Scientific Scientific ClassificatioClassificatio

n n (Taxonomy)(Taxonomy)

It’s a Bird! It’s a Plane! It’s All of the Above!• What do all of these things have in common? Look closely and try

to notice characteristics that can be used to classify these items into groups.

1. How many different ways can you divide these flying things into groups? Choose a method and classify these objects. Start with two headings, then subdivide each group.

•The purpose of The purpose of classification is to classification is to arrange or group arrange or group

things according to things according to similarities & similarities & differences.differences.

• Aristotle classified organisms Aristotle classified organisms over 2000 years ago.over 2000 years ago.

• When Carolus Linnaeus developed When Carolus Linnaeus developed his system of classification, he his system of classification, he had only 2 kingdoms, Plants and had only 2 kingdoms, Plants and Animals, but the microscope led Animals, but the microscope led to the discovery of new to the discovery of new organisms and the identification organisms and the identification of differences in cells. of differences in cells.

• A 2-kingdom system was no A 2-kingdom system was no longer useful; we now use 6 longer useful; we now use 6 kingdoms.kingdoms.

Levels of Classification Levels of Classification (write this)(write this)

• DomainDomain• KingdomKingdom• PhylumPhylum• ClassClass• OrderOrder• FamilyFamily• GenusGenus• SpeciesSpecies

•DumbDumb•KingKing•PhillipPhillip•CameCame•OverOver•ForFor•GreatGreat•SpaghettSpaghettii

Classification of HumansClassification of HumansDomain:Domain: EukaryotesEukaryotesKingdom:Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum:Phylum: ChordataChordataClass:Class: MammaliaMammaliaOrder:Order: PrimatePrimateFamily:Family: MankindMankindGenus:Genus: HomoHomoSpecies:Species: SapienSapien

Three Domains (write this)

•Eukaryotes•Archaebacteria

•Eubacteria

Six Kingdoms (write this)

•Plants•Animals•Protists•Fungi

•Eubacteria•Archaebacteria

Organism Placement in a Kingdom (write this)

•Cell type (complex or Cell type (complex or simple) simple)

•Their ability to make Their ability to make foodfood

•The number of cells in The number of cells in their bodytheir body

Kingdom: Eubacteria (write this)

•Complex and single-celled. Complex and single-celled. •Classified in their own kingdom Classified in their own kingdom

because their chemical makeup because their chemical makeup is different.is different.

•Most are helpful (make vitamins Most are helpful (make vitamins & foods like yogurt)& foods like yogurt)

•Some can make you sick Some can make you sick (Streptococci causes strep (Streptococci causes strep throat)throat)

Kingdom: Archaebacteria (write this)

•Found in extreme Found in extreme environments such as environments such as hot boiling water and hot boiling water and thermal vents under thermal vents under conditions with no conditions with no oxygen or highly acid oxygen or highly acid environments.environments.

Kingdom: Animalia (write this)

•The animal kingdom is the The animal kingdom is the largest with over 1 million largest with over 1 million known species. known species.

•All animals consist of many All animals consist of many complex cells. complex cells.

•They are heterotrophs (get They are heterotrophs (get food from outside food from outside sources).sources).

Kingdom: Plantae (write this)

•Contains flowering plants, Contains flowering plants, mosses, and ferns. mosses, and ferns.

•Plants are all multicellular, Plants are all multicellular, consist of complex cells, and consist of complex cells, and are autotrophs (can make their are autotrophs (can make their own food). own food).

•With over 250,000 species, the With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the 2nd plant kingdom is the 2nd largest.largest.

Kingdom: Protista (write this)

•Slime molds & algae are Slime molds & algae are protists.protists.

•Protists include all Protists include all microscopic organisms that microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not animals, not plants and not fungi. fungi.

•Most protists are unicellular Most protists are unicellular & are complex cells.& are complex cells.

Kingdom: Fungi (write this)

• Includes mushrooms, mold, & Includes mushrooms, mold, & mildew. mildew.

• Most fungi are multi-cellular and Most fungi are multi-cellular and consist of many complex cells. consist of many complex cells.

• Unlike plants, fungi cannot make Unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food. their own food.

• Most obtain their food from parts of Most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil. plants that are decaying in the soil.

• *Ex: Penicillin & Athlete's Foot!*Ex: Penicillin & Athlete's Foot!

Classification Levels After Kingdom

•Phylum (or Division in plants)•Class•Order•Family•Genus•Species

Narrowest Level: Species (write this)

•Organisms that belong Organisms that belong to the same species can to the same species can mate and produce mate and produce fertile offspring.fertile offspring.

•Name only one type of Name only one type of organism.organism.

Things to Remember (write this)

•Classification can also be Classification can also be called Taxonomy. It helps us called Taxonomy. It helps us understand how living things understand how living things are related.are related.

•Levels are called Taxons.Levels are called Taxons.•With each successive taxon With each successive taxon

down a list, fewer and fewer down a list, fewer and fewer organisms occupy the taxon.organisms occupy the taxon.

(write this) •The system of naming The system of naming

organisms by their genus & organisms by their genus & species is called Binomial species is called Binomial Nomenclature. Each name can Nomenclature. Each name can only refer to one organism.only refer to one organism.

•The Genus & Species names The Genus & Species names make up the organism's make up the organism's scientific name scientific name –(Ex: Homo Sapien)(Ex: Homo Sapien)

•Most scientific names come Most scientific names come from Latin & Greekfrom Latin & Greek

Activating Strategy

What would you do if an organism that you had never seen before just bit you? How might you identify it to determine if it is poisonous or not?

Tools for Identifying Organisms (write this)

•Field Guides Field Guides – give – give descriptions & descriptions & illustrations of organisms.illustrations of organisms.

•Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys – give – give detailed lists of identifying detailed lists of identifying characteristics that characteristics that include scientific names.include scientific names.

Create a key that would help identify the pieces of fruit below.

Bottle-Nosed Bottle-Nosed DolphinDolphin

1. On what do modern scientists base their classification system?

2. Name the six smaller groups within a kingdom.

3. In the plant kingdom, what word is used in place of “phylum?”

4. What is the common name of the organism classified on this slide?

5. What order is it in?6. Which grouping

identifies a specific organism?

Family Delphinidae

Genus Tursiops

Species Tursiops truncatus

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Cetacea