF TR3 S2UARE USING SLIP GAUGE

Aim:To test the s(uare ness of the gi&en tryA s(uare.

I#strume#ts Required:

Surface plate, *ngle plate, Try S(uare, Slip ;auge, Vernier

8/10/2019 sdccc

5/28

. The height le&el of the set of slip gauge are measured using Vernier height

gauges h/ and h3.E. This procedure is repeated for different height le&el of the set of slip gauge.

Sl.no Thicknessat top t/9mm6

Thicknessat @ottom

t39mm6

Differencet3A t/9mm6

8/10/2019 sdccc

6/28

)/a%. MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR TOOT0

&ERNIER

Aim:

To measure gear parameter by gear tooth Vernier.

Apparatus required:

;ear tooth Vernier, ;ear specimen.

Spei!iati"#:

;ear tooth Vernier: Range

8/10/2019 sdccc

7/28

3. The module m" it then calculated.

8. Theoretical &alues of !7" and"d" are computed.

. Theoretical &alues of !7" is set in hori'ontal Vernier scale of gear tooth

Vernier and corresponding actual !d" &alue scale.

>. Theoretical &alues of !c" is set and !7" is measured along

8/10/2019 sdccc

8/28

Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear are measured using gear tooth

Vernier.

The actual &alues are 7

D

)/%. MEASUREMENT OF FUN*AMENTAL *IMENSIONS OF A GEAR

SPECIMEN USING CONTOUR PRO4ECTOR

Aim:

To measure the fundamental dimensions of a gear using contour 9profile6pro%ector.

Apparatus Required:

ontour pro%ector

;ear specimen

Vernier caliper.

Spei!iati"#s:

ontour pro%ector: Magnification accuracy for contour H 2./ I

Micrometer head: 2 0 3> mm. L.: 2.2/mm.ontour illuminator: />243>2 7 2J lenses.

Vernier caliper: Range: L.:

F"rmu'ae:

m D4 9-G36 in mm

7here, m module of fear in mm.

D outside diameter in mm.- -o. of teeth.

dp pitch circle diameter.

*ddendum /m.

Dp 9D436 0 *ddendum.

pr"edure:

/. The re(uired magnification adapter is fi$ed in the contour pro%ector.3. The gear 9specimen6 is placed on the glass plate perfectly perpendicular to the

lens tube and perfectly focused on the screen.

8. The illumination can be impro&ed by ad%usting the height of the condenserlens by shifting the knurled knob #ith pro&ided at the lamp assembly #ith a

helical cut.

. The profile 9contour6 of the gear specimen is traced on a tracing paper fi$edon the screen using pencil.

>. Then the addendum and the pitch circle are marked on the image using the

theoretical &alues.

E

8/10/2019 sdccc

9/28

?. *gain, the image is fi$ed on the screen and the other dimensions are measured

using the table micrometers fi$ed on the table on the contour pro%ector.

Resu't:

The measured gear parameters using contour pro%ector are:

*ddendum ====== mm 5itch ========mmDedendum ====== mm Ma%or Dia =======mm

hordal #idth ======mm Minor Dia ========mm

5itch circle Dia ======mm.

,. MEASURMENT OF TAPER ANGLE USING PROFILE PRO4ECTOR

Aim:

To measure taper angle and other dimension of a gi&en flat specimen using profile

pro%ector.

Apparatus required:

ontour pro%ector and flat specimen.

Spei!iati"#:

ontour pro%ector magnification accuracy H2./I

Micrometer mm L.2./ mm

olour illuminator />243>2 7 2$ lenses

Pr"edure:

/. The re(uired Magnification adapter is fi$ed in the center pro%ector.

3. The flat specimen is placed on the glass plate and perfectly focused on the

screen.8. The profile of specimen is traced on a tracing paper is fi$ed on the screen

using pencil.

. Then the angle bet#een the t#o reference surface and dimension aremeasured using table micrometer and the Rota table screen circular scale and

are tabulated

Sl.no *ngle ircular Scalereading

Taper*ngle

Deg

Side TableMicrometer

reading

Dimensionmm

1nitial Kinal 1nitial Kinal

/ *

3 @

F

8/10/2019 sdccc

10/28

8N

Resu't:

Thus the taper angle and other dimension of the gi&en flat specimen is measured

-/a%. MEASUREMENT OF BORE *IAMETER B3 T5O SP0ERES MET0O*Aim:

To measure the bore diameter using t#o spheres.

