Scripture and Cosmology By Kyle Greenwood - EXCERPT

8202019 Scripture and Cosmology By Kyle Greenwood - EXCERPT

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullscripture-and-cosmology-by-kyle-greenwood-excerpt 119

K Y L E G R E E N W O O D

Reading the Bible Betweenthe Ancient World and

Modern Science

and

S C R I P T U R E

COSMOLOGY





S C R I P T U R E

andC O S M O L O G Y


Modern Science


Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions



InterVarsity Press

PO Box 983089104862810486241048624

Downers Grove IL 1048630104862410486299830891048629-98308910486289830901048630

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emailivpresscom

copy98309010486249830891048629 by Kyle Greenwood

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from

InterVarsity Press

InterVarsity Pressreg is the book-publishing division of InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSAreg a movement of

students and faculty active on campus at hundreds of universities colleges and schools of nursing in the United

States of America and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students For

information about local and regional activities visit intervarsityorg

Scripture quotations unless otherwise noted are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible copyright

983089104863310486321048633 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA Used by

permission All rights reserved

Cover design Cindy Kiple

Interior design Beth McGill

Images Te Creation of the World closed doors of the triptych Te Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus

Bosch at Prado Madrid Spain Bridgeman Images

Habakkuk Commentary Columns 1048629ndash1048632 Qumran Cave at Te Israel Museum Jerusalem Israel

Bridgeman Images

ISBN 104863310486311048632-1048624-104863298309110486241048632-1048628104862410486311048632-1048630 (print)

ISBN 104863310486311048632-1048624-104863298309110486241048632-1048633104863210486311048624-983089 (digital)

Printed in the United States of America

As a member of the Green Press Initiative InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting the environmentand to the responsible use of natural resources o learn more visit greenpressinitiativeorg

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Greenwood Kyle

Scripture and cosmology reading the Bible between the ancient world and modern science Kyle Greenwood

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN 104863310486311048632-1048624-104863298309110486241048632-1048628104862410486311048632-1048630 (pbk alk paper)

983089 Biblical cosmology 983090 Bible and science I itle

BS10486301048629983089G104863110486311048631 98309010486249830891048629

98309098309010486241048632rsquo1048629983090983091983089mdashdc983090983091

P 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 9830901048624 9830891048633 9830891048632 9830891048631 9830891048630 9830891048629 9830891048628 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 9830891048624 1048633 1048632 1048631 1048630 1048629 1048628 983091 983090 983089

Y 9830911048629 9830911048628 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 9830911048624 9830901048633 9830901048632 9830901048631 9830901048630 9830901048629 9830901048628 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 9830901048624 9830891048633 9830891048632 9830891048631 9830891048630 9830891048629




CONTENTS

Preface 1048633

Acknowledgments 983089983091

Abbreviations 983089852021

983089 Scripture in Context 983089852023

P983137983154983156 O983150983141 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983155 983145983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 C983151983150983156983141983160983156

983090 Ancient Near Eastern Cosmologies 983091983091

983091 Cosmology in Scripture 852023983089

983092 Cosmology and Cosmogony in Scripture 983089983088983091

P983137983154983156 T983159983151 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983145983150 H983145983155983156983151983154983145983139983137983148 C983151983150983156983141983160983156

852021 Scripture and Aristotelian Cosmology 983089983090983091

852022 Scripture and Copernican Cosmology 9830898520211048633

P983137983154983156 T983144983154983141983141 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 S983139983145983141983150983139983141

852023 Cosmology and the Authority of Scripture 9830898520241048633

852024 he Authority of Scripture and the Issue of Science 983090983088852021

Bibliography 983090983090983091Image Credits 983090983092983089

Author and Work Index 983090983092983091

Subject Index 983090983092852021

Scripture Index 983090983092852023




852017

SCRIPTURE IN CONTEXT

It was the best of times it was the worst of times it was the age of wisdom

it was the age of foolishness it was the epoch of belief it was the epoch of

incredulity it was the season of Light it was the season of Darkness it was

the spring of hope it was the winter of despair we had everything before

us we had nothing before us we were all going direct to Heaven we were

all going direct the other waymdashin short the period was so far like the

present period that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being

received for good or for evil in the superlative degree of comparison only

C983144983137983154983148983141983155 D983145983139983147983141983150983155 A 983137983148983141 983151983142 983159983151 C983145983156983145983141983155

This unbearably long run-on sentence is perhaps among the most recog-

nizable opening lines in English literature Despite its setting ldquoin the year of

