Scientific Milestones in the Agricultural Development of Asia and the Pacific Region Scientific...

Scientific Milestones in the Scientific Milestones in the Agricultural Development of Asia Agricultural Development of Asia

and the Pacific Regionand the Pacific Region

2007 CGIAR Annual General Meeting 2007 CGIAR Annual General Meeting ((Science ForumScience Forum), ),

December 4, 2007, Beijing, ChinaDecember 4, 2007, Beijing, China

IntroductionIntroduction

• The ESAP region consisting of some 33 The ESAP region consisting of some 33 sovereign countries is home to about sovereign countries is home to about 3.36B people or roughly 53% of the 3.36B people or roughly 53% of the world’s current population, world’s current population, with China, with China, India & Indonesia constituting almost India & Indonesia constituting almost three quarters of the region’s inhabitants.three quarters of the region’s inhabitants.

* EAST ASIA (China, Korea, Japan & Mongolia)* SOUTH ASIA (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka)

* SOUTHEAST ASIA (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste & Vietnam)

* OCEANIA (Australia & New Zealand)* PACIFIC (Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Vanuatu, Samoa, Solomon Islands & Micronesia, FS)


• Majority (55%) of this population Majority (55%) of this population are still engaged in agriculture are still engaged in agriculture related activities, predominantly as related activities, predominantly as smallholders relying on it for smallholders relying on it for subsistence, livelihood, income & subsistence, livelihood, income & other socio-cultural functions. other socio-cultural functions.

• In terms of land area, ESAP In terms of land area, ESAP countries covers about a fifth of the countries covers about a fifth of the world’s land mass.world’s land mass.


• In terms of trade, it producesIn terms of trade, it produces:

~ 90% of global aquaculture production;

> 80% of the world’s supply of coconut, vegetables, jute, sweet potato and rice;

> 50% of the world’s supply of tea, tobacco and peanut;

> 25% of the global source of melons, sugarcane, white potato, cassava, millet, maize and wheat;


• Other significant regional Other significant regional characteristics related to agriculture:characteristics related to agriculture:

– accounts for 55% of the world’s forest plantation resources;

– has the greatest concentration of the world’s mangroves; and

- home to 30% of the world’s livestock species.


• Annual growth rate in agriculture in Annual growth rate in agriculture in the region from 1992-2003 was the region from 1992-2003 was recorded at 3.1% in contrast to just recorded at 3.1% in contrast to just 2.4% for the world’s average.2.4% for the world’s average.

• The sector has also served as a The sector has also served as a buffer and safety net thru buffer and safety net thru employment generation in the face employment generation in the face of large economic shocks, such as of large economic shocks, such as that of the Asian financial crisis that that of the Asian financial crisis that hit the region in 1997-98.hit the region in 1997-98.


• Despite of its strong growth Despite of its strong growth performance, the agricultural sector’s performance, the agricultural sector’s relative importance in Asia and the relative importance in Asia and the Pacific countries has been declining, Pacific countries has been declining, both in terms of its contribution to the both in terms of its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its share of the labor force particularly share of the labor force particularly during the last three decades or so.during the last three decades or so.

Trends in Asian/Pacific AgricultureTrends in Asian/Pacific Agriculture

• It was largely after the end of WW II , that the It was largely after the end of WW II , that the application of AKST to aggie production application of AKST to aggie production resulted in the beginnings of major changes in resulted in the beginnings of major changes in agricultural practices in the region. agricultural practices in the region.

• Over the past 5 decades, technological Over the past 5 decades, technological advances in the agricultural sciences have advances in the agricultural sciences have enabled farmers to feed twice as many people enabled farmers to feed twice as many people from a virtually declining agricultural land. from a virtually declining agricultural land.

• The principal agricultural technologies that The principal agricultural technologies that made this impressive achievements possible made this impressive achievements possible could be attributed mainly to …could be attributed mainly to …

AKST Milestones in Asian AgricultureAKST Milestones in Asian Agriculture

New Varieties (HYVs and hybrids)New Varieties (HYVs and hybrids)

With the release of IR8 in the early 60s, almost all of the rice area under HYV seeds was in Asia.

