Scientific Method Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experimental...
Transcript of Scientific Method Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experimental...
Scientific MethodScientific MethodSteps of the Scientific MethodSteps of the Scientific Method1. Observation1. Observation2. Hypothesis2. Hypothesis3. Experimental Design/Data Collection (Testing the 3. Experimental Design/Data Collection (Testing the Hypothesis)Hypothesis)4. Analysis (Explaining the Data)4. Analysis (Explaining the Data)
Biology IntroductionBiology Introduction
-Control -Control Factor in an experiment that stays the same throughout the Factor in an experiment that stays the same throughout the course of the experiment. All good experiments have at least one controlcourse of the experiment. All good experiments have at least one control-Variable -Variable Factor in the experiment that changes. The fewer the Factor in the experiment that changes. The fewer the variables in an experiment, the better the design.variables in an experiment, the better the design.-Theory -Theory Hypothesis that is tested repeatedly and never disproved Hypothesis that is tested repeatedly and never disprovedScientific Law/Principle Scientific Law/Principle Scientific truths that are valid everywhere in Scientific truths that are valid everywhere in the universethe universeFact Fact Truth known by actual experience or evidence Truth known by actual experience or evidenceBelief Belief Opinion or conviction that something is true Opinion or conviction that something is true
Important Scientific Method TermsImportant Scientific Method Terms
Themes of BiologyThemes of Biology
Biology- Study of LifeBiology- Study of Life
Branches of BiologyBranches of BiologyBotany- PlantsBotany- Plants Physiology- Processes Physiology- Processes Anatomy-StructureAnatomy-Structure Zoology-AnimalsZoology-AnimalsCell Biology- Cells Cell Biology- Cells Genetics- InheritanceGenetics- Inheritance
Evolution- Change in organisms over timeEvolution- Change in organisms over timeBiochemistry- Chemistry of processes in organismsBiochemistry- Chemistry of processes in organismsEcology- Organisms & EnvironmentEcology- Organisms & EnvironmentMicrobiology- Microscopic OrganismsMicrobiology- Microscopic OrganismsOrganism – Anything capable of carrying out life processesOrganism – Anything capable of carrying out life processes
Major Themes in BiologyMajor Themes in Biology1. Cell Structure & Function1. Cell Structure & FunctionUnicellular Organisms Unicellular Organisms 1 cell 1 cell Multicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms More than 1 cell More than 1 cell2. Internal Stability2. Internal Stability ability to maintain internal conditions ability to maintain internal conditions3. Reproduction & Inheritance3. Reproduction & InheritanceSexual reproductionSexual reproduction between 2 individuals between 2 individualsAsexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 1 cell splits to form 2 cells 1 cell splits to form 2 cells4. Evolution- species change over time4. Evolution- species change over time5. Interdependence of organisms (ecology) 5. Interdependence of organisms (ecology) Relationship Relationship between organisms & environmentbetween organisms & environment6. Matter, Energy, & Organization6. Matter, Energy, & Organization Harvesting energy for life Harvesting energy for lifeAutotrophicAutotrophic Use energy directly from sun for food Use energy directly from sun for foodHeterotroph Heterotroph must take in food for energy must take in food for energy
Unicellular or multicellular?Unicellular or multicellular? Autotroph or Heterotroph?Autotroph or Heterotroph?
Autotroph or Heterotroph?Autotroph or Heterotroph? Autotroph or Heterotroph?Autotroph or Heterotroph?