Apparatus Required:

Spheres

8/10/2019 sdccc

11/28

Sl.no Vernier

8/10/2019 sdccc

12/28

< height of blunt surface #ith rod.

Radius "! ur8ature "! 'u#t sur!ae:

Sl.no Dimension MSR mm VSR mm Total

Reading9mm6

/

8/10/2019 sdccc

13/28

9/a%. TAPER ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AN* SLIP GAUGE

Aim:

To measure the taper angle of the gi&en specimen using sine bar

Apparatus Required:Surface plate, Dial gauge #ith stand, Sine bar, Slip gauge, @e&el protractor C

specimen.

Spei!iati"#:

Sine bar : Range:

F"rmu'a:

Taper angle !B" SinA/ 9h4l6 in degrees

7here, h the total height 9thickness6 of the slip gauges in mm

l the standard length of the sine bar in mm 322mm

Pr"edure:

/. The taper angle of the specimen is first found out appro$imately #ith the help of abe&el protractor.

3. The sine bar is set at this angle on the surface plate #ith the help of the slip

gauges as sho#n in the figure.8. The specimen is placed on the sine bar so that its top taper surface is parallel to

the surface plate.

. The parallelism is checked and ad%usted by increasing or decreasing the height

le&el of the slip gauges, so that there should be no deflection in the long hand ofthe digital gauge #hen the spindle of the dial gauge is mo&ed o&er the specimen

surface.

>. The total height 9thickness6 of the slip gauges is noted do#n.?. Trial readings are taken by placing the specimen at different points of the sine bar

surface.

F"r Sma'' Speime#:

/8

8/10/2019 sdccc

14/28

Trial Total height of the slipgauge Reading 9mm6

/

F"r Lar+e Speime#:

Trial h / 9mm6 h 3 9mm6 h 3A h /9mm6

/3

8

Resu't:

The taper angle of the gi&en specimen is

a. sing be&el protractor ========================= degreesb. sing sine bar ========================= degrees

/

8/10/2019 sdccc

15/28

9/%. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING &ERNIER BE&EL PROTRACTOR

Aim:

To measure the angles of gi&en specimen using be&el protractor.

Apparatus Required:

Surface 5late, Dial ;auge, Slip ;auge, @e&el protractor, specimen

Pr"edure:

/. 1nitially be&el protractor is ad%usted as per re(uirements.3. Specimen is placed bet#een the blades.

8. Reading noted directly from main scale and Vernier scale

. Kor measuring, taper angle of sine bar, protractor is fi$ed to heightgauge.

>. The protractor is corresponding ad%usted.

?. -oted reading is tabulated.

Resu't:

Thus angle of gi&en specimens #as determined.

/>

8/10/2019 sdccc

16/28

. MEASUREMENT OF &IBRATION PARAMETERS USING

&IBRATION SET UP

Aim:

To study the &arious parameters in&ol&ed in the &ibrations of a gi&en system.

To plot the characteristic cur&es of the gi&en specimen

Apparatus Required:

Vibration e$citerVibration pickAup

Vibration analy'er

5o#er amplifier

+scillator

*esripti"#:

The mechanical &ibration, if not #ithin limits may cause damage to the materials,

structures associated #ith it.

Vibration e$citer is an electrodynamic de&ice. 1t consists of a po#erful magnet

placed centrally surrounding #hich is suspended the e$citer coil. This assembly is

enclosed by a high permeability magnetic circuit.

7hen an electrical current is passed through the e$citer coil, a magnetic field is

created around the coil resulting in the up#ard or do#n#ard mo&ement of the suspended

coil depending upon the direction of the current flo# in the coil. Thus controlling the

fre(uency of the coil current, the fre(uency of &ibration is controlled.

5o#er amplifier is the control unit for the e$citer.

5ie'o 0 electric crystals produce an emf #hen they are deformed. This output emf

may be measured to kno# the &alue of applied force and hence the pressure.

/?

8/10/2019 sdccc

17/28

* pie'o 0 electric material is one in #hich an electric potential appears across

certain surfaces of a crystal of the dimensions of the crystal are charged by theapplication of a mechanical force. The effect is re&ersible.

ommon pie'o 0 electric materials include (uart', Rochelle salt, lithium sulphateetc.,

Cauti"#:

Do not remo&e the fuse cap #hile po#er chord is connected to 382V * mains

Pr"edure:

/. onnect po#er amplifier output to &ibration e$citer.