Our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-fiverdquo attentive readers

of Dickensrsquos A ale of wo Cities readily recognize the narrative as a work of

fiction Tey notice the metrical rhythm and cadence as a highly stylized

literary device Tey observe the polar opposite contrasts permeating the text

Tey appreciate the hyperbolic language of the superlatives Tey note that

even though the next line offers a description of the kings and queens ofEngland and France Dickens does not identify these pivotal characters

Beyond the literary clues historians would tell us that A ale of wo Cities

intentionally conjures imagery of the primary forces that led to the French




10486251048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

Revolution In other words instead of reading the story as historical narrative

it is best to understand this literary masterpiece as historical commentary

T983141983160983156 983145983150 C983151983150983156983141983160983156

As any competent teacher of literature will tell you one of the most im-

portant keys to understanding any literary work is context Te illustration

from Dickens attests to this Someone who reads A ale of wo Cities as

historical narrative rather than historical commentary will miss the point

Dickensrsquos concern was not with the historical accuracies of the period

however true they may be Rather his concern was more sociological Hewanted his readers to empathize with those who suffered because of the

huge disparity between those for whom it was the best of times and those

for whom it was the worst of times983089 Understanding the narrative within all

the relevant contexts permits the reader to extract most accurately from the

text the message and details Dickens intended

If context clues are important for comprehending literature that is 10486259830931048624

years old imagine how much more important they are for comprehendingScripture written over two millennia ago In any given passage several con-

textual issues will surface Tese include cultural geographical historical

and literary among others

Cultural context Cultural context pertains to how people think and behave

based on their environment Te book of Ruth is replete with examples of cul-

tural norms and customs Te climax of the story relies on its audience getting

the fact that Ruthrsquos survival depended on a kinsman redeeming her Another

cultural issue is found in 852019983095 ldquoNow this was the custom in former times in Israel

concerning the redemption and the exchange of land to confirm any matter a

man removed his sandal and gave it to another and this was the manner of at-

testation in Israelrdquo It is interesting to note that by the time of Ruthrsquos composition

the sandal ceremony in 852019983095 was not readily apparent It had to be explained Te

author did not want the audience to miss the significance of the act so he pro-

vided a brief commentary on the relevance of the sandal ceremony

Cultural context also relates to how people understand reality For ex-

ample ancient Hebrews believed that people felt emotions with their

1See Irene Collins ldquoCharles Dickens and the French Revolutionrdquo Literature and History 1048625 no 1048625

(1048625983097983097983088) 983092983088-983093983095




Scripture in Context 1048625983097

kidneys and thought with their hearts In Deuteronomy 983094983093 the Lord com-

mands Israel to ldquolove the L983151983154983140 your God with all your heart and with all

your soul and with all your mightrdquo However when the Synoptic Gospelscite this passage they include both heart and mind (Mt 852018852018852019983095 Mk 10486258520188520191048624 Lk

10486251048624852018983095) Unlike the Hebrews the Greeks rightly identified the mind as the seat

of the intellect o avoid confusion the Gospel writers explain the Hebrew

concept of ldquoheartrdquo (lēb) by translating it as ldquomindrdquo (dianoia)

Geographical context Geographical context is concerned with the lo-

cation of events particularly in relation to other locations in the narrative

Immediately aer Solomonrsquos death the united monarchy of Israel dis-solved into two separate nations While Solomonrsquos son Rehoboam ruled

the kingdom of Judah Jeroboam ruled the northern kingdom of Israel

Early in his reign Jeroboam rebuilt Shechem as the new capital city and

constructed altars in Dan and Bethel Tese two cities were located at the

northern and southern extremes of Jeroboamrsquos kingdom enabling every

citizen of Israel to stay within the nationrsquos borders to worship Tus no one

had an excuse to return to Jerusalem where they might have been temptedto ldquorevert to the house of Davidrdquo (1048625 Kings 1048625852018852018983094) A sense of the geo-

graphical context of 1048625 Kings 1048625852018852018983093-852019852019 helps the reader infer the significance

of Jeroboamrsquos choice of sites

Historical context Historical context relates to the sequence of events

not only in the immediate narrative context but also in the broader history

of the world As an example consider the short prophetic book Haggai Tis

book is set ldquoin the second year of Darius the king on the first day of the sixth

monthrdquo Tis date formula along with other information taken from ancient

Near Eastern texts allows us to date the book of Haggai very precisely to the

year 9830938520181048624 983138983139 In fact the New Living ranslation is so confident of the his-

torical data that it has translated Haggai 10486251048625 as follows ldquoOn August 852018983097 of the

second year of King Dariusrsquos reign rdquo However knowing the date is only

significant as it relates to other events in Israelite history So the fact that the

