Scope of solar thermal power plants in India

Under the Guidance of: Presented By:

Dr. R. P. Saini Raj Kumar Bairwa

Head of the department M-Tech (AHES)

IIT Roorkee Enroll No.: 13512026

ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE

Seminar Presentationon

SCOPE OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

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OUTLINES

1. Introduction 2. Energy scenario3. Potential for solar energy in india

4. Solar thermal energy

5. Solar thermal power plants

6. Components of a CSP power plant 7. CSP technologies

8. Literature review

9. Conclusion

10. Gaps identified

11. References2

INTRODUCTION For economic development Energy is

the basic requirement.

Coal , Nuclear , Natural gases and Petroleum are used to exploit as main source of high quality energy products.

India is 3rd largest producer of electricity after US and China, even though suffers a major shortage of electricity generation capacity.

Installed capacity of electricity is 249.49 GW as of end June 2014.

Energy sources will play an important role in the world’s future given that the global demand for energy is rapidly increasing.

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Renewable power plants12%

Non Renewable plants88%

Sources of energy constitute

POWER SUPPLY POSITION IN INDIA IN 2014-15

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REGION

ENERGY PEAK POWER

REQUIREMENT (MU)

AVAILABILITY (MU)

SURPLUS(+) / DEFICIT

(-)

DEMAND (MW)

SUPPLY (MW)

SURPLUS(+) / DEFICIT

(-)

Northern 3,28,944 3,18,837 -3.10% 47,570 46,899 -1.40%

Southern 2,98,180 2,60,366 -12.70% 41,677 32,423 -22.20%

Eastern 1,18,663 1,14,677 -3.40% 17,608 17,782 1.00%

North Eastern

14,823 12,248 -17.40% 2,543 2,215 -12.90%

Western 2,88,062 2,89,029 0.30% 45,980 52,652 14.50%

ALL INDIA 10,48,672 9,95,157 -5.10% 1,47,815 1,44,788

-2.00%

ENERGY SCENARIO

RENEWABLE ENERGY

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ENERGY SCENARIO

TYPE TECHNOLOGY INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)

OFF GRID / CAPTIVE POWER

Bagasse Cogeneration 517.34

SPV Systems (>1KW) 159.77

Biomass Gasifiers - Industrial 146.40

Waste to Power 119.63

Biomass Gasifiers - Rural 17.63

Water Mills / Micro Hydro 10.18

Aero generator/ Hybrid Systems 2.18

TOTAL OFF GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER 973.13

GRID CONNECTED POWER

Wind 20,298.83

Small Hydro Power Projects 3,774.15

Bagasse Cogeneration 2,512.88

Solar 2,208.36

Biomass Power and Gasification 1,285.60

Waste to Power 99.08

TOTAL GRID CONNECTED POWER 30,177.90

TOTAL 31,151.03

SOLAR POWER POTENTIAL

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Globally:

POTENTIAL OF SOLAR ENERGY IN INDIA

About 5000 trillion kWh/year energy is

incident over India’s land area.

Most parts receiving 4 – 7 kWh/m2/day.

1% of land area is sufficient to meet

electricity needs of India till 2031.

Highest annual global radiation is

received in Rajasthan (5.5 – 6.8

kWh/m2/day) and Northern Gujarat.

Most of India has solar insolation above

1800 kWh/ m2/ day.

250–300 clear and sunny days in a

year.7

SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY (STE)

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Principle: Sunlight – Heat – Electricity

Sunlight is concentrated, using

mirrors or directly, on to receivers

heating the circulating fluid which

further generates steam &/or

electricity.

Solar Radiation Components:

Direct, Diffuse & Global

CSP uses- Direct Normal Irradiance

(DNI)

SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS (STPP)

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Solar energy can be tapped to produce electricity by using solar concentrators.

It is also called Concentrated solar power (CSP).

India can have a STE installed base of 4–5 GW by 2020.

Solar thermal technology for electricity generation is one of the best solution to the growing fossil fuel crisis.

Concentrating solar power (CSP) is not an innovation of the last few years. Records of its use date as far back as 212 BC when Archimedes used mirrors for the first time to concentrate the Sun’s rays.