3. 5lace the &ibration pick up on &ibration e$citer spindle.

8. onnect &ibration pick up cable to &ibration analy'er sensor socket.. select the range 2A/22 by t#o #ay s#itch.

>. -ote do#n the displacement, &elocity and acceleration from &ibration

analy'er.?. Similarly noted abo&e parameters in fre(uency range of 2A/222

?

E

F/2

Resu't:

Various parameters of &ibration such as displacement, &elocity and acceleration

are studied and the follo#ing characteristic cur&es #ere plotted.

/. Displacement Vs Kre(uency

3. Velocity Vs Kre(uency8. *cceleration Vs Kre(uency

/

8/10/2019 sdccc

18/28

;.MEASUREMENT OF *ISPLACEMENT USING L&*T

Aim:

To measure the displacement using LVDT.

Apparatus Required:

/. LVDT

3. Micrometer

Pr"edure:

/. 5lug the po#er chard to * main 382&4>2

8/10/2019 sdccc

19/28

>

Resu't:

Thus displacement has been measured using LVDT.;raph:

1ndicated reading Vs Micrometer reading

8/10/2019 sdccc

20/28

Resu't:

The &arious parameters of the gi&en specimen are measured.

1>. MEASUREMENT OF STRAIG0TNESS AN* FLATNESS USING

T5O A?IS AUTO COLLIMATOR

Aim:

To measure the straightness and Klatness gi&en specimen using t#o a$is

auto collimator.

Apparatus required:

ollimator unit, @ase, plain reflector, optical Scanner

Pr"edure:

/. Testing s(uare #ith auto collimator.

3. Le&el auto collimator unit on a stand a table.8. Straighten the light.

. +bser&e measuring graphical through the eye belo#.

>. The smallest discussion of linear scale is measured.?. @ring plain reflector in front of the auto collimator to get reflector.

. Depending upon the &erification in surface.

E. sing micrometer pro&ided for eye piece #e can measure the

fre(uency up in lose.

F"rmu'ae:

De&iation Sin B 9*A@67here angle B in rad C Distance *A@ in mm

Para''e' t" t6e A@is:

Sl.no Distance from

ref *A@ 9 mm6

MSR

9Min6

Micrometer

9Sec6

Result A B

degree

De&iations

9mm6

/

3

32

8/10/2019 sdccc

21/28

8

>

?

Perpe#diu'ar t" t6e A@is:

Sl.no Distance from

ref *A@ 9 mm6

MSR

9Min6

Micrometer

9Sec6

Result A B

Degree

De&iations

9mm6

/

3

8

>

?

Resu't:

3/

8/10/2019 sdccc

22/28

Thus the straightness and Klatness are determined using autocollimator.

;raph:

De&iation Vs Distance from reference

11. MEASUREMENT OF T0REA* PARAMETERS B3 USING

FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETERAim:

To measure the ma%or diameter, minor diameter C )ffecti&e diameter by using

floating carriage micrometer.

Apparatus Required:

/. Kloating carriage micrometer.3. Specimen

8. 5rism

. 7ire

>. ylinder.

F"rmu'a:

/A% Ma"r *iameter Measureme#t:

+D DG 9RS Q R6

7here D Diameter of setting master.

RS Micro meter reading o&er setting master.

R Micro meter reading o&er threaded 745 or gauges.

G +r 0 is determined by relati&e si'e of master C #ork piece.

/B% Mi#"r *iameter Measureme#t:

1D DA 9RQ R+6

7here D Diameter of setting master.

33

8/10/2019 sdccc

23/28

ore or minor diameter of #ork piece.

R5 Reading o&er master C prism

R Reading o&er master C prism.

/E% Measureme#t "! e!!eti8e diameter $ usi#+ ( ire met6"d:

) TG5

T DG 9R7 QR+76

7here ) )ffecti&e or pitch diameter.

T Measured dimension using cylinder.

R7 Reading measured o&er setting master #ith #ire.

R+7 Reading measured o&er #ork piece o&er #ire.

5 92.E??28 p6 0 7

7 Mean diameter of cylinder #ire used /.8> mm

p 5itch of thread 3 mm

Pr"edure:

/. The setting master is held b4# center and taken the reading at the

diameter say RS3. The master cylinder is then replaced by a threaded #ork piece and R is

taken.

8. Take the reading on micrometer and indicator in such a #ay that radiusportion of prism touches master.

. The cylinder or #ire should be chosen so that #hen placed b4# the

threads, they should contact about half#ay do#n the flanks.