book of Haggai took place in 9830938520181048624 983138983139 indicates to the reader that the events

in the book occurred aer the Babylonian exile which ended with the

decree of Cyrus in 983093852019983097 983138983139 Tus the concerns of Haggai are different from

the concerns of preexilic prophets like Amos and Hosea Moreover the his-

torical context sheds important light on one of the main issues of the book




8520181048624 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

namely the reconstruction of the temple which had been destroyed by the

Babylonians sixty-six years prior to Haggairsquos prophetic message

Literary context Literary context pertains to how a book is structuredand how the individual passages and literary units fit within the whole Lit-

erary analysis is an imprecise art As a case in point Tomas Kruumlgerrsquos com-

mentary on Ecclesiastes summarizes eight separate scholarly attempts to

outline the literary structure of the book of Ecclesiastes983090 However the fact

that scholars have invested considerable time in the endeavor demonstrates

its importance for understanding the book

A less complicated book in terms of its literary structure is the aforemen-tioned prophetic book Haggai Although there remains room for discussion

the following outline represents a basic understanding of its literary structure983091

I First Word from the Lord (983089983089ndash983089983089852021)

A Question 983089 (983089983091)

B Consider (983089852021 852023)

II Second Word from the Lord (983090983089-1048633)

A Question 983090 (983090983091)

B Te Lord Will Shake the Heavens (983090852022)

C Te Lord Will Shake the Nations (983090852023)

D Te Lord Will Fill the emple (9830901048633)

III Tird Word from the Lord (983090983089983088-9830891048633)

A Question 983091 (983090983089983090-983089983091)

B Consider (983090983089852021 983089852024)

IV Fourth Word from the Lord (983090983090983088-983090983091)

A Te Lord Will Shake the Heavens (983090983090983089)

B Te Lord Will Overthrow the Nations (983090983090983090)

C Te Messiah Will Rule the Earth (983090983090983091)

2See Tomas Kruumlger Qoheleth A Commentary Hermeneia (Minneapolis Fortress 1048626983088983088983092) pp 983093-983096

or my own ldquoDebating Wisdom Te Role of Voice in Qohelethrdquo CBQ 983095983094 (July 104862698308810486251048626) 983092983095983094-9830971048625 for

a summary of the possible ways to interpret the literary structure of Ecclesiastes3Te present outline is based on the year-date formula Another plausible division is based on the

prophetic oracles in which case chap 1048625 would consist of two units 10486251048625-1048626 and 10486251048627-1048625983093





One quickly notices that the climax of the book comes in the final section

Te imperative ldquoconsiderrdquo (literally ldquoplease set your heartrdquo śicircmucirc [naʾ ] lĕbabkem)

forms an inclusion or bracket around sections 1048625-852019 Whereas the first threesections raised questions the final section supplies the answer Te answer rests

not in any earthly kingdom but in the messianic kingdom whose power lies

not in horse and chariot but in the strength of the Lord of Hosts

A subcategory of literary context is genre Genre analysis is concerned with

how a particular type of literature is to be understood Some examples of genre

include proverb lament military annals genealogy itinerary prophetic oracle

and hymn1048628

When Nathan confronts David about his affair with Bathshebahe tells David a story In fact he tells him a parable but David misunderstands

the genre David thinks Nathan is recounting a tragic injustice in the kingdom

that requires royal intervention Instead Nathan uses a short fictitious tale to

confront the king about his abuse of power It is not until Nathan reveals the

genre by declaring ldquoYou are the manrdquo (852018 Sam 1048625852018983095) that David understands the

gravity of the situation Having a proper understanding of the intended genre

of a text is imperative for proper biblical exegesisExample from 983090 Kings A contextual analysis of 852018 Kings 9830951048625-852018 illustrates

the importance of attending to the various contextual issues of a text

But Elisha said ldquoHear the word of the L983151983154983140 thus says the L983151983154983140 omorrow

about this time a measure of choice meal shall be sold for a shekel and two

measures of barley for a shekel at the gate of Samariardquo Ten the captain on

whose hand the king leaned said to the man of God ldquoEven if the L983151983154983140 were

to make windows in the sky could such a thing happenrdquo But he said ldquoYou

shall see it with your own eyes but you shall not eat from itrdquo

Even though many readers may not be able to immediately locate this

text in its historical literary and geographical contexts a quick glance at the

narrative surrounding the text would resolve those issues Te narrative is

set in the ninth century 983138983139 in the midst of an Aramean siege on Samaria

Samaria was Israelrsquos capital city while Aram was Israelrsquos hostile neighbor to

