Vector measures and classical disjointification methods
Scientific Methods & Measures
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Transcript of Scientific Methods & Measures
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Science!
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What is Science?
• The word science comes from the Latin "scientia," meaning knowledge.
• Science is the systematic and organized inquiry into the natural world and its phenomena.
• Science seeks to gain a deeper and often useful understanding of our world.
• Science is useful in solving problems, though sometimes the solution to one problem creates another.
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Scientific Discovery
• Science is always changing and advancing. Why?
• Because everyday scientists conduct new experiments that discover things that had already existed but we had no knowledge of because we didn’t have the proper technology.
• As long as technology advances science will advance.
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What is Technology?• Technology is the application (use) of
knowledge learned through scientific inquiry.• Examples:
– microscopes– telescopes– computers- machines- cars- synthetic fibers (i.e. nylon)- genetic engineering- cloning- nuclear Energy
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Limits of Science• Science cannot provide answers to every question.• In order for science to solve a problem there must be variables
that can be observed, measured and tested.• Some questions do not have these measurable variables such
as ethical/moral questions about what is good, bad, right or wrong.
• Science is NOT religion though they sometimes seek to answer similar questions…the quest for the answer is obtained in a totally different way.
• Another limit of science would be biases or personal opinions that could affect your observations.
● A researcher must always be objective when conducting an experiment. In other words they must be open to all outcomes and willing to test for all of these outcomes.
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Scientific DisciplinesLife Science• Biology • Ecology*• Biotechnology*• Medicine• Microbiology*
Earth Science•Meteorology •Geology* •Oceanography* •Astronomy
Physical Science •Chemistry*•Physics
Social Science•Psychology•Sociology•Anthropology/Archaeology•Economics
-ology = study of
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Scientific Method• The scientific method IS what makes
scientific inquiry systematic.
• It is a system or process of inquiry that involves four primary stages:
1) Prepare2) Plan3) Do4) Conclude and apply
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Prepare
• Identify the question you’d like to answer.
• Research previous work done on the topic making sure that you will be able to make an educated guess at the outcome.
• Your educated guess will be known as your hypothesis.
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Hypothesis• A hypothesis is an educated guess (a
prediction) about the outcome of an experiment.
• It MUST be TESTABLE! Meaning that you must be able to measure both variables.
• They are typically written as if/then statements:
If [I change this variable], then [this variable will do this].
Ex: If I raise the temperature of a cup of water, then the amount of sugar that can be dissolved in it will be increased.
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Plan• Design an experiment to test the hypothesis.• The independent variable (manipulated) is
what the experimenter is changing. • The dependent variable (responding) is the
variable that is responding to the change the experimenter has made.
• A control group is maintained in which no variables are changed. This demonstrates that a change has in fact occurred as a result of the change to the independent variable.
• All other factors in the experiment must be constant (the same) to insure that the response is due only to the change in the independent variable.Ex: All water should be from the same source in the experiment to prove the example hypothesis.
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Do
• Observe and record data that result from running the experiment.
• Data tables keep the data organized.
• Quantitative data is favored in science because it has a concrete (numerical) value.
Ex: # of days, measurements• Qualitative data is more subjective, relative, and
usually descriptive in nature. Ex: subject 1 has a stronger odor than subject 2
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Conclude and ApplyConclude and Apply
• Analyze results – What caused the result?
• Draw conclusions – What can we say about our experiment?
• Did it work?– Why?
• Did it fail? – Why? – What can we do next time to make it work?
• Experiments supply us with scientifically verified facts.
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Theories • A theory is an explanation of commonly
observed natural phenomena based on scientific facts.
• Theories must be substantiated through multiple experiments.
• Science is limited by the available body of knowledge; for this reason theories are not concrete and can be and are often updated and/or changed completely.
• Examples:– Big Bang Theory– Theory of Evolution– Germ Theory of Disease
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Laws
• When the observed phenomenon NEVER FAILS the test, it becomes a law.
• Unlike a theory, a law doesn’t attempt to explain how something works, it simply describes a phenomenon.
• Laws are overwhelmingly substantiated and universally accepted as being true.
• Examples: – Gravity– Newton’s Laws of Motion– The Doppler Effect– Keppler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
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MeasurementsWhy do we measure things?•to duplicate results of an experiment•to accurately make comparisons
Measurements make our lives easier and we measure things all the time.Examples:•Shopping – What size shoe do you wear?•Cooking – Can you easily duplicate a meal w/o a recipe?•Construction•Deciding how warm to dress – Is 50̊LF cold to you?
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Standardization• Measurements have been used by humans nearly as
long as humans have been anatomically modern.• Standardization is a hallmark of civilization and has
been handled in many different ways in the past.• The use of a foot as a standard unit of measure is
linked to the ancient Greeks. The only problem is… is everyone’s foot the same size? So is it truly standardized?
• The English solved this problem by using specifically the king’s foot.
• The French in 1790̊ took it a step further and created a decimal (or base 10̊) system (like you use in math class) to simplify things.
• In 1960̊ scientists agreed to one International System of Units (abbreviated SI Units) which happens to be that creation of the French and which you know as the metric system.
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Common Measurements
The things we measure most are:•Length•Mass•Volume•Temperature•Time
All measurements require 2 things:•A quantity•A unit of measure
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The Metric System
• The metric system uses a system of prefixes to describe numbers of various sizes.
• This helps with comparisons which is one of our main reasons for measuring things to begin with.
• Examples:– 10̊0̊0̊ kilograms is A LOT (literally a ton) but 10̊0̊0̊
grams is just 1 kilogram.– Aaron and Noah wanted to have a contest to see
which of their paper airplanes could fly the longest distance. Aaron's plane flew four meters. Noah's plane only flew seventy-nine centimeters. How much further did Aaron's plane fly?
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Conversions
Sometimes in order to compare two quantities you need to convert the units:KING
HENRYDIED
BY
DRINKING
CHOCOLATE MILK
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Mass
• Mass is the amount of matter (stuff) in an object.• The base unit for measuring mass is the gram*.• The measuring device is a balance.
• One gram divided by 10̊ is a decigram.• One gram divided by 10̊0̊ is a centigram.• One gram divided by 10̊0̊0̊ is a milligram*.
• 10̊ grams is a Dekagram.• 10̊0̊ grams is a Hectogram.• 10̊0̊0̊ grams is a Kilogram*.
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Length
• Length is the distance between 2 points.• The base unit for measuring length is the meter*.• The measuring device is the meter stick or ruler.
• One meter divided by 10̊ is a decimeter.• One meter divided by 10̊0̊ is a centimeter*.• One meter divided by 10̊0̊0̊ is a millimeter*.
• 10̊ meters is a Dekameter.• 10̊0̊ meters is a Hectometer.• 10̊0̊0̊ meters is a Kilometer*.
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Volume
• Volume is the amount of space the object occupies.• The base unit for measuring volume is the liter*.• The measuring device is a graduated cylinder.
• One liter divided by 10̊ is a deciliter.• One liter divided by 10̊0̊ is a centiliter.• One liter divided by 10̊0̊0̊ is a milliliter*.
• 10̊ liters is a Dekaliter.• 10̊0̊ liters is a Hectoliter.• 10̊0̊0̊ liters is a Kiloliter.