WORKING OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT

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COMPONENTS OF STPP

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COMPONENTS OF STPP…..

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Concentrating Solar Technologies

Low Temperature (<100°C)

Flat Plate Collectors

Solar Chimney

Solar Pond

High Temperature- Point Focusing

(>400°C)

Central Tower

Parabolic Dish

Medium Temperature – Line Focusing (≈ 400°C)

Parabolic Trough

Fresnel Collectors

Commercial CSP

Parabolic Trough

Central Tower

Dish Stirling Fresnel Collector

• Temp~400°C

• Line Focusing

• Linear Receiver tube

• Water consuming

• Conc.: Parabolic Mirrors

• Heat Storage feasible

• Most Commercialized

• Good for Hybrid option

• Requires flat land

• Good receiver η but low turbine η

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Commercial CSP

Parabolic Trough

Central Tower


• Temp~600-800°C

• Point Focusing

• Flat Conc. Mirrors

• Commercially proven

• Central Receiver

• Water consuming

• Heat Storage capability

• Feasible on Non Flat sites

• Good performance for large

capacity & temperatures

• Low receiver η but good turbine η

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Commercial CSP

Parabolic Trough

Central Tower


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• Temp~700-800°C

• Point Focusing

• Uses Dish concentrator

• Stirling Engine

• Generally 25 kW units

• High Efficiency ~ 30%

• Dry cooling

• No water requirement

• Heat storage difficult

• Commercially under development

• Dual Axis Tracking

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Commercial CSP

Parabolic Trough

Central Tower


• Temp~400°C

• Line Focusing type

• Linear receiver

• Fixed absorber row

shared among mirrors

• Flat or curved conc.

mirrors

• Commercially under

development

• Less Structures

• 5 MW operational in CA

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Sr.no.

Project name

Location

TurbineDescription

TechnologyHeat-Transfer

fluidType

TurbineCapacity

(MW)

Thermal

Storage

Status, Start year

Owner(s)

1.Abhijeet Solar

ProjectRajasthan,(Jaisalmer)

SST-700 Parabolic trough Therminol VP-1Net: 50.0

Gross: 50.0None

Under construction,

2013

Corporate Ispat Alloys Ltd. (100%)

2.AC ME Solar

TowerBikaner

(Rajasthan)- Power tower Water/Steam

Net: 2.5Gross: 2.5

None Operational,

2011AC ME Group

(100%)

3. DhursarDhursar

(Rajasthan)-

Linear Fresnel reflector

-Net: 125.0

Gross: 125.0

None Under

construction, 2014

Reliance Power (100%)

4. DiwakarAskandra

(Rajasthan)SST-700 Parabolic trough Synthetic Oil

Net: 100.0Gross: 100.0

4 hoursUnder

construction, 2013

Lanco Infratech(100%)

5.Godawari

Solar ProjectNokh

(Rajhastan)SST-700 Parabolic trough Dowtherm A

Net: 50.0Gross: 50.0

None Operational,

2013

Godawari GreenEnergy Limited (100%)

6.Gujarat Solar

OneKutch

(Gujarat)- Parabolic trough Diphyl

Net: 25.0Gross: 28.0

9 hours Under

construction, 2014

Cargo Solar Power (100%)

7.KVK Energy Solar Project

Askandra(Rajasthan)

SST-700 Parabolic trough Synthetic OilNet: 100.0

Gross: 100.0

4 hoursUnder

construction, 2013

KVK EnergyVentures Ltd

(100%)

8.Megha Solar

Plant

Anantapur(Andhra Pradesh)

- Parabolic trough Synthetic OilNet: 50.0

Gross: 50.0None

Under construction,

2013

Megha Engineering

and Infrastructue

(100%)

9.National

Solar Thermal Power Facility

Gurgaon - Parabolic trough Therminol VP-1Net: 1.0

Gross: 1.0None

Operational, 2012

IIT Bombay(100%)

10.‘India One’

solar thermal power plant

Abu Road (Rajasthan)

-Paraboliedal

reflector Water 1.0 16 hours

Under construction,

2011WRST

LIST OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

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ADVANTAGES OVER COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES (EG. PV & WIND)

Heat Storage option – Electricity Supply after Sunset

Process Heat Generation

Hybrid Option

Good for High temperature regions

Predictable and reliable power (less variable)

Water desalination along with electricity generation

Carbon Emission Reduction- CDM benefits Each square meter of CSP can avoid annual emissions of 200 to 300 kilograms (kg) of carbon dioxide, depending on its configuration.