Properties Of LifeProperties Of Life1.1. Made of cellsMade of cells2.2. ReproductionReproduction3. Universal genetic code3. Universal genetic code4. Growth and development4. Growth and developmentGrowth- Increase in Amount of material in an organismGrowth- Increase in Amount of material in an organismDevelopment- Series of changes an organism undergoes in Development- Series of changes an organism undergoes in
becoming an adult becoming an adult 5. Obtain & use energy (from food or sun)5. Obtain & use energy (from food or sun)6. Respond to their environment 6. Respond to their environment Stimulus: anything in an organismStimulus: anything in an organism’’s environment that causes s environment that causes
it to reactit to react7. Homeostasis: Organisms maintain constant internal 7. Homeostasis: Organisms maintain constant internal
conditions regardless of external changesconditions regardless of external changesExamples?Examples?8. Evolve: Species change over time8. Evolve: Species change over time
Taxonomy and ClassificationTaxonomy and Classification
Taxonomy- Science of identifying, Taxonomy- Science of identifying, classifying, and naming organismsclassifying, and naming organisms
Taxa- Categories into which biologists Taxa- Categories into which biologists classify organismsclassify organisms
Why Do We Need to Classify Why Do We Need to Classify Organisms?Organisms?
Common names like frog and worm donCommon names like frog and worm don’’t t tell us enough informationtell us enough information
Common names are misleadingCommon names are misleading
Common names vary from country to Common names vary from country to countrycountry
Early Classification SystemEarly Classification System
Designed by AristotleDesigned by Aristotle
Divided into 2 groups- Plants Divided into 2 groups- Plants and Animalsand Animals
Modern Classification SystemModern Classification System•Binomial nomenclature (2 names)Binomial nomenclature (2 names)•Developed by Carolus Linneaus in 18th Developed by Carolus Linneaus in 18th centurycentury•Organisms organized by structural Organisms organized by structural featuresfeatures
TaxaTaxa
•Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesGenus, Species
•King Phillip Came Over For Good SoupKing Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Scientific NamesScientific Names
•Organism referred to by genus and speciesOrganism referred to by genus and species
•Genus capitalized, species is notGenus capitalized, species is not
•Entire name is either underlined or italicizedEntire name is either underlined or italicized
Classification
Kingdoms of Life• Traditionally, 5 kingdom system used to
classify life…1.Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
5. Monera- which includes
Archae (Kingdom: Archaebacteria)
Bacteria (Kingdom: Eubacteria)
Domains
As biologists recognize the differences betweenthe 2 kinds of prokaryotes, they also sawsimilarities among all eukaryotes.
So, a new system that was proposed that dividesorganisms into 3 Domains based on celltype, genetics, and nutrition1. Bacteria2. Archae (Ancient unicellular organisms similar to
bacteria)3. Eukarya (Plants, animals, and fungi)
MoneraUnicellular vs. Multicellular
Unicellular
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryotic
Nutrition Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Reproduction Asexual
Movement None
Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial
Other Info Some help in fighting disease
Examples Bacteria
ProtistaUnicellular vs. Multicellular
Unicellular
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Eukaryotic
Nutrition Heterotrophic or
AutotrophicReproduction Asexual or Sexual
Movement Cilia or Flagella
Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial
Other Info Some eat bacteria
Examples Amoeba, Algae, Diatoms, & Paramecium
FungiUnicellular vs. Multicellular
Unicellular OR Multicellular
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Eukaryotic
Nutrition Heterotrophic
Reproduction Asexual or Sexual
Movement None
Environment Terrestrial
Other Info Decomposers
Examples Mold, yeast, & mushrooms
PlantaeUnicellular vs. Multicellular
Multicellular
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Eukaryotic
Nutrition Autotrophic
Reproduction Asexual or Sexual
Movement None
Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial
Other Info Insects aid in pollination
Examples Mosses, Ferns, Shrubs, Trees, & Flowering Plants
AnimaliaUnicellular vs. Multicellular
Multicellular
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Eukaryotic
Nutrition Heterotrophic
Reproduction Asexual or Sexual
Movement Yes (at some stage)Environment Aquatic or TerrestrialOther Info Largest kingdom over 1,000,000
species!Examples Sponges, Jellyfish, Worms, Insects, Fish,
Mammals, & Birds
What is the most diverse group of animals?
Arthropods!!•Most diverse phyla
•> 1 million species have been described.
•2 out of every 3 organisms known on Earth are arthropods