Science Study Guides

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Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the

United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or byany means, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240

ISBN 0-07-866972-3Printed in the United States of America7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07


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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Chapter 2: Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Chapter 3: Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Chapter 4: Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Chapter 5: Earths Energy and Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . .15

Chapter 6: Views of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Chapter 7: Weathering and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Chapter 8: Erosional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Chapter 9: Water Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Chapter 11: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Chapter 12: Volcanoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Chapter 13: Clues to Earths Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Chapter 14: Geologic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Chapter 15: Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Chapter 16: Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Chapter 17: Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Chapter 18: Ocean Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Chapter 19: Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Chapter 20: Our Impact on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Chapter 21: Our Impact on Water and Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Chapter 22: Exploring Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Chapter 23: The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Chapter 24: The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Chapter 25: Stars and Galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93


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Step Explanation Example from Text

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

The Nature of Science 1

Science All AroundStudy Guide11

Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.

1.(neicse) a process of observing, studying, and thinking about things togain knowledge

2. (mutains) a large wave caused by an earthquake

3. (erte grisn) a way to learn information about events in an area long ago

4. (treemixepn) a way to test a hypothesis

5. (streemsiy) scientific methods can be used to solve these

6. (yoncoleght) the application of science for practical purposes

7. (hanic) the country that used a seismograph to detect earthquakes in

the year 132 A.D.

8. (nnnotivie) an application of scientific discovery to make somethingthat has a useful purpose

9. (serpia) the country that had windmills in the year 650 A.D.

10. (pinedeendt) the variable that you change in an experiment to see whatwill happen

11. (kyeurt) the country that was working with copper metal in 7000 B.C.

12. (fictiensic dothem) an organized set of investigation procedures

13. (tennddeep) a type of variable that changes according to changes inother variables

14. (cottanns) something that does not change when other variables in anexperiment change

Directions: List six common steps in the scientific method. Explain or define each step and/or tell why its

important. Give an example from the dishwashing liquid experiment in the text.

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Scientific Enterprise

Directions: Complete the paragraphs by writing the correct terms in the spaces.

Early people observed their surroundings and relied on 1. ______________________________

to explain storms, volcanoes, and seasons. When people observed seasonal phenomena, they

developed a 2. ______________________________ of about 365 days. Knowledge collected over

time about weather evolved into the science of3. ______________________________. Instruments

were developed to measure weather phenomena. The 4. ______________________________ gauge

was probably the first weather instrument. In the 1600s in Italy other instruments were developed to

set up weather stations. The 5. ______________________________ measures air pressure. The

6. ______________________________ measures temperature. Water vapor in the air is measured

by a 7. ______________________________. Wind speed is measured by an

8. ______________________________. The first American to suggest weather could be predicted

was 9. ______________________________. The Weather Bureau of the late 1800s became the

10. ______________________________.

Scientists form and test 11. ______________________________.

New 12. ______________________________ is gathered over long periods of time. When tests

are repeated, an explanation and hypothesis becomes a 13. ____________________. When a rule

is proposed to describe the behavior of something in nature, it is called a

14. ____________________. Usually laws describe what will happen but dont give an

15. ____________________.

Study Guide22 1Chapter


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Matter 3

AtomsStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word banks provided to complete the following section summary.

atoms building blocks elements isotopesmatter minerals model native elements

Anything that has mass and takes up space is called (1)____________________. Matter is made

up of tiny particles called (2)____________________. The structure of atoms and how they join

together determine all the properties of matter. Atoms sometimes are called

(3)____________________ of matter. Substances that are made of only one type of atom are

called (4)____________________. They may combine to make up (5)____________________,

found in Earths crust. Some minerals are made up of only one element and are called

(6)____________________.

atomic number atoms electron cloud electrons

neutrons isotopes mass number negative

negative number protons three

A Greek philosopher first proposed that matter was made up of small particles which he called

(7)____________________. The current model of the atom is made up of

(8)____________________ basic parts. Particles with a positive charge are

(9)____________________. Particles with no charge are (10)____________________. Both neu-

trons and protons are located in the nucleus. Particles with a negative charge that exist outside the

nucleus are called (11)____________________. Electrons have specific amounts of energy and

move around in a(n) in a(n) (12)____________________, similar to bees in a beehive.

All atoms of the same element have the same (13)____________________ of protons, shown

as the (14)____________________. Atoms can lose or gain electrons, making the overall charge

positive or (15)____________________. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons is

the (16)____________________. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neu-

trons are called (17)____________________.

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Combinations of Atoms

Directions: Define the following terms.

1. compound

2. mixture

Directions: Identify each of the following as a mixture or a compound.