4Genre analysis is to some extent a subjective enterprise On the importance of genre in the Old

estament see V Philips Long Te Art of Biblical History Foundations of Contemporary Inter-

pretation 983093 (Grand Rapids Zondervan 1048625983097983097983092) pp 1048626983095-983093983095 See also James L Baileyrsquos exceptional

treatment of the subject from a New estament perspective ldquoGenre Analysisrdquo in Hearing the New

estament Strategies for Interpretation ed Joel B Green 1048626nd ed (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486269830881048625983088)

pp 10486259830921048625-983094983093




852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

the north Te siege had le Samaria in such dire straits that four Israelite

lepers determined it was better to risk defecting to Aram where there was

food than to starve to death in Samaria As a prophetic narrative the mainpoint is to demonstrate not only Elisharsquos validity as a true prophet but also

the Lordrsquos power over both Israel and Aram

Te passage also raises an important question about the cultural context

What is the meaning of the clause ldquoEven if the Lord were to make windows

in the skyrdquo Note how several modern translations render it

983141983155983158 ldquoIf the L983151983154983140 himself should make windows in heavenrdquo

983150983154983155983158 ldquoEven if the L983151983154983140 were to make windows in the skyrdquo

983150983145983158 ldquoeven if the L983151983154983140 should open the floodgates of the heavensrdquo

983150983148983156 ldquoeven if the L983151983154983140 opened the windows of heavenrdquo

aken literally the text would suggest that God would install panes of glass

in the sky Common sense would lead most modern readers to realize that

this expression is a reflection of human observation rather than scientific

analysis It would be preposterous to posit that on the basis of carefully

constructed scientific experiments the ancient Hebrews had determined

that there were sheets of glass that required divine latching and unlatching

Most people would implicitly deduce that the phrase used here in 852018 Kings

983095852018 and again in 9830951048625983097 explains how the ancients perceived the atmosphere

Imagine living in rural or semi-urban ancient Israel in which you have no

Internet access no television no radio or even Encyclopedia Britannica Co-

lumbus had not sailed to the New World Magellan had not circumnavigated

the globe Sputnik had not yet orbited the earth Neil Armstrong had not

walked on the moon and the Hubble elescope had yet to capture one image

of the galaxies of the universe If yoursquore an ancient Israelite what do you know

about the world How big do you imagine it to be What shape is it Where

does the sun go at night Where does the moon come from Where have the

stars been hiding Whatrsquos on the other side of the sea or the mountains How

far down does the earth go and whatrsquos beneath it How deep are the lakes andseas Where does spring water come from Where do rain and snow come

from Te answers to these questions would be as obvious to you as they were

to any ancient observer Which is to say it wouldnrsquot be obvious at all





A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161

In 1048625983097983095983094 Te New Yorker published on its cover Saul Steinbergrsquos famous il-

lustration of a New Yorkerrsquos view of the world1048629 Looking west from theLower East Side of Manhattan the New Yorker shows great familiarity with

his immediate surroundings As his mind moves west his grasp of the

details diminishes rapidly ldquoJerseyrdquo lies immediately beyond the Hudson

River but there is no concern for any landmarks Beyond ldquoJerseyrdquo lies the

rest of the United States and North America with only vague reference to

geographical landmarks such as the Rocky Mountains and Las Vegas Te

Pacific Ocean barely larger than the Hudson River separates the UnitedStates from the rest of the known world which consists solely of China

Japan and Russia with Japan being only slightly smaller than its trans-

pacific neighbors

Steinbergrsquos point was not that New Yorkers are ignorant of world geog-

raphy Rather the brilliance of the drawing is that it captures the geo-

graphical cultural worldview not only of New Yorkers but also of humans

in general By nature we create our perceptions of reality based on obser- vational experience One of the reasons universities have general education

requirements is to expand those experiences thus broadening onersquos under-

standing of reality When a New Yorker leaves the five boroughs and begins

to see the land beyond the Hudson then she can appreciate its spacious

skies amber waves of grain purple mountainsrsquo majesty and fruited plain

Until then the names places and geological formations remain vague ideas

in the Great UnknownTe cover art of the March 852018983097 1048625983097983095983094 edition of Te New Yorker demon-

strates the natural tendency to view the world through onersquos own cultural

lens According to Steinbergrsquos depiction the New Yorker does not con-

sciously ignore the rest of the world Te rest of the world simply is not part

of his reality He has not hiked the Appalachian rail bought pecans in

Macon Georgia bartered for a used lawnmower in Christopher Illinois

chewed on barbeque ribs in St Louis gasped for air in Rocky Mountain

National Park or surfed the waves off the coast of San Diego He only knows

what he has seen which is very limited He has a faint notion of the West

5You can see Steinbergrsquos cover at wwwcondenaststorecom-spTe-New-Yorker-Cover-View-of-the