Resu't:

38

8/10/2019 sdccc

24/28

Thus, the thread parameters of a scre# thread are measured using floating

carriage micrometer.

1(. TOR2UE MEASUREMENT Aim:

To measure the tor(ue using shear type load cell.

Apparatus Required:

/. Tor(ue measurement e(uipment

3. Stand

8. le&er . stain gauge

>. 7eight.

F"rmu'a Used:

alculated Tor(ue Load $ Distance 9kgAm6

*esripti"#:

Tor(ue is the tangential force to set a body in rotation. 1t is represented as a&ector of a force for a rigged body undergoing force rotation about a single a$is.

Tor(ue DJ,

D Moment of inertia of body about the a$is. J *ngular acceleration.

Thus tor(ue is the essential tensional t#isting about its a$is of rotation. 1n this

setup shear type load is used to measure the tor(ue a in&erse method of measuring theload #ith the output immune to side load and bending moment is based on measurement

of shear components. The load cell is balancing a beam supported on both ends.

Pr"edure:

/. Ki$ the main frame of transducers rigidity.3. onnect the cantile&er beam #ith #eight pan.

8. onnect transducer #ire socket to rear side of indicator.

3

8/10/2019 sdccc

25/28

. onnect digital indicator at 382V, * supply.

>. Set 'ero on indicator, by 'ero ad%ust pan pro&ides indicator.?. -o# apply the load gradually and note do#n reading in up#ard C

do#n#ard trend.

*ista#e: 1 meter

Sl.no 7eight added 9g6+bser&ed tor(ue

9gAm6alculated Tor(ue

9gAm6

/

38

>

?

E

F

/2

*ista#e: >.- meter

Sl.no 7eight added 9g6+bser&ed tor(ue

9gAm6

alculated Tor(ue

9gAm6

/

3

8

>

?

E

F

/2

M"de' Ca'u'ati"#:

alculated Tor(ue Load $ Distance 9kgAm6

3>

8/10/2019 sdccc

26/28

Resu't:

Thus measurement of tor(ue using shear type load cell has been carried out.;raph:

+bser&ed tor(ue Vs alculated tor(ue

1).FORCE MEASUREMENTAim:

To measure the force using load cell.

Apparatus Required:

/. 5ro&ing Ring

3. Load cell8. Korce indicator

. scre# %ack

>. Dial gauge.

apacity of pro&ing Ring 3.> -.

*esripti"#:

Korce is one of the ma%or deri&ed parameter ha&ing fundamental dimension of

mass length and time. 1t is a &ector (uantity #hich, #hen applied result in a change of

momentum in a body. @asically mechanical force is created due to &ariation of startedpotential energy.

This is different types of load cell like column type, shear type, sAtype, and

compression type. 1n this setup, sAtype load cell is pro&ided.

Pr"edure:

)nsure that pro&ing ring along #ith load all is perfectly in &ertical position.

heck and ensure that the a$is of scre# %acks perfectly aligned #ith load cell. )nsure that load cell #ith socket is connected to the rear side of the loadindicator. *pply a small load #ithout any slip in the system.

-ote do#n the reading of dial gauge of force indicator.

Sl.no *ctual load applied 9kg6 Deflection 9di&6

/

3?

8/10/2019 sdccc

27/28

3

8

>

?

E

F

/2

/ di&ision 2.223mm

Resu't:

Thus the force measurement has been measured using load cell.;raph: Deflection Vs *pplied load

1,.TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

Aim:

To measure the temperature using copper constantan thermo couple.

Apparatus Required:

/. Thermo couple3. Temperature measuring setup.

8. 1ce cubes.

Pr"edure:

/. onnect the thermocouple supplied at the impute terminal if copper constantan

Thermocouple is used. opper #ire must be connected to the terminal and constantan #ire to 0&e terminal.

3. 1mmerse the %unction of thermocouple in ice and ad%ust the meter reading at 2 using potentiometer.

8. 1mmerse the %unction of thermocouple in boiling at FE by using potentiometermarked ma$.

. Repeat the procedure for 3 to 8 times.

Sl.no *ctual temperature 1ndicated temperature

/3

8

>

?

E

3

8/10/2019 sdccc

28/28

F

/2

Resu't:

Thus the temperature is measured using thermocouple.

;raph:1ndicated Temperature Vs *ctual Temperature