3. NaCl

4. solution

5.water

6. NaCl + H2O

7. salt

8. H2O

9. air

10. salt water

11. vinegar and oil

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

12. Sweetened tea is a type of mixture called a(n) ____________________.

13. A water molecule is made up of two atoms of ____________________ and one atom

of ____________________

14. The substances in a(n) ____________________ can be physically separated from oneanother.

15. Table salt is made up of one ion of ____________________ and one ion

of ____________________.

16. A(n) ____________________ cannot be separated into its individual elements by physicalmeans.



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Matter 5

Name Date Class

Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. Pay particular attention to the linkingwords or statements between boxes. The completed diagram will help you organize the relationships between

physical states of matter on Earth.

liquid definite size and shape gas

freely moving and independent takes the shape of its container water

Properties of MatterStudy Guide33

melt

freeze

boil

cool

Matter on Earth

6.

close together

and moving freely

may be

5.

1.

may bemay be

solid2.

fixed position

4.

3.

completely fills

its container

molecules aremolecules are molecules are

results in results inresults in

unique

Earth

example

unique

Earth

example

unique

Earth

example

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Minerals 7

MineralsStudy Guide11

Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition.

Definition

1. naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definitechemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms

2. salt formed by the natural evaporation of seawater

3. describes atoms arranged in a pattern over and over

4. a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly,repeating pattern

5. melted rock that forms crystals

6. the part of a solution that evaporates, leaving a mineral

7. the process, in a dry climate, where the solution leaves the mineral

8. number of common elements in Earths crust

9. group of rocks forming minerals that contain silicon and oxygen

10. two most abundant elements in Earths crust

Directions: List four characteristics of a mineral.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Directions: Arrange the eight most common elements in Earths crust from most common to least common.(Hint: refer to Figure 5 in your textbook for additional help.)

Most common Least common

Name Date Class

Vocabulary

a. crystal

b. crystalline

c. eight

d. evaporation

e. five

f. halite

g. magma

h. mineral

i. oxygen

j. silicon

k. silicate

l. water

1

5.

1

6.

1

7.

1

8.

1

9.

2

0.

2

1.

2

2.

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Mineral Identification

Directions: In the blank at the left, put a check mark () next to each statement that agrees with the textbook.

1. The physical properties of a mineral can be seen or measured in some way.

2. The physical properties of a mineral make it possible to identify the mineral.

3. Any mineral can be identified by a careful check of one physical characteristic.

4. Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be located.

5. Friedrich Mohs developed a scale which lists minerals according to their hardness.

6. Quartz will scratch a piece of copper, so quartz is harder than copper.

7. The luster of a mineral is described as metallic or nonmetallic.

8. The luster of chrome would be described as nonmetallic.

9. Color alone is not usually enough to identify a mineral.

10. When some minerals are rubbed across unglazed porcelain, they leave a streak ofpowdered material.

11. Graphite is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.

12. Topaz is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.

13. Most minerals cannot be broken.

14. Mica shows clear cleavage.

15. Quartz is a mineral with cleavage.

Directions: Match the mineral names in Column I with the descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the

correct description in the blank at the left.

Column I

16. magnetite

17. pyrite

18. talc

19. calcite

20. gold

Study Guide22

Column II

a. light yellow color; metallic luster; greenish-black

streak

b. light color; fingernail will scratch it; leaves thick,

powdery streak

c. black color; black streak; dull metallic luster; is attracted

to magnets

d. yellow color; scratched by copper penny; often found

in flakes

e. glassy luster; hardness of 3

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Minerals 9

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Why are diamonds and rubies valuable? What are minerals like these called?

2. What characteristics make gemstones beautiful?

3. Quartz crystals can be used as gems. What other more practical uses can quartz crystals have?

4. What useful material may be obtained from bauxite? What useful material may be obtainedfrom hematite? What are bauxite and hematite called, since they produce useful materials?

5. Where are vein mineral deposits found? How did they get there?

6. What is titanium and why is it useful?

Uses of MineralsStudy Guide33 3Chapter


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Rocks 11

Name Date Class

The Rock CycleStudy Guide11Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition.

Definition

1. a mixture of minerals, volcanic glass,organic material, or other materials

2. illustrates the processes that create and change rocks

3. formed when particles and bits of rock are cementedtogether

4. formed when heat, pressure, or fluids act on othertypes of rock and affect their composition

5. formed when hot magma cools and hardens(may be intrusive or extrusive rock)

6. rock fragments, mineral grains, or organic remainsthat have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity

7. principle that illustrates chemical elements fromminerals and rocks are not lost or destroyed,but changed to a new form

8. location where scientists first recognized the rock cycle

Directions: List possible changes for each type of rock. (Hint: Refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additionalhelp.)