No Fuel or its transportation cost - Substitutes Fossil Fuel use

Energy Security

High share of local contents

Employment Generation

OTHER BENEFITS :

Feasible Applications

Utility / Commercial scale Domestic/small Scale

Electricity Generation

Stand alone

Grid projects

Hybrid projects

Industrial Process

Heat

Boiling

Melting

Sterilizing

Cooling systems

Water Desalination

Hot Water collectors

Solar HVAC

Solar steam Cooking

Solar Ovens/cookers

Solar Food dryers

SOPOGYMicro-CSP: SopoFlare

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LITERATURE REVIEW

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S.No.

AUTHOR(S) SYSTEM / PARAMETER(S) RESULTS

1 Naveen Kumar

Sharma et al. [1]

Summarize the availability, current status,

strategies, perspectives, promotion policies, major

achievements and future potential of solar energy

options in India.

1. Major government and industry R&D efforts

aim to make solar thermal electricity (STE)

and central photovoltaic (CPV) a mainstream

power source within the next decade.

2 Atul Sharma [7]

Discuss the various technologies, government

policies, incentives etc. for harnessing the solar

power in India and world. And Examines various

ways in which solar power is precisely such an

opportunity.

1. The economically exploitable potential of the

solar power technology of India is quite high.

2. The development of solar thermal technology

is imperative in India.

3. Ishan Purohit et

al. [8]

Assess the potential, financial viability of CSP

generation in the Northwestern (NW) regions of

India. Using Solar Advisor Model developed by

NREL, USA for four commercially available and

mature CSP technologies.

1. It is possible to exploit over 2000 GW CSP

potential in the NW India.

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S.No.


4.J.D. Nixon et al.

[9]

Study the main existing collection technologies

and compared based on economical, technical

and environmental criteria. This methodology is

applied principally to a case study in Gujarat in

north-west India.

1. Linear Fresnel lens with a secondary compound

parabolic collector, or the parabolic dish

reflector, is the preferred technology for north-

west India.

5.V. Siva Reddy et

al. [10]

Case studies of typical 50 MW solar thermal

power plants in the Indian climatic conditions at

locations such as Jodhpur and Delhi is

highlighted with the help of techno-economic

model. Considering 30 years lifespan and 10%

interest rate on investment.

1. parabolic dish concentrating solar Stirling

engine power plant generate electricity at a

lower unit cost than the other two solar

technologies

6.A.S. Pidaparthi

et al. [11]

A test facility which would help in gaining

experience in design, operation and maintenance

of large scale solar thermal power plants by IIT

BOMBAY. This facility would also help in

facilitating research development in the solar

industry in India.

1. The solar field consists of three loops with

parabolic troughs of a total of about 1,500

meters in length and covering an area of 8,000

square meters.

2. The solar field configuration of three loops of

four collectors includes 12 steel structures of 10

modules, 3,360.

Literature Review Continued …

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S.No. AUTHOR(S) SYSTEM / PARAMETER(S) RESULTS

7.Richa Mahtta et

al. [12]

They determine district-wise potential for

concentrating solar power (CSP) and centralized

solar photovoltaic (SPV) technology based power

plants in India. The evaluation is based on remotely

sensed annual average global horizontal irradiance

(GHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI) provided

by National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(NASA) surface meteorology and solar energy

program.

1. There is more scope for SPV as

compared to CSP in India.

2. Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur districts

of Rajasthan, Kachchh district of Gujarat

show very high solar potential.

8.

Pranesh

Krishnamurthy

et al. [13]

A framework for calculating the cost of generated

electricity from a concentrated solar power (CSP)

plant and the internal rate of return on equity and

different factors like Plant size, solar insolation and

discount rate also consider and effect of variation of

these are disused.