Among its known impact are:

increased yields have contributed much to greater food security within developing countries and have often led to declining real prices of some food grains;

Seed supply systems of new varieties replaced the traditional cultivars

encouraged the growth of allied agro-industries such as fertilizer plants, chemical companies, seed suppliers & agricultural machineries

AKST Milestones in Asian AgricultureAKST Milestones in Asian AgricultureBiotechnologyBiotechnology

Hastened the development of new varieties with desired traits

Increased the resilience of crops to major pests and diseases and extreme weather conditions

Among its adverse impact associated with biotech are…

encouraged farmers dependency on expensive external inputs

promotes decreased genetic diversity increased costs of crop failure limits farmers access to new technologies due to

affordability issue


IrrigationIrrigation

From 1961-2003, irrigated areas in ESAP more than doubled with an annual growth rate of 2.6% increasing the cultivated land under irrigation to 28%;

Groundwater irrigation was one of the most widely-used technology in ESAP such that by the 1990s, half of China’s irrigation came from wells while 60% of India’s irrigated areas relied on groundwater.


offered a primary buffer against the vagaries of climate preventing total crop failure

stabilize and improved crop yields (2-5x that of rainfed areas)

enabled more intensive use of limited arable land


FertilizationFertilization

Fertilizer usage within ESAP increased sharply over the years which has reached 275kg/ha in 2005. Average annual growth rate is about 6.6%

Among the fertilizers applied, 61% were nitrogen-based, 24% phosphate and 15% potash.


over reliance on this input by most farmers has led to excessive use of inorganic fertilizers resulting to some serious environmental consequences.


Crop ProtectionCrop Protection

Pesticide usage in agriculture among developing countries of ESAP has been on the rise indicating its growing popularity to control the major crop pests and diseases raising concerns on its negative effects on human health of farmers and consumers.

Crops known to have been receiving the highest pesticide applications are cereals, fruit crops, cotton & vegetables.


Crop ProtectionCrop Protection

That few pest & disease outbreaks have occurred in the past 15 years is the result of collaborative research undertaking between the CGIAR centers and the NARS of many ESAP countries.

Likewise, combining pest resistance with ecologically-based crop management principles has greatly reduced the incidence and impact of pest outbreaks.


Mechanization (tractors & threshers)Mechanization (tractors & threshers)

Rising wages & declining labor availability in most rural areas forced many farmers to consider mechanization in planting and harvesting operations.

Total # of aggie tractors used in ESAP countries have been expanding rapidly since 1960, reaching 6.5M in 2005.


since aggie machineries entailed substantial cost in acquisition and operation, it stimulated the growth of a well-functioning machinery rental markets


Livestock production Livestock production

Sustainable endoparasite control for small ruminants…

Crop-animal integration in rainfed areas…

Capacity building of selected NARS scientists…


ForestryForestry (sustainable resource (sustainable resource management)management)

In terms of production technology, the forestry sector concentrated its efforts on developing new forest management systems…

Wood processing seemed to be the only area on forestry that has received the greatest impact from technological improvements…

AKST Milestones in Asian AgricultureAKST Milestones in Asian AgricultureCapture FisheriesCapture Fisheries

Modern fishing fleet with cold storage, processing facilities, fish scouting airplanes & its highly sophisticated acoustic technology coupled with extremely efficient fishing gears including the use of purse seine and trawl nets made dramatic increases in marine production possible.

But the unscrupulous use of said technologies have eventually led in over fishing and rapid depletion of the ocean’s fish stock…

AKST Milestones in Asian AgricultureAKST Milestones in Asian AgricultureAquaculture Fisheries Aquaculture Fisheries (in freshwater, (in freshwater,

brackish water & marine ecosystem)brackish water & marine ecosystem)

Major milestones in aquaculture technologies made it possible to produce quality fish & crustaceans in artificial environment (pond culture, pen culture, fishcages) under commercial scale:

development of the artificial spawning technology development of superior brood-stock by selective

breeding liming & fertilization of the pond to induce the growth of

natural food organisms formulation and & use of balanced artificial feed to

promote good fish growth use of pumps to ensure & stabilize water supply quality

& temperature


Aquaculture Fisheries (in freshwater, Aquaculture Fisheries (in freshwater, brackish water & marine ecosystem)brackish water & marine ecosystem)

Major milestones in aquaculture technologies made it possible to produce quality fish & crustaceans in artificial environment (pond culture, pen culture, fishcages) under commercial scale:

use of artificial aeration to ensure adequate oxygen supply for increasing the pond’s carrying capacity

use of pesticides to control predatory or harmful organisms use of probiotics to maintain quality of pond environment waterless transport of fish fry


Aquaculture Fisheries (in freshwater, Aquaculture Fisheries (in freshwater, brackish water & marine ecosystem)brackish water & marine ecosystem)

Impact of such technologies:

Within the aquaculture sector, ESAP contribution in the global supply rose from just 54% in 1950 to 90% in 2004.

