SCIENCE (Support and Movement )
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Transcript of SCIENCE (Support and Movement )
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ENDOSKELETON OR INTERNAL SKELETON
1. The human body is supported by an internal skeleton ofbones called the endoskeleton.
2. An endoskeleton is made of cartilage.
3. Cartilage is a strong flexible material that is found in
our nose and ears.
4. Muscles and other soft tissues are attached to the outside
of the endoskeleton.
5. They form on the outside of most vertebrate bodies of a
soft covering.
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The Human Skeleton
1. The human body is supported by an internal skeleton of
bones called endoskeleton.
2. Besides supporting the body, the skeleton gives the body
shape.
cranium
BackbonePectoral
girdle
Pelvic girdle
Radius
ulna
Femur
tibia
Fibula
humerus
Rib cage
Sternum
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3. The weight of the body is mainly supported by the pelvic
girdles. This is why the pelvic girdles are very solid and
strong.
4. Unlike animals which walk on four limbs, the pectoral
girdlesdo not have to support the body weight.
5. The long bones of the body are generally used for
movement, e.g. the humerus and the femur.
6. Thejoints enable the parts of the body to bend and turn.
7. The cranium protects the brains.
8. The breastbone and ribs enclose and protect the lungs
and the heart.
9. The backbone is a chain of 33 small bones. This makes
the backbone flexible, enabling the body to bend forwardsand backwards.
10. The marrow in the long bones make white blood cells
and red blood cells.
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SUPPORT IN LAND VERTERBRATES
1. Land vertebrates, e.g. the elephant and the horse, havevery strong endoskeleton.
2. The endoskeleton serves the following functions:
* It supports the body weight of the animal
* It maintains the shape of the animal
* It protects the internal organs of the animal
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The Support System In Elephant
Pelvic Girdles
* Support the weightof the body.
Backbone
* Helps to support the body and enables the body to bend.
Backbone
Pectoral girdle
Joints
Rib bones
Pelvic
girdles
Leg bones
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Pectoral Girdles
* Support the weight of the body.
Joints
* The joints enable parts of the body and the long bones to
bend. The hinge joints in the legs can bend in one direction
only.
Leg Bones
* These help the animal to move.
*Each long bone contains a hollow to make the bone light.
* This hollow bone is stronger than a solid bone of the
same length and weight.
Ribs Bones
* The rib bones enclose and protect the lungs and the heart.
SUPPORT IN AQUATIC VERTEBRATES
1. Aquatic vertebrates, e.g. the whale, have endoskeletons.
2. The whale is a huge animal. In fact, the blue whale is the
largest animal in the world.
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3. The whale has a very small and weak endoskeleton for
its weight and size.
4. The whale can live in the sea with such a weakendoskeleton because its body is lifted up (buoyed up) by
the lifting force (upthrust) of the water.
5. * A whale washed ashore cannot move back to the sea
because its endoskeleton cannot support the weight of the
body.
* The weight of the body will crush the endoskeleton and
kill the whale.
The Whale Is Supported By The Lifting Force
(Upthrust) Of The Sea
BackboneEndoskeleton
Pectoral girdlesPelvic girdles
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Endoskeleton
* Gives the whale shape and structure.
Backbone
* Enables the whale to bend its body in the water.
Pelvic Girdles
* Very small and cannot support the weight of the whale on
land.
Pectoral Girdles
* Small and weak compared to the whales weight and size.
Comparison between the support systems in land
vertebrates and aquatic vertebrates.
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1. Invertebrates are animals without backbone.
SIMILARITIESLAND VERTEBRATES(ELEPHANT)
Internal Skeleton
(Endoskeleton)
AQUATIC
VERTEBRATES(WHALE)
DIFFERENCES
Internal skeleton
system
Big
Very strong
Buoyancy of water
Comparatively small
Comparatively weak
Type Of Support
System
Size Of Pectoral
and Pelvic Girdles
Strength Of
Pectoral and
Pelvic Girdles
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2. Some are supported by exoskeletons.
3. Some are supported by hydrostatic skeletons.
EXOSKELETON
1. An exoskeleton is a hard outer layer covering the
invertebrate.
2. The exoskeleton is made of a hard substance called
chitin.
3. The exoskeleton:
* supports the invertebrate
* maintains its shape
* protects its internal parts
4. The exoskeleton is shed when the invertebrate grows.
This process is called moulting.
Examples of invertebrates with exoskeleton
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Cockroach
Scorpion
Prawn
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HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
1. An invertebrate with a soft body has a hydrostatic
skeleton.
2. It consists of a body with fluid in its body cavity. The
fluid in the body cavity exerts pressure outwards and makes
the body stiff (turgid).
3. The hydrostatic skeleton:
* supports the soft body
* maintains the shape of the body
* enables the invertebrate to become firm and move about.
Examples of invertebrates with hydrostatic skeletons
Crab
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Earthworm
Slug
Jellyfish
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Starfish