Scrolls from the Judean Desert
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ScrollsScrolls from the Judean Desertfrom the Judean Desert
By Dr. William BarrickBy Dr. William Barrick
Master’s SeminaryMaster’s Seminary
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Introduction
► DSS provide vital information:DSS provide vital information:● Judaism (300 Judaism (300 B.C.B.C.––A.D.A.D. 135) 135)● Text of the Old Testament Text of the Old Testament
► Discovered 1947-48Discovered 1947-48► Publication of finds took Publication of finds took
over 50 years.over 50 years.
Muhammad ed Dhib Muhammad ed Dhib (“The Wolf”)(“The Wolf”)
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Scrolls & Fragments
► 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek
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Scrolls & Fragments
► 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek
► 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nah9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nahiial al
HHiiever, Wadi Murabba‘atever, Wadi Murabba‘at
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Ancient scrolls in jars near Jericho (3rd and 8th centuries A.D.)
Essene community; 11 nearby caves
Jewish suicide pact in the face of the Roman army
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Sites of Sites of Manuscript Manuscript Discoveries Discoveries around the around the Dead SeaDead Sea
214+
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Qumran Qumran CavesCaves
Psalms Scroll and Psalms Scroll and Temple ScrollTemple Scroll
140 Biblical Scrolls140 Biblical Scrolls
Isaiah Scrolls, Isaiah Scrolls, Habakkuk Commentary, Habakkuk Commentary, “Rules” Scroll, War “Rules” Scroll, War Scroll, Thanksgiving Scroll, Thanksgiving HymnsHymns
Copper (Treasure) ScrollCopper (Treasure) Scroll
Greek Texts OnlyGreek Texts Only
Amos, Damascus Amos, Damascus DocumentDocument
Song of SongsSong of Songs
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Scrolls & FragmentsScrolls & Fragments
► 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek► 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nahial
Hiever, Wadi Murabba‘at► 900 different texts900 different texts
SecularSectarianBiblical
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► 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek
► 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nahial Hiever, Wadi Murabba‘at
► 900 different texts► Thousands of fragmentsThousands of fragments
Scrolls & FragmentsScrolls & Fragments
1Q22 (1QDM) The Words of Moses1Q22 (1QDM) The Words of Moses
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Qumran ScrollsQumran Scrolls
• PsalmsPsalms 3636
• DeuteronomyDeuteronomy 30 30
• IsaiahIsaiah 2121
• GenesisGenesis 1919
• Esther absentEsther absent
• Nehemiah?Nehemiah?
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QumrQumranan Pentateuch ScrPentateuch Scrollsolls
• GenesisGenesis 1919
• ExodusExodus 1717
• LeviticusLeviticus 1313
• NumbersNumbers 7 7
• DeuteronomyDeuteronomy 30 30
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Hebrew ScriptsHebrew Scripts
► Paleo-Hebrew Script = PhoenicianPaleo-Hebrew Script = Phoenician
► Jewish Script = Square Script = AramaicJewish Script = Square Script = Aramaic
h w h h w h yy
h w h yh w h y
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Verse by Verse CommentaryVerse by Verse Commentary
1QpHab1QpHab
Habakkuk Commentary from Qumran Cave 1Habakkuk Commentary from Qumran Cave 1
Habakkuk 1-2Habakkuk 1-2
rvprvp
““The interpretation of the passage is that God will notThe interpretation of the passage is that God will not
destroy his people by the hand of the nations, but intodestroy his people by the hand of the nations, but into
the hand of his chosen ones God will give the judgmentthe hand of his chosen ones God will give the judgment
of all the nations. …”of all the nations. …”
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Great Isaiah ScrollGreat Isaiah Scroll
► Longest of the DSS scrollsLongest of the DSS scrolls► Full text of IsaiahFull text of Isaiah
1QIs1QIsaa
col. livcol. liv col. liiicol. liii
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1QIs1QIsaa col. xliv col. xliv
St. Mark’sSt. Mark’s
MonasteryMonastery
Isaiah ScrollIsaiah Scroll
1st Isaiah 1st Isaiah scroll found scroll found in Qumran in Qumran
Cave 1Cave 1 IsaiahIsaiah
52:13-54:452:13-54:4
`dao)m. Hb;Þg"w> aF'²nIw> ~Wrôy" yDI_b.[; lyKiÞf.y: hNEïhi`dao)m. Hb;Þg"w> aF'²nIw> ~Wrôy" yDI_b.[; lyKiÞf.y: hNEïhi
Qumran Qumran manuscripts spell manuscripts spell
daom.daom. as: as:
damdam, ,
hdamhdam, ,
dwamdwam, ,
hdawmhdawm, and , and
hdwmhdwm
^yl,[' = hkyl[
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1QIs1QIsaa (Isaiah 40:6-20) (Isaiah 40:6-20)
hb'v.n"å hw"ßhy> x:Wrï yKi² #yciê lbe(n"å ‘rycix'
vbeÛy"#yci_ lbe(n"å ryciÞx'
vbeîy" `~['(h' ryciÞx' !kEïa' AB+ s `~l'(A[l.