-World-from-983097th-Avenue-March-1048626983097-1048625983097983095983094-Prints_i9830969830939830931048627983088983097983095_htm




8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

and the rest of the world but that notion is limited to what others have told

him about it what he imagines it must be like In a similar manner the

ancient Hebrewsrsquo only knowledge of the world around them was limited towhat their parents told them what they had seen for themselves and what

they imagined it must be like

W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159

Te term Weltanschauung or ldquoworldviewrdquo was coined by Immanuel Kant in

his Critique of Judgment 1048630 Kant defines Weltanschauung as onersquos ldquointuition of

the worldrdquo1048631

For Kant Weltanschauung was a philosophical notion related toissues of epistemologymdashthat is how we know what we know In this classical

sense worldview entails the implicit and explicit presuppositions with which

one processes information Where my daughter might see a bent bicycle rim

as a useless piece of junk a girl in the slums of Kibera Kenya would relish it

as a luxurious toy to be propelled by a wooden stick eliciting laughter and

providing a sense of escape from dreadful living conditions Both children

see the same object but their worldviews tint the way they see that objectEveryone is guilty if such an indictment is appropriate of basic assump-

tions about how the world around him or her operates or should operate

Te 104862598309710486321048625 movie Te Gods Must Be Crazy provides a comical description of

the clash of worldviews In this film a careless passenger aboard a small

plane discards his empty Coke bottle which plummets to earth and lands

at the feet of an African Bushman Since the foreign object fell from the sky

the Bushman and his fellow villagers assume it was a gi from the gods

While at first itrsquos seen as a divine blessing the internal strife caused by the

Coke bottlersquos presence leads them to conclude that the gods were in fact

crazy for introducing such a divisive device into their camp

Te point is not that the Bushmen were wrong about the origins of the

Coke bottle Rather it is how they perceived reality From their experience

the only things that ever descended from the sky were rain snow hail and

lightning Since these phenomena derived from the heavens the abode of

the gods it only stood to reason that the Coke bottle also derived from the

6See David K Naugle Worldview Te History of a Concept (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486269830889830881048626) p 9830939830967Immanuel Kant Critique of Judgment Including the First Introduction trans and intro Werner

S Pluhar with a foreword by Mary J Gregor (Indianapolis Hackett 1048625983097983096983095) pp 104862510486251048625-10486251048626





heavens Although the audience knows differently the Bushmenrsquos Weltan-

schauung precluded them from perceiving these events in any other way

Another way of thinking about worldview is ldquocognitive environmentrdquo1048632 AsJohn Walton explains ldquoTere is a great difference between explicit borrowing

from a specific piece of literature and creating a literary work that resonates

with the larger culture that has itself been influenced by its literaturesrdquo1048633 Tese

cultural influences were not factors that ancient Israel adopted as their own

Rather this cognitive environment constituted part of their essence as residents

of the ancient Near East Te authors of the Hebrew Scriptures communicated

their message within a particular milieu Its authors wrote in Hebrew and Ar-amaic the languages that were in use at that time in their region of the world

Teir texts represented the cultural norms business practices laws forms of

worship modes of travel living arrangements and diet of people who lived in

a world far different from twenty-first-century Western civilization Te an-

cient Israelites viewed the world in a way that is in many respects nonsense to

the modern reader Tus for the purposes of this book ldquoworldviewrdquo refers to

this same cognitive environment that saturated ancient IsraelCosmological worldview of ancient Israel Although itrsquos a fallacy to say

there was one and only one ancient worldview it is not too reckless to

assert that certain philosophical assumptions guided human behavior Te

ideas and concepts prevalent in ancient Israel were generally speaking the

very same ideas and concepts prevalent throughout the ancient Near East

As Walton states

Te Israelites received no revelation to update or modify their ldquoscientificrdquo un-derstanding of the cosmos Tey did not know that stars were suns they did

not know that the earth was spherical and moving through space they did not

know that the sun was much further away than the moon or even further than

the birds flying in the air Tey believed that the sky was material (not vaporous)

solid enough to support the residence of deity as well as to hold back waters9830891048624

One of those assumptions is the cosmological worldview which Richard J

Clifford calls ldquothe biblical three-tiered universe of the heavens the earth and

8John H Walton Genesis 983089 as Ancient Cosmology (Winona Lake IN Eisenbrauns 104862698308810486251048625) p 10486269Ibid p 1048627

