Units, Metric System, Conversions, Uncertainty, Significant Figures, Scientific Notation &
Scientific Units in the Electronic Age
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Transcript of Scientific Units in the Electronic Age
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Scientific Unitsin the Electronic Age
Stuart J. Chalk, Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Florida
CINF Paper 49 – 251st ACS Meeting Spring 2016
#ACSCINFDataSummit
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Why Do Computers Need to Know About Units? What Do We Need? Unit Systems Implementation of
Units for Computers Text Units XML Units Semantic Units
What We Really Need Things To Do Conclusion
Outline
From: http://unitsml.nist.gov/Presentations/UnitsML_for_TC.pdf
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Computers are used to represent data Data is not useful unless it has a context – meaning Part of the context of data is its unit of measure Publication of scientific data – it needs definitive units!
Why do ComputersNeed to Know About Units?
From: http://www.slideshare.net/petermurrayrust/text-and-data-mining-explained-at-ftdm
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What Do We Need?
A way to uniquely identify and give meaning to units… …and dimensions, quantities, properties(?) A way to uniquely identify and give meaning to
fundamental constants and conversion factors Must describe the semantics of prefixes Must accommodate all languages (spoken and
computer) Must be usable at different levels of technology Must be unit system agnostic Must be as future-proof as possible
(extensible/adaptable)
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What Do We Need?
A standards organization to host a platform providing unambiguous representations of any unit of measure
Tools/services to allow identification of units that can be used to represent the same quantity
Tools/services to allow systems to interconvert units and provide a mechanism to document the conversion
Must be compliant with the tools/services supporting big data and the semantic web
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From: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/SIDiagramColor.pdf
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International System of Units (SI) Including CGS and MKS
UK Imperial System US Customary Units Burmese Indian Astronomical Units Troy (mass) Units
Historical/Obsolete Units and Unit Systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement
Unit Systems
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Implementations of Units for Computers
Text String XML (Tagged
Text) Semantically
(URI)
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International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA)http://www.ivoa.net/documents/VOUnits/
Standardization of string representations of unit labels (“VOUnits”) in the astronomy community
Text String Representation
From: http://www.ivoa.net/documents/VOUnits/20140523/VOUnits-REC-1.0-20140523.pdf
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MathML (https://www.w3.org/TR/mathml-units) Presentation of Units Unit Symbols in Content MathML Conversion
of Units
XML Representation
<apply><divide/><csymbol definitionURL='http://.../units/meter#c>cm</csymbol><csymbol definitionURL='http://.../units/second>s</csymbol>
</apply>
<apply> <times/><csymbol definitionURL='http://.../units/meter#c>cm</csymbol><apply>
<power/><csymbol definitionURL='http://.../units/second>s</csymbol><cn type='integer'>-1</cn>
</apply></apply>
<csymbol definitionURL='http://.../units/kyne'>kyn</csymbol>
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Geographic Markup Language (GML)http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/gml
Provides Unit References (“unitOfMeasure” element) Unit Definitions (“unitDefinition” element) “BaseUnit”, “DerivedUnit”, and
“ConventionalUnit”
XML Representation
<gml:DerivedUnit gml:id="m3"><gml:identifier codeSpace=“…/?iid=79">cubic metre</gml:identifier><gml:quantityType>Volume</gml:quantityType><gml:derivationUnitTerm uom="#m" exponent="3"/>
</gml:DerivedUnit>
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Scientific, Technical, andMedical Publishing (STTML)Part of the Chemical Markup Language (CML)http://cml.sourceforge.net/schema/
XML Representation
<stm:unit id="second" name="second" unitType="time"> <stm:description>The SI unit of time</stm:description></stm:unit>
<stm:unit id="newton" name="newton" unitType="force”><stm:description>The SI unit of force</stm:description>
</stm:unit>
<stm:unit id="g" name="gram" unitType="mass" parentSI="kg" multiplierToSI="0.001" abbreviation="g”>
<stm:description>0.001 kg.</stm:description></stm:unit>
<stm:unit id="inch" name="inch" parentSI="meter" abbreviation="in" multiplierToSI="0.0254" ><stm:description>An imperial measure of length</stm:description>
</stm:unit>
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UnitsMLhttp://unitsml.nist.gov/
NIST Project – intended to be published as a standard under OASIS
Fundamental representation of dimensions, units, quantities
UnitsDB a symbiotic project (internal to NIST) Never formally standardized under OASIS…