~Wqïy" WnyheÞl{a/-rb;d>W
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Types of Differences Between Types of Differences Between 1QIs1QIsbb and Codex Leningrad B19 and Codex Leningrad B19AA
OrthographyOrthography 107107
Addition of conjunctive Addition of conjunctive wawwaw 16 16
Lack of conjunctive Lack of conjunctive wawwaw 13 13
Article (addition/omission)Article (addition/omission) 4 4
Differences in consonantsDifferences in consonants 10 10
Missing lettersMissing letters 5 5
Differences in numberDifferences in number 14 14
Differences in pronounsDifferences in pronouns 6 6
Different grammatical formsDifferent grammatical forms 24 24
Different prepositionsDifferent prepositions 9 9
Different wordsDifferent words 11 11
Omission of wordsOmission of words 5 5
Addition of wordsAddition of words 6 6
Different sequenceDifferent sequence 4 4
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Examples of DifferencesExamples of Differences
► Isaiah 6:3Isaiah 6:3● MT: “holy, holy, holy”; Q: “holy, holy”MT: “holy, holy, holy”; Q: “holy, holy”
► Isaiah 12:4Isaiah 12:4● MT: “you (pl.) will say”; Q: “you (sing.) …”MT: “you (pl.) will say”; Q: “you (sing.) …”
► Isaiah 37:25Isaiah 37:25● MT: “waters”; Q: “strange waters” (2 Kgs MT: “waters”; Q: “strange waters” (2 Kgs
19:24)19:24)► Isaiah 53:11Isaiah 53:11
● MT: “he shall see”; Q: “he shall see light”MT: “he shall see”; Q: “he shall see light”
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4QpaleoLev4QpaleoLev
Paleo-Hebrew Manuscript of LeviticusPaleo-Hebrew Manuscript of Leviticus
from Qumran Cave 4from Qumran Cave 4
larfylarfy 7:347:34
wynbwynb 7:357:35
rvarva 7:367:36
ynbynb
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Psalms 93-150 + 8 Noncanonical PsalmsPsalms 93-150 + 8 Noncanonical Psalms
11QPs11QPsaa
1st Psalms scroll found in Qumran Cave 111st Psalms scroll found in Qumran Cave 11
No Poetic FormatNo Poetic FormatDifferent OrderDifferent Order
xvxv xvixvi xviixvii
135:17-21; 135:17-21;
136:1-16136:1-16
136:26; 118:1, 136:26; 118:1, 15-16, 8-9, 29; 15-16, 8-9, 29;
145:1-7145:1-7 145:13-21+145:13-21+ 154:3-19154:3-19
xviiixviii
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Textual Status of the 210+ Textual Status of the 210+ Biblical Texts from QumranBiblical Texts from Qumran
Written in Qumran PracticeWritten in Qumran Practice 20%20%May have used proto-Masoretic texts.May have used proto-Masoretic texts.
Proto-Masoretic Texts [60%]Proto-Masoretic Texts [60%] 35%35%
Pre-Samaritan TextsPre-Samaritan Texts 5% 5%
Septuagintal Affinity TextsSeptuagintal Affinity Texts 5% 5%
Non-aligned Texts [15%]Non-aligned Texts [15%] 35%35%Sometimes agree significantly Sometimes agree significantly
with Masoretic Text.with Masoretic Text.
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Qumran’s 210+ Biblical TextsQumran’s 210+ Biblical Texts
MT MT 35%35%
Samaritan Samaritan PentateuchPentateuch
LXX LXX 5%5%
Non- Non- AlignedAligned
Qumran Qumran PracticePractice
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QUMRANQUMRANDEAD SEADEAD SEA
HILLS of MOABHILLS of MOAB
WADI Q
UMRAN
WADI Q
UMRAN
CAVE 4CAVE 4
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Khirbet Khirbet QumranQumran
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Archaeological Archaeological DebateDebate
InkwellsInkwells
Scriptorium?Scriptorium?
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DSS & New TestamentDSS & New Testament
7Q5 “Mark” 7Q5 “Mark” Fragment?Fragment?
► All fragments in Cave 7 are Greek.All fragments in Cave 7 are Greek.► Some: Book of Enoch.Some: Book of Enoch.
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Zechariah scroll Zechariah scroll fragment found in Nahal fragment found in Nahal Hever caveHever cave
Zechariah Zechariah scroll scroll
fragment fragment found in found in
Nahal HNahal Hiiever ever CaveCave
Zech 9:2
as HaHamath also [which borders on i]t, Tyre and Si[don, though th]ey are very wise
8H8HiievXIIgrevXIIgr
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MASADAMASADA
Herod’s Palace Herod’s Palace on the North on the North
End of MasadaEnd of Masada
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ORIGINAL ORIGINAL HEBREW TEXTHEBREW TEXT
SAMARITAN SAMARITAN PENTATEUCHPENTATEUCH
DEAD SEA SCROLLSDEAD SEA SCROLLS
SYRIAC PESHITTASYRIAC PESHITTA
HEXAPLAHEXAPLA
LATIN VULGATELATIN VULGATE
OT Textual EvidenceOT Textual Evidence
400-100 B.C.
300 B.C.-A.D. 50
250-150 B.C.
A.D. 125-400
A.D. 230
A.D. 390-404
OLDEST HEBREW OLDEST HEBREW MANUSCRIPTMANUSCRIPT
A.D. 850
Before 400 B.C.
Before 1947, Before 1947, 1250-Year 1250-Year
Gap between Gap between Hebrew TextsHebrew Texts
SEPTUAGINTSEPTUAGINT
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