10John H Walton Te Lost World of Genesis One Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate

(Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 1048626983088983088983097) p 1048625983094




852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

the seardquo983089983089 Consequently the ancient Israelite concept of the cosmos looks

something like what Sandra Richter depicts in her book Te Epic of Eden

(see figure 10486251048625)983089983090 In fact this view of the cosmos was not unique to ancientIsrael It was the accepted view of reality throughout the ancient Near East

Te first tier comprised the heavens the dwelling place of the sun moon

stars and planets Since the sun and moon appeared to track across the sky

in an arc only to hide during ldquooff hoursrdquo it was assumed that they disap-

peared beneath the earth Other heavenly luminaries such as planets and

stars entered through small pin-sized holes in a heavenly canopy

Te middle tier in the ancient cosmological worldview was the earth Te

flat earth served as the focal point of human reality Like the Lower East Side

of Manhattan the earth was the viewpoint from which cosmological observa-

tions were made On either side of terra firma the ancient Israelites knew of

mountains and seas that essentially limited the scope of travel No mortal could

11Richard J Clifford ldquoCreation in the Psalmsrdquo in Creation in the Biblical raditions ed Richard J

Clifford and John J Collins CBQMS 1048626983092 (Washington DC Catholic Biblical Association of

America 10486259830979830971048626) p 98309498309712Sandra L Richter Te Epic of Eden A Christian Entry into the Old estament (Downers Grove IL

IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL

Mountainsamp Pillars

of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters

Pillars of the Earth

The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R

A B O VE T H E F I R M A M

E N T

Figure 983089983089 Biblical view of the cosmos





know what lay beyond them Te earth was held in place by pillars which

functioned as the earthrsquos foundation When people died they were buried in

the ground and their bodies remained in Sheol the abode of the deadTe heavenly canopy not only served as the earthrsquos roof but also func-

tioned as a floodgate for the upper seas Te upper seas explain how water

fell from heaven Tus the canopy controlled the amount of precipitation

that could descend to earth at any given time As these waters encircled the

earth983089983091 the waters that lay beneath the earth were called the abyss or watery

deep Te bottomless bodies of water such as the oceans seas and large lakes

pooled beneath the earthrsquos surface From these pools springs bubbled andwell water was captured

Proverbs 983096983090983090-983091983089 I will address the biblical evidence concerning the three-

tiered cosmological structure throughout chapters three and four However it

might be helpful at this early stage to set the ideas of the previous section into

a biblical context Tis passage from Proverb 1048632 is known as the Hymn of

Wisdom9830891048628 Although its main purpose is to demonstrate that Godrsquos wisdom is

eternal the passagersquos relevance to this discussion should be readily apparentTe L983151983154983140 created me at the beginning of his work

the first of his acts of long ago

Ages ago I was set up

at the first before the beginning of the earth

When there were no depths I was brought forth

when there were no springs abounding with water

Before the mountains had been shaped

before the hills I was brought forthmdash

when he had not yet made earth and fields

or the worldrsquos first bits of soil

When he established the heavens I was there

when he drew a circle on the face of the deep

when he made firm the skies above

when he established the fountains of the deep

when he assigned to the sea its limit

13See P Seely ldquoTe Geographical Meaning of lsquoEarthrsquo and lsquoSeasrsquo in Genesis 1048625ndash1048625983088rdquo WJ 983093983097 (1048625983097983097983095)

104862610486271048625-98309398309314See eg Shimon Bakon ldquowo Hymns to Wisdom Proverbs 983096 and Job 1048626983096rdquo JBQ 1048627983094 no 983092 (1048626983088983088983096)

104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

so that the waters might not transgress his command

when he marked out the foundations of the earth

then I was beside him like a master workerand I was daily his delight

rejoicing before him always

rejoicing in his inhabited world

and delighting in the human race (Prov 1048632852018852018-8520191048625)

Tis poem is structured loosely according to the three-tiered system of the

universe Proverbs 1048632852018852019-852018983094 pertains to the earth including the mountains

hills fields and dust Te second section Proverbs 1048632852018983095-8520181048632 is concerned withthe heavens including the canopy (circle on the face of the deep) and the

skies Te final section Proverbs 1048632852018983097 describes boundaries of the sea Te

waters which appear above the heavens and below the earth are mentioned

in all three sections because without the divinely appointed boundaries the

whole earth would flood

S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

Over forty years ago Luis Stadelmann was the first to argue systematically

that one realm in which the ancient Near Eastern cognitive environment

manifested itself in the biblical text was cosmology9830891048629 Stadelmann argued that

