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Transcript of SCT App A - 1 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Structural Collapse Technician Training...
SCT App A - 1
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Appendix A Search Capabilities
Jan09
SCT App A - 2
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
TERMINAL OBJECTIVES The student shall understand the
capabilities of the US&R Task Force Search Team.
The student shall be prepared to function as the Rescue Specialist member of a Search Team
SCT App A - 3
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
ENABLING OBJECTIVES Discuss the Rapid Recon process
Understand the advantages and disadvantages of the various search methods and tools used by a US&R Task Force
Understand the basics of search strategy for the Detection and Location of Victims
SCT App A - 4
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
INTRODUCTION Search & Rescue needs close interaction of
all Task Force elements
Search starts early and continues to the end of the incident
Search consists of Detection and LocationMany tools and methods are available
Some are better at either Detection or Location – Some do well at both
Need to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each tool
SCT App A - 5
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
SEARCH STRATEGY & PRIORITIZATION
Search used in the past to prioritize a multi-building incident – too slow
Structure Triage – also too slow Intended to pre-prioritize bldgs for search teams
New Rapid Recon ProcessRecon Team, Followed by Search Teams
Time of incident vs. Occupancy may be critical
Prioritization may be done by others or by Task Force
SCT App A - 6
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Original RECON TEAM Search Team Manager
Two Canine Search Specialists
Technical Search Specialist
Medical Specialist
Structural Specialist
Hazmat Specialist
Two Rescue Specialists
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training NEW, RAPID RECON – 3 Phases Assessment Team
Struct & Hazmat Spec + Tech Info Spec & Search Tm Mgr Quick Assessment of a few buildings at a time Initial prioritization
Victim Detection Team STM, 2 - K9 Teams, Tech Search, 2 - Rescue, Med Spec,
Struct Spec, Hazmat Spec Victim Detection & detailed Hazard Assessment
Victim Location Team STM, 2 – K9 Teams, Tech Search, 2 – Rescue, Med Spec,
possibly Struct & Hazmat Spec (from detection Team) Victim Location, Initial Treatment, & start rescue
SCT App A - 8
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
SEARCH TEAM EQUIPMENT Electric hammer drills
Electronic viewing equipment
Electronic listening equipment
Atmospheric monitoring equipment
Marking materials
Structure Evaluate equipDistance, laser range finder
Height, clinometer
Recording devices
SCT App A - 9
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
SEARCH TEAM EQUIPMENT Bull horn for hailing - air horn for signaling
Medical pack
Personal gearWater
Safety equipment
Canine
Search & Recon equipment needs to be loaded in position to be unloaded among “First Off” items
SCT App A - 10
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
PHYSICAL VOID SEARCH Advantages
No special equipment requiredPeople easily trained to support effort
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
PHYSICAL VOID SEARCH Disadvantages
Limited access to voids May be dangerous Will not locate unconscious, weak, young
SCT App A - 12
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
AUDIBLE CALL-OUT Advantages
No special equipment requiredPeople easily trained to support effortSearchers can inform victim of responseCan be used with listening device
SCT App A - 13
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
AUDIBLE CALL-OUT Disadvantages
Will not locate unconscious, weak, youngSound of knocking may be too weak for
audible detection
SCT App A - 14
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
VISUAL SEARCH DEVICESMostly used for location Flexible Fiberscopes
Rigid Borescopes
Video Search Cameras
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
FLEXIBLE FIBERSCOPES
SCT App A - 16
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
FLEXIBLE FIBERSCOPES
SCT App A - 17
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
RIGID BORESCOPES
SCT App A - 18
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
FIBERSCOPES & BORESCOPES Advantages
Finds position & condition of victim
Useful to verify other search tactics just prior to starting rescue operations
Used to monitor victim during rescue
DisadvantagesDifficult to use in extended holes due to
flexible cable, limited length of rigid scope, and limited light sources
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
SEARCH CAMERAS Video camera
Video Cable
Video display
CRT - older
LCD - newer
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Original unit
Pole mounted 1 3/4” camera
7” BW/CRT
Mic/Speaker
Built-in light source
SEARCH CAMERAS SearchCam
SCT App A - 21
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Newer UnitPower controls
Articulating head
Variable LED light
Two-way audio
Extendable probe
2- LED screen ports
Interchangeable batteries