1. Important parameters related to cost of

solar thermal power include location,

availability of capital, thermal storage

and plant size.

2. A 20% drop in solar field and power

block costs combined with a 10%

increase in collector efficiency and an

increase by 5% in overall plant efficiency

results in a generation cost of Rs.7 ($

0.15)/kWh.


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S.No.


9.K.S. Reddy et al.

[14]

A techno-economic feasibility analysis

of a 5MWe solar parabolic dish

collector field is carried out for entire

India covering 58 locations.

1. The minimum and maximum average annual power

generation at Panaji and Tiruchirappalli are 7.25 GWh and

12.68 GWh respectively.

2. The minimum levelised electricity cost (LEC) for a stand-

alone solar parabolic dish power plant with the clean

development mechanism (CDM) is found to be at Indore

with payback period of 10.63 years with cost benefit ratio

of 1.48.

10.

T.V.

Ramachandra et

al. [15]

They identify the solar hotspots based

on the exploitable potential using high

resolution global insolation data from

NASA SSE in India across federal

boundaries and agro-climatic zones.

1. Nearly 58% of the country receives annual average Global

insolation of 5 kWh/m2/day.

2. It creates an employment opportunities especially in the

village level.

11.Md. Fahim

Ansari et al. [16]

They try to develop a structural model

of the barriers to implement solar

power installations in India. Thirteen

relevant barriers to implement solar

power installations have been identified

and interpretive structural modeling

(ISM) methodology has been used.

1. High Pay-back period is coming at top of the model.

2. Lack of trained people and training institutes has been

identified as linkage barrier which is an unstable barrier.

3. Need for backup or storage device, unavailability of solar

radiation data and lack of R&D work have been identified.


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S.No.


12.Ishan Purohit et

al. [17]

They done a technical and economical

assessment of CSP technologies in India and to

analyze the techno-economic feasibility in Indian

conditions two projects namely PS-10 (Power

technology) and ANDASOL-1 (parabolic trough

technology) have been taken as reference. These

two systems have been simulated at several

Indian locations.

1. Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol the use of

CSP systems is financially feasible in most of

the locations considered in three states viz.

Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh.

2. The unit cost of electricity generated by these

two systems at Rajasthan and Gujarat states is

lower.

3. CDM benefits improve the values of financial

performance indicators of CSP systems.

13.M.S. Soni et al.

[18]

They identified the Parameters required for the

commissioning of solar power plants in India

using solar PV and CSP technologies. And Forty

one parameters are considered for the study.

1. For both PV and CSP technologies, direct

investment cost was highly preferred

economical attribute, while the insurance cost

is least preferred.

2. Among technical parameters, location of the

site is given top priority and Fire alarm system

is given least favored.

3. In CSP, the type of CSP technology used is

given top preference with slight variation in

perception for other parameters. The module

mounting structure is given last preference.


CONCLUSION

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A large amount of Indian STE output is consumed in Delhi, Haryana, and Punjab, drawing upon supply sites in both Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. Population centers in Gujarat are also well positioned to extract power from Rajasthan.

As of early 2010, the global stock of CSP plants neared 1 GW capacity. A number of projects being developed in countries including USA, Spain, India, Egypt, Morocco, and Mexico are expected to total 15 GW.

All solar thermal power plants in India not used thermal storage technologies very efficiently.

The launch of The JNNSM by MNRE, Government of India is the first step in the promotion and establishment of solar energy as a viable alternative to conventional sources.

The establishment of feed-in tariffs and other incentives, passing dynamic government policies, and the cooperation of industry, researchers and other stakeholders will play crucial role in the development of CSP technology

solar thermal power generation is totally a new technology in India, thus much more efforts are required for the upliftment of the energy scenario on large scale.

GAPS IDENTIFIED

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Though all three basic types of storage media (sensible, latent, thermochemical) have the potential to make solar power plants viable, more research is still needed to improve the thermal performance and economics of these systems.

Other CSP technologies like Heliostat, parabolic dish system and solar chimney are not used up till now in India.

Due to shortage of water in Rajasthan Parabolic dish / Engine system is a suitable option.

Dust problem is frequently occur in CSP plants so it requires more R&D.