the ldquothree-leveled structure of the world has its roots not only in the basic

human experience of the external world from whose impressions man con-

ceived such an imaginative depiction but also in the mythological traditions

so cherished among Israelrsquos neighbors It is also natural that the Hebrews be

influenced by the cultural achievements and thought patterns of the peoples

with whom they came into contactrdquo9830891048630 Tus according to Stadelmann one of

the most profound cultural influences on the Old estament was cosmology

Stadelmannrsquos argument was not particularly provocative He merely demon-

strated that the ancient Hebrews like every society before and aer were

influenced by their cultural context Among scholars of the world of ancient

Israel today there is no significant disagreement over how the ancients

viewed the structure of the cosmos

15Luis I J Stadelmann Te Hebrew Conception of the World A Philosophical and Literary Study AnBib

1048627983097 (Rome Pontifical Biblical Institute 1048625983097983095983088)16Ibid p 983097





It is my contention then that a high view of Scripture employs a herme-

neutic that accommodates the biblical writersrsquo immersion in their ancient

pre-Enlightenment cultural context Terefore as with other culturalmatters such as social customs and language the biblical texts reflect that

worldview in their written communication Tis will be demonstrated in

three parts First I will establish the diverse ways in which the ancient Near

Eastern concept of the three-tiered cosmos projects itself onto the biblical

text Second I will show that as astronomical advances were made con-

cerning the structure of the universe interpreters had to accommodate their

views of Scripture in light of that new information Finally I will draw con-clusions regarding an appropriate posture toward biblical interpretation in

light of other points of contact between science and Scripture








S C R I P T U R E



Modern Science





InterVarsity Press

PO Box 983089104862810486241048624

Downers Grove IL 1048630104862410486299830891048629-98308910486289830901048630

ivpresscom

emailivpresscom



InterVarsity Press













Bridgeman Images

ISBN 104863310486311048632-1048624-104863298309110486241048632-1048628104862410486311048632-1048630 (print)

ISBN 104863310486311048632-1048624-104863298309110486241048632-1048633104863210486311048624-983089 (digital)




Greenwood Kyle


pages cm




BS10486301048629983089G104863110486311048631 98309010486249830891048629

98309098309010486241048632rsquo1048629983090983091983089mdashdc983090983091

P 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 9830901048624 9830891048633 9830891048632 9830891048631 9830891048630 9830891048629 9830891048628 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 9830891048624 1048633 1048632 1048631 1048630 1048629 1048628 983091 983090 983089

Y 9830911048629 9830911048628 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 9830911048624 9830901048633 9830901048632 9830901048631 9830901048630 9830901048629 9830901048628 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 9830901048624 9830891048633 9830891048632 9830891048631 9830891048630 9830891048629




CONTENTS

Preface 1048633




P983137983154983156 O983150983141 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983155 983145983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 C983151983150983156983141983160983156




P983137983154983156 T983159983151 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983145983150 H983145983155983156983151983154983145983139983137983148 C983151983150983156983141983160983156



P983137983154983156 T983144983154983141983141 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 S983139983145983141983150983139983141





Subject Index 983090983092852021





852017










C983144983137983154983148983141983155 D983145983139983147983141983150983155 A 983137983148983141 983151983142 983159983151 C983145983156983145983141983155














10486251048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161



T983141983160983156 983145983150 C983151983150983156983141983160983156





























(1048625983097983097983088) 983092983088-983093983095








































8520181048624 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161












A Question 983089 (983089983091)

B Consider (983089852021 852023)


A Question 983090 (983090983091)





A Question 983091 (983090983089983090-983089983091)

B Consider (983090983089852021 983089852024)





















and hymn1048628

























pp 10486259830921048625-983094983093




852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161




































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































InterVarsity Press

PO Box 983089104862810486241048624

Downers Grove IL 1048630104862410486299830891048629-98308910486289830901048630

ivpresscom

emailivpresscom



InterVarsity Press













Bridgeman Images

ISBN 104863310486311048632-1048624-104863298309110486241048632-1048628104862410486311048632-1048630 (print)

ISBN 104863310486311048632-1048624-104863298309110486241048632-1048633104863210486311048624-983089 (digital)




Greenwood Kyle


pages cm




BS10486301048629983089G104863110486311048631 98309010486249830891048629

98309098309010486241048632rsquo1048629983090983091983089mdashdc983090983091

P 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 9830901048624 9830891048633 9830891048632 9830891048631 9830891048630 9830891048629 9830891048628 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 9830891048624 1048633 1048632 1048631 1048630 1048629 1048628 983091 983090 983089