SEARCH CAMERAS SearchCam
SearchCam® 2000 Courtesy of Search Systems Incorporated
SCT App A - 22
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training SEARCH CAMERAS Zistos WalkAbout
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Dual Thermal Head
Thermal Video
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Manual articulation
LED light head
LED screen
Rechargeable battery
Waterproof
Flexible
Lower cost
SEARCH CAMERAS Snake-Eye
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
SEARCH CAMERAS Advantages
Easily understood Possibility to record picture Useful to verify other search tactics just prior
to starting rescue operations Used to monitor victim during rescue
Disadvantages Size, cost, and power requirements Straight line of sight
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
INFRARED/THERMA IMAGING
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
INFRARED/THERMAL IMAGING Advantages
Equipment often locally available
Can be used to survey large, open, dark areas
DisadvantagesCannot detect heat difference through solids
Sources other than human can be detected
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training ELECTRONIC LISTENING DEVICES
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Sensor Attachment
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
ELECTRONIC LISTENING DEVICES Advantages
Able to cover large area as a Detector
Can triangulate on victim position
Capable of picking up faint noise/vibration
Used in conjunction w/other search tools to verify find
SCT App A - 31
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
ELECTRONIC LISTENING DEVICES Disadvantages
Unconscious victims not detected
Ambient nose level may need to be lowered
Victim needs to create noise pattern
Limited range (acoustic=25ft, seismic=75ft)
Can be used to locate victims, but may be relatively slow
SCT App A - 32
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
ELECTRONIC LISTENING DEVICES All Task Forces have these devices
Listen to acoustic or seismic vibration
Normally deploy two or more sensors
Hailing device used to get victim response
Can Detect if live victim is in structure
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
ELECTRONIC LISTENING DEVICES May Locate proper layer in pancake collapse
Takes time to Locate victims - move sensors
Compared signals only good if sensors are matched and anchored in similar materials
Sensors best in solid/dense materials
SCT App A - 34
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
ELECTRONIC LISTENING DEVICES Can use two sensors to Locate victims
by keeping strong signal in place and moving other in circle.
More difficult to Locate victim in collapsed structures containing different materials w/different degrees of fracture
Second operator should be used to confirm
SCT App A - 35
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
CANINE SEARCH
West Coast,
Undisciplined,
Document
Shredding Type
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
K9 can be used in physical search, but are mostly used for their noses not to stand on their Tippy-toses’es
CANINE SEARCH
SCT App A - 37
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
CANINE BASICS Dogs use keen sense of smell to differentiate
scent find marijuana in gas tank
Can be trained to detect/indicate the difference between live victim, dead, food, other animals
Essential to deploy only well trained canineK9 needs to have been trained to work in the
collapsed structure environment. K9 normally Detect and Locate victims
simultaneouslyDetection may require Interpretation by a well trained
Handler
SCT App A - 38
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
DISASTER CANINE TRAINING Requires special
training beyond Normal SAR K9Alert system - Bark
& Dig
Agility
Direction & control
Collapsed structure environment
SCT App A - 39
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
DISASTER CANINE TRAINING Requires at least 2
years to Train a Disaster Dog200+ FEMA Certified
K9
Need min of 4 K9 per TF x 3Total for 28 TFs =336
Many TF have adequate numbers of K9
SCT App A - 40
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
CANINE SEARCH STRATEGY Search Mgr, Tech Search Spec, and
Canine Spec survey site to determine overall strategy
Need to consider:
Time of day & temperature
Type & direction of wind
Size of search area & type of collapse
SCT App A - 41
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
CANINE SEARCH STRATEGY Site normally divided into small sectors
Trained to bark & dig at scent source
Search Mgr needs to draw crude map to record location of finds, etc
SCT App A - 42
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
CANINE SEARCH TACTICS From safe zone, 1st Canine Search Team
deploys to free search sector
If no alerts, directs canine in fine grid search
Search Mgr & 2nd Canine Search Team observe from different vantage points
If 1st Canine Search Team has alerts or not, 2nd Canine Search Team will repeat & verify 1st team’s results
SCT App A - 43
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training CANINE SEARCH TACTICS (continued)
Alert is marked only after confirmation by a 2nd team.