In terms of gross aquaculture production by volume in 2004, leading countries are China, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, Vietnam & Thailand.

AKST Milestones in Asian AgricultureAKST Milestones in Asian Agriculture Indigenous Knowledge and the active Indigenous Knowledge and the active

participation of NGOs and civil societyparticipation of NGOs and civil society

Important AKST contributions:

in-situ genetic crop conservation crop diversification (farming systems approach) regenerative soil & water conservation methods organic agriculture ecological pest management & bio-pesticides participatory research schemes use of medicinal plants social mobilization methods

Trends in Asian/Pacific AgricultureTrends in Asian/Pacific Agriculture

• Without these technologies, world prices of Without these technologies, world prices of most agricultural products would have been most agricultural products would have been higher, caloric availability per capita lower higher, caloric availability per capita lower and thousands more hectares of forestlands and thousands more hectares of forestlands and other fragile ecosystems would have and other fragile ecosystems would have been brought under cultivation. been brought under cultivation.

• Paradoxically however, while the so called Paradoxically however, while the so called “Green Revolution” has been widely hailed “Green Revolution” has been widely hailed as one of the major success stories of as one of the major success stories of development in the region, not all farmers development in the region, not all farmers and locations have benefited equally from it.and locations have benefited equally from it.

Lessons LearnedLessons Learned

• The face of poverty is the face of The face of poverty is the face of agriculture-based rural Asia, the lot agriculture-based rural Asia, the lot of many small farmers, municipal of many small farmers, municipal fisher folk, upland dwellers and fisher folk, upland dwellers and indigenous peoplesindigenous peoples – Overall, some 70% of the poor in developing countries reside in rural areas and many derive their income from agriculture directly or indirectly. This dependence on agriculture is greater in those countries where hunger and poverty are most prevalent.


• R&D beneficiaries are now becoming R&D beneficiaries are now becoming important partners in rural important partners in rural transformationtransformation – Former technology users are becoming more central in innovation and technical change. In the past, farmers and LGUs were considered as mere technology users but now, they are increasingly becoming major players/partners in rural development.

Lessons Learned Lessons Learned

• New emerging fields such as New emerging fields such as biotechnology, bio-energy, supply biotechnology, bio-energy, supply chain management, indigenous chain management, indigenous knowledge systems and ICT are knowledge systems and ICT are greatly influencing how agricultural greatly influencing how agricultural RDE is being conductedRDE is being conducted – aggie production is becoming increasingly knowledge-based and science intensive; RDE are relying more and more on ICT tools to take advantage of knowledge developed elsewhere or for other purposes.


• Development potential of the Development potential of the agricultural sector is increasingly agricultural sector is increasingly being defined in the international being defined in the international arenaarena – agricultural development is increasingly taking place in a globalized setting where production, trade & consumption for agricultural products are growing more dynamic and evolving in unpredictable ways.


• SS&&T can make a difference in peoples T can make a difference in peoples lives but only under the right lives but only under the right conditionsconditions – improved technologies provide options for combating poverty and hunger but could not be readily adopted if the conditions for its usage are absent or lacking. Gaps in infrastructure, seed and input markets, extension and credit systems, and market access hamper widespread technology adoption and prevents farmers from receiving the benefits from these new technologies.

Lessons LearnedLessons Learned Continued funding of science and Continued funding of science and technology yields higher pay-offs than technology yields higher pay-offs than other forms of public investmentsother forms of public investments - Evidences closely link productivity improvements to investments in agricultural R&D, with average rates of return of over 40%. Experiences of China, India and Thailand showed that increased public expenditure on agricultural research and extension improves agricultural productivity the most and was the second most powerful way of reducing rural poverty.

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