Y 9830911048629 9830911048628 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 9830911048624 9830901048633 9830901048632 9830901048631 9830901048630 9830901048629 9830901048628 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 9830901048624 9830891048633 9830891048632 9830891048631 9830891048630 9830891048629




CONTENTS

Preface 1048633




P983137983154983156 O983150983141 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983155 983145983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 C983151983150983156983141983160983156




P983137983154983156 T983159983151 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983145983150 H983145983155983156983151983154983145983139983137983148 C983151983150983156983141983160983156



P983137983154983156 T983144983154983141983141 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 S983139983145983141983150983139983141





Subject Index 983090983092852021





852017










C983144983137983154983148983141983155 D983145983139983147983141983150983155 A 983137983148983141 983151983142 983159983151 C983145983156983145983141983155














10486251048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161



T983141983160983156 983145983150 C983151983150983156983141983160983156





























(1048625983097983097983088) 983092983088-983093983095








































8520181048624 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161












A Question 983089 (983089983091)

B Consider (983089852021 852023)


A Question 983090 (983090983091)





A Question 983091 (983090983089983090-983089983091)

B Consider (983090983089852021 983089852024)





















and hymn1048628

























pp 10486259830921048625-983094983093




852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161




































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































CONTENTS

Preface 1048633




P983137983154983156 O983150983141 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983155 983145983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 C983151983150983156983141983160983156




P983137983154983156 T983159983151 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983145983150 H983145983155983156983151983154983145983139983137983148 C983151983150983156983141983160983156



P983137983154983156 T983144983154983141983141 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 S983139983145983141983150983139983141





Subject Index 983090983092852021





852017










C983144983137983154983148983141983155 D983145983139983147983141983150983155 A 983137983148983141 983151983142 983159983151 C983145983156983145983141983155














10486251048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161



T983141983160983156 983145983150 C983151983150983156983141983160983156





























(1048625983097983097983088) 983092983088-983093983095








































8520181048624 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161












A Question 983089 (983089983091)

B Consider (983089852021 852023)


A Question 983090 (983090983091)





A Question 983091 (983090983089983090-983089983091)

B Consider (983090983089852021 983089852024)





















and hymn1048628

























pp 10486259830921048625-983094983093




852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161




































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































852017










C983144983137983154983148983141983155 D983145983139983147983141983150983155 A 983137983148983141 983151983142 983159983151 C983145983156983145983141983155














10486251048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161



T983141983160983156 983145983150 C983151983150983156983141983160983156





























(1048625983097983097983088) 983092983088-983093983095








































8520181048624 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161












A Question 983089 (983089983091)

B Consider (983089852021 852023)


A Question 983090 (983090983091)





A Question 983091 (983090983089983090-983089983091)

B Consider (983090983089852021 983089852024)





















and hymn1048628

























pp 10486259830921048625-983094983093




852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161




































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































10486251048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161



T983141983160983156 983145983150 C983151983150983156983141983160983156





























(1048625983097983097983088) 983092983088-983093983095








































8520181048624 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161












A Question 983089 (983089983091)

B Consider (983089852021 852023)


A Question 983090 (983090983091)





A Question 983091 (983090983089983090-983089983091)

B Consider (983090983089852021 983089852024)





















and hymn1048628

























pp 10486259830921048625-983094983093




852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161




































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161









































































8520181048624 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161












A Question 983089 (983089983091)

B Consider (983089852021 852023)


A Question 983090 (983090983091)





A Question 983091 (983090983089983090-983089983091)

B Consider (983090983089852021 983089852024)





















and hymn1048628

























pp 10486259830921048625-983094983093




852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161




































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














































and hymn1048628

























pp 10486259830921048625-983094983093




852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161




































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































852018852018 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161




































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161






































A N983141983159 Y983151983154983147983141983154rsquo983155 G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983161










pacific neighbors
























8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































8520181048628 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





W983151983154983148983140983158983145983141983159


















































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

























































As Walton states














852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































852018983094 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161

















IVP Academic) p 10486259830881048625

EARTH

SHEOL


of the Sky


of the Sky

The Abyssof Waters


The Abyssof Waters

S U

N

S T A RS

M O

O N

F i r m a

m e n t of

H e a v e n

W I N D O W S

W INDOW S W

I N D O W

S T H E W A

T E R


E N T





































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































































104862610486261048626-1048627983088




8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161





































8520181048632 S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161














S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 983137983150983140 C983151983155983149983151983148983151983143983161



































Scripture and Cosmology By Kyle Greenwood - EXCERPT

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Transcript of Scripture and Cosmology By Kyle Greenwood - EXCERPT