Vocabulary

a. conservation of matter

b. igneous rock

c. James Hutton

d. metamorphic rock

e. Mt. Rushmore, SouthDakota

f. rock

g. rock cycle

h. sediments

i. sedimentary rock

j. Siccar Point, Scotland

k. volcanic

Type of Rock May Change To Or May Change To

9. Igneous magma

10. Sedimentary

11. Metamorphic sediments

12. Sediments

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Igneous Rocks

Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. The boxed lettersshould spell the kind of rocks that form from magma.

1. Igneous rocks that are dense and dark-colored. They form from magma that is rich in iron andmagnesium and poor in silica.

2. Thick, gooey, molten material inside a volcano or deep inside Earth

3.Igneous rocks that are light-colored and have a lower density. They form from thick, stiffmagma that contains lots of silica and lesser amounts of iron and magnesium.

4. Igneous rocks that have mineral compositions between those of granitic and basaltic rocks

5. One kind of volcanic glass that has holes caused by pockets of gas

6. The kind of igneous rock that forms below Earths surface

7. The kind of igneous rock that forms on or near Earths surface

8. Magma forms this kind of rock.

7

6

5

4

3

2

11



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Rocks 13

Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.

metamorphic rocks foliated rocks nonfoliated rocksmarble quartzite sandstone

gneiss shale granite

Metamorphic Rocks33

Study Guide33

Directions: Write T if the statement is true. Write F if the statement is false.

10.

Metamorphic rocks form only from igneous rocks.11. An igneous rock like granite can be formed into a metamorphic rock like gneiss.

12. Heat and pressure have no effect on rocks.

13. One type of rock, such as shale, can change into several different kinds ofmetamorphic rock.

forms from forms from forms from forms from

can be

classified as

slate

4. 5. 6.

8. 9.

2.

7.

3.

1.

two examples

are

two examples

are

limestone

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Sedimentary Rocks

Directions: Complete the outline by filling in the blanks.

Sedimentary Rocks

I. Materials that make up sediments

A.

B.

C.

II. Ways sedimentary rocks can form

A.

Definition:

B.

Definition:

C.

Definition:

III. Classification of sedimentary rocks

A.

Examples:

B.

Examples:

C.

Examples:

44Study Guide44 4

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Earths Energy and Mineral Resources 15

Name Date Class

Nonrenewable EnergyResources

Study Guide11Directions: Use the information from your textbook to complete the energy resources chart below.

Resource Description Made From Commonly Used For

1. Fossil fuel plants and organisms heating, electricity,

buried and altered gasoline,

over millions of years making plastics

2. a sedimentary bacteria reacting with

rock containing dead plants

hydrocarbons

3. Oil a thick, black heating, gasoline,liquid hydrocarbon, manufacturing

commonly called plastics

petroleum

4. hydrocarbons the remains of

in a gaseous state marine animals,

lighter than oil

5. Synthetic a human-made heating,

fuel liquid or gaseous electricity

fuel

6. Methane hydrocarbons heating,

hydrate trapped in ice electricity

structures on the

seafloor

7. Nuclear uranium-235

energy

8. the splitting of electricityheavy elements to

produce energy

9. when materials of in the future,

low mass are fused hydrogen fused into

together to form helium molecules

substance of higher

mass

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16 Earths Energy and Mineral Resources

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Renewable Energy Resources

Directions: Write the correct term after each description below on the spaces provided. Then unscramble theboxed letters to spell a type of energy resource in question 16.

1. where solar energy comes from ___ ___

2. used indirectly when winds andocean currents are used to do work ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. collect the Suns energy ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. use wind energy ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. hydroelectric power uses this ___ ___ ___ ___

6. built to retain water ___ ___

7. energy from hot magma ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. state where geothermal energyis being used ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. energy from burning organic material ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

10. ethanol mixed with gasoline ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. a large number of windmills placedin one area to generate electricity ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

12. when using magma and waterto create energy, the magmas heatturns the water into this ___ ___ ___ ___

13. a tall, leafy, renewable energy resource ___ ___ ___ ___

14. using wood for energy can create this ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

15. cars that use solar cells as a powersource ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________



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Earths Energy and Mineral Resources 17

Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.

1. Deposits in which minerals exist in large enough amounts to be mined for profit are

hydroelectric.

2. Bauxite is an iron ore.

3. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating and recycling.

4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.

5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.

6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource.

7. Limestone is a source of silica.

8. Gypsum is used as an industrial material.

9. Resourcing is using old materials to make new ones.

10. Gypsum is used to make sandpaper.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. Why do economic factors play a part in determining what an ore is?

12. What are mined nonmetallic resources used for? Give some examples.

Mineral ResourcesStudy Guide33 5Chapter


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Views of Earth 19

LandformsStudy Guide11

Directions: Unscramble the geology terms provided to correctly complete the section summary paragraph.