Remaining sectors are searched & marked until entire are is covered.
Scent channels around solid slabs, etc & canine will indicate where scent is emerging, not necessarily where victim is precisely located.
SCT App A - 44
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training CANINE SEARCH TACTICS (cont.) Scent tends to raise evenly through broken
rubble & lighter structures Continued re-searching of structure as it is
accessed/uncovered will give best results
SCT App A - 45
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
WORKING CONDITIONS
Best:
Dawn, dusk
Cool weather
Light winds
Stable rubble
Light rain
SCT App A - 46
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training Sometimes Conditions Are NOT going to be Good
SCT App A - 47
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
WORKING CONDITIONS Difficult
Hot weather (above 90F)
Mid-day with temps above 80F
Strong wind and no wind
Snow/ice made slippery footing/hides
surfaces
Firefighting foam & other chemicals
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
CANINE PROS Advantages:
Search large area in shortest timeCan gain access to hidden areasCan work in dangerous areasCan detect unconscious victims
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
CANINE CONS Disadvantages:
Rest periodsUse of two to confirmPerformance may
varyUncertified to certifiedBasic to advancedHandler to handler
Scarce resource
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
ELECTRONIC & CANINE SEARCH COMBINATION Mexico City 1985 Quake had success
using crude electronics with K9.
Most common combo is to use electronics to Detect and K9 to Locate.
In large pancake concrete collapse, electronic may be able to indicate which level contains victim, canine to pinpoint on that level.
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training ELECTRONIC & CANINE SEARCH COMBINATION (continued) During hot daytime canine do not work well &
electronic may be able to direct canine to proper sector, etc.
For badly broken structures, canine may be most effective for initial search.
For structures w/large concrete slabs or steel structures, electronics may be most effective.
If both search tools are available they should be used to confirm each other.
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
WORK SITE PRIORITIZATION Search tactics will be determined
only after assignment is known.
Type of initial search (canine, electronic, call-out, other) will then be determined:Electronic search is slower but may be
more effective than others
Canine can cover large areas but need verification & adequate scent
Call-out may be most positive
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
WORK SITE PRIORITIZATION In some cases, physical, canine, &
electronic search may be conducted in the same, large structure
Once general area of trapped victims is determined, fiber-optics or video camera viewing may be used: Determine exact position & condition.
Cameras may be used for initial victim Location by cutting grid of holes thru conc. or wood floor
SCT App A - 54
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
SUMMARY The Search Task may require the Detection and
Location of many victims.
Proper use of all available search tools will enable the most favorable outcome.
The Task Force will be assigned to the most difficult & time consuming structures.
The search function must be able to Detect and Locate viable victims before committing the TF to a prolonged rescue effort.
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
SUMMARY (continued) All need to understand the limitations &
advantages of each search tool.
Interaction between hazard assessment and search deployment must be close & efficient.
Assessments should be performed thru-out operations since aftershocks & debris/structure removal can expose new hazards & new search opportunities.
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
K-9 DEMONSTRATION
Training Alert at Demolished Stadium
Site
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Overall Site View
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training K-9 is deliberately directed to work in structure above victim K-9 Finds Scent
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
After finding scent, K-9 goes in opposite direction to more safely get to victim
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
K-9 now carefully moving in
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training K-9 attempting to penetrate into victim location
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National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Now Video will illustrate
Live Victim Find in Real Time