REFERENCES

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[1] Sharma N.K, Tiwari P.K, Sood Y.R. Solar energy in India: Strategies, policies, perspectives and future potential. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 933– 941.

[2] Singh R, Sood YR. Transmission tariff for restructured Indian power sector with special consideration to promotion of renewable energy sources. IEEE TENCON Conf. 2009:1–7.

[3] Sood Y.R, Padhy N.P, Gupta H.O. Wheeling of power under deregulated environment of power system-a bibliographical survey. IEEE Trans Power System 2002; 17(3):870–880.

[4] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy source (MNRE), http://www.mnre.gov.in/achievements.htm; 2014 [accessed August 2014].

[5] Purohit I, Purohit P. Techno-economic evaluation of concentrating solar power generation in India. Energy Policy 2010; 38:3015–29.

[6] JNNSM. Mission document, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Government of India. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission; 2009, <http://mnre.gov.in/pdf/mission-document-JNNSM.pdf> [accessed 29.7.2014].

[7] Sharma A. A comprehensive study of solar power in India and World. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 1767–1776.

[8] Purohit I., Purohit P., Shekhar S., Evaluating the potential of concentrating solar power generation in Northwestern India. Energy Policy 62(2013)157–175.

REFERENCES CONTINUED…

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[9] Nixon J.D., Dey P.K., Davies P.A., Which is the best solar thermal collection technology for electricity generation in north-west India? Evaluation of options using the analytical hierarchy process. Energy 35 (2010) 5230-5240.

[10] Reddy V.S., Kaushik S.C., Ranjan K.R., Tyagi S.K., State-of-art of solar thermal power plants-A review, Renewable and sustainable Energy reviews 27 (2013) 258-273.

[11] Pidaparthi A.S., Prasad N.R., India’s first solar thermal parabolic trough pilot power plant. SolarPACES 2013, Energy Procedia 49 (2014) 1840 – 1847.

[12] Mahtta R., Joshi P.K., Jindal A.K., Solar power potential mapping in India using remote sensing inputs and environmental parameters. Renewable Energy 71 (2014) 255-262.

[13] Krishnamurthy P., Mishra S., Banerjee R., An analysis of cost of parabolic trough technology in India. Energy Policy 48 (2012) 407–419.

[14] Reddy K.S., Veershetty G., Viability analysis of solar parabolic dish stand-alone power plant for Indian conditions. Applied Energy 102 (2013) 908–922.

[15] Ramachandra T.V., Jain R., Krishnadas G., Hotspots of solar potential in india, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 3178– 3186.

[16] Ansari M.F., Kharb R.K., Luthra S., Shimmi S.L., Chatterji S., Analysis of barriers to implement solar power installations in India using interpretive structural modeling technique. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 27 (2013) 163–174.

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REFERENCES CONTINUED…[17] Purohit I., Purohit P., Techno-economic evaluation of concentrating solar power generation in India. Energy Policy 38

(2010) 3015–3029

[18] Soni M.S., Gakkhar N., Techno-economic parametric assessment of solar power in India: A survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 40 (2014) 326–334.

[19] IEA. Technology roadmap concentrating solar power; 2010. /<http://www. iea.org/papers/2010/csp_roadmap.pdf >.

[20] Behar O., Khellaf A., Mohammedi K., A review of studies on central receiver solar thermal power plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 23 (2013) 12–39.

[21] Deodhar PS. Dust can reduce energy output. In: Electronics for you; 2010. p. 42 www.efymagonline.com/pdf/Solar-Tips Dusting.pdf.

[22] Bhattacharyya CS. An overview of problems and prospects for the Indian power sector. Energy 1999; 19:795–803.

[23] http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/projects_by_status.cfm?status=Operational

[24] http://www.india-one.net/abouttheproject.html

[25] http://energybusinessdaily.com/power/dust-removing-technology-couldincrease- solar-panel-efficiency/.

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Thank You

Earth receives around 174 Petawatts of energy from sun and only a small part of it is sufficient to meet the annual world electricity consumption of 20 Trillion kWh

We Just need to tap this potential

Scope of solar thermal power plants in India

Engineering

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