…and NIST ran out of funding
XML Representation
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XML Representation
From: http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/42538/UnitsML-Guide-v1.0-wd01.pdf
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XML Representation
From: http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/42538/UnitsML-Guide-v1.0-wd01.pdf
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XML Representation
<units xmlns="http://units.nist.gov/2003/01/units/SI"xmlns:q="http://units.nist.gov/2003/01/quantities"xmlns:usym="http://units.nist.gov/2003/01/symbols/units”>
<unit commonName="meter" unitID="unit0001" symbol="m"><system type="base">SI</system><name xml:lang="en-US">meter</name><name xml:lang="en-GB" >metre</name><name xml:lang="fr" >mètre</name><unitSymbolRef unitSymbolIDRef="usym:symbol0001">m</unitSymbolRef><quantityRef quantityIDRef="q:quantity0001" /><history href="http://…">…</history><definition href="http://…">…</definition><remarks href="http://…">…</remarks>
</unit></units>
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XML Representation
<quantity quantityID="quantity0001” commonName="length” type="base"><name xml:lang="en-US">length</name><quantSymRef quantSymbolIDRef="qsym:symbol0001">l</quantSymRef><dimSymRef dimSymbolIDRef="dsym:symbol0001">L</dimSymRef><unitSIRef unitSIIDRef="SI:unit0001" />
</quantity>
<prefix prefixID="prefix0004" commonName="mega" symbol="M” power="6" system="SI" base="10">
<name xml:lang="en-US" >mega</name><prefixSymbolRef prefixSymbolIDRef="psym:symbol0004" />
</prefix>
<dimensionSymbols xmlns="http://units.nist.gov/2002/01/symbols/dimensions" ><dimensionSymbol dimensionSymbol ID="symbol0001" commonSymbol="L">
<symbolFont family="sans-serif" style="normal" weight="bold">L</symbolFont></dimensionSymbol><dimensionSymbol dimensionSymbol ID="symbol0005" commonSymbol="Θ">
<symbolFont family="sans-serif" style="normal" weight="bold">Θ</symbolFont></dimensionSymbol>
</dimensionSymbols>
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“Semantics” - the branch of linguistics andlogic concerned with meaning
Rather than just identify a unit,indicate the meaning of a unit
Resource Description Framework (RDF) Subject-Predicate-Object “triples” RDF-XML (https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/) JSON-LD (JSON for Linked Data)
Ontological Definitions
Semantic Representation
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Units of Measure Ontology (UO)https://github.com/bio-ontology-research-group/unit-ontologyhttp://www.ontobee.org/ontology/UO
Semantic Representation
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Semantic Web for Earthand EnvironmentalTechnology (SWEET)http://sweet.jpl.nasa.gov/
“SWEET 2.3 is highly modularwith 6000 concepts in 200separate ontologies.”
Semantic Representation
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Quantities, Units, Dimensions and Data Types Ontology (QUDT) Version 1
http://www.qudt.org/ Version 2
http://www.linkedmodel.org/doc/2015/DOC_schema-qudt-v2.0 Space Time Vocabulary
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/units-space-and-time.html Physical Chemistry and Molecular Physics Vocabulary
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/units-physical-chemistry-and-molecular-physics.html
Semantic Representation
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Semantic Representation
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Semantic Representation
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Semantic Representation
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Semantic Units Model
From: http://www.allhands.org.uk/2006/proceedings/papers/614.pdf
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Semantic Units Model
From: http://www.allhands.org.uk/2006/proceedings/papers/614.pdf
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Semantic Units Model
From: http://www.allhands.org.uk/2006/proceedings/papers/614.pdf
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A Metrology Ontology!
What Do We Really Need?
From: http://ontology.iupac.org/ontology.pdf
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Official MetrologyDefinitions
From: http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2012.pdf
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Write up a summary of current state of units Develop a proposal to implement units in computers based
on best features of existing work Development of a metrology ontology
(33 results on google – none are a general ontology for metrology)
Evaluate support technology needed to implement the ontology Identify specific use cases and implement solutions
Formalize as a standard, with use cases and example implementations Applicable for text, XML, and Semantic formats… ...databases, ELNs, instrument software,
Things To Do
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[email protected] Phone: 904-620-5311 Skype: stuartchalk LinkedIn/Slidehare: https://www.linkedin.com/in/
stuchalk ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-7776 ResearcherID:
http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-8577-2013
Questions?