The three basic types of landforms are sipnal (1)____________________,uptesala (2)____________________, and taisonnum (3)____________________. Large, flat

areas in the dimdel (4)____________________ of a continent are

spinal (5)____________________. With thick fertile soil, they are ideal for

gramfin (6)____________________. Coastal plains are formed near

sonace (7)____________________ and formed as part of a

nnnettellfohsiac (8)____________________, as sediments dropped onto the ocean floor. Interior

plains, such as the Great Plains in the central United States, consist of nearly horizontal layers ofyockadesnemitrr (9)____________________.

Flat areas of land that have been uplifted by forces within Earth are

sauptlae (10)__________________. They differ from plains in that their

geeds (11)____________________ rise steeply above the land around them. River valleys and

scayonn (12)____________________ commonly cut through these high, horizontal rock layers.

Mountains are classified into rouf(13)____________________ main types.

naccilov(14)____________________ mountains are formed over time when many layers of

magma pile up, creating a cone-shaped structure.drappewu (15)____________________ moun-

tains are formed when sections of Earths crust are pushed up by Earths internal forces. They have

high speak(16)____________________ and sharp ridges.ftauollbck(17)____________________

mountains are separated from surrounding rock by faults, or huge fractures in the rock. Huge,

tilted blocks of rock are pushed up, while the next block is dropped down, producing majestic

peaks and steep spoles (18)____________________. Some extreme forces inside Earth may push

rock layers horizontally, forming ddelof(19)____________________ mountains. This type of

mountain often shows spectacular sraley(20)____________________ of rock that look like they

have been pushed together or folded. Earths ronmdalfs (21)____________________ offer a vari-

ety of beautiful landscapes that continue to be shaped by Earths natural forces.

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20 Views of Earth

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Viewpoints

Directions: Study the map. Write the letter of each map feature or location on the line provided.

Study Guide22

_______ 1. equator

_______ 2. prime meridian

_______ 3. International Date Line

_______ 4. 15S latitude, 90E longitude

_______ 5. 15N latitude, 165E longitude


_______ 7. 30N latitude, 165W longitude


_______ 9. 30N latitude, 120W longitude


90

60

45

30

15

0

15

30

45

60

90180F1501209060300C306090

East (E)West (W)

120150180F

N

S

EW

L M

E H

B

A

G

D

KN

J

I

O

F

C

Directions: The map shows longitude in 15-degree increments, which correspond to the time zones. Use the

lines of longitude to estimate the time for the following places.

11. Youre at point B on the map. Its 7:00 A.M. What time is it at point E?

12. Youre at point H on the map. Its 5:00 P.M. What time is it at point G?

13. Youre at point H on the map. Its 7:00 P.M. What time is it at point D?

14. Youre at point J and you travel eastward to point L. Do you lose orgain a day?

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Views of Earth 21

Directions: Write the letter of the term that best completes or answers the sentence.

1. A ______ projection has parallel latitude lines and parallel longitude lines. The areasof the continents are distorted, especially near the poles.a. conic b. Robinson c. Mercator

2. On a ______ projection, latitude lines are parallel and longitude lines are curved. Theland areas are less distorted at the poles.a. conic b. Robinson c. Mercator

3. A ______ projection is made from projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.a. conic b. Robinson c. topographic

4. A ______ map shows changes in elevation of Earths surface.a. conic b. Robinson c. topographic

5. The 1 on the map scale 1:24,000 represents 1 cm. What does the 24,000 represent?a. 24,000 cm b. 24 cm c. 24,000 km

6. On a map scale, 1 cm equals 1 km. What distance is represented by 10 cm on the map?a. 1,000 km b. 1,000 cm c. 10 km

Directions: Use Figures 13 to answer the following questions.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

MapsStudy Guide33

7. What is the contour interval for Figure 1?

8. What is the contour interval for Figure 2?

9. Which figure represents a hill, and how do you know?

10. In which direction does the Buck River flow, and how do you know?

1900

m

1800

m15m

40

mN

Buck

Rive

r

Scale 1 cm = 10,000 cmContour interval 500 cm

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Weathering and Soil 23

Name Date Class

WeatheringStudy Guide11

Directions: Number the following events about ice wedging in the order they happen. The first step in thesequence has been numbered for you.

11. Ice Wedging

water freezes and expands

ice melts, allowing more water to enter crack

pressure builds and extends the crack

water enters crack in rock

crack extends and breaks apart the rock

Directions: Using the terms provided, complete the weathering comparison chart below.

animals chemical reactions chemical weathering ice wedgingmechanical weathering natural acid oxidation physical processes

plant acid plant

Weathering

2 Types of Weathering

Definition

(1)________________

(3)_______________: rocks

are broken apart; new rocksare similar to original rocks

(5)_______________:water freezes in rock cracks

(7)_______________:roots force into cracks, then

grow and break rock

(9)_______________:digging, scratching at rocks,causing rocks to move

(2)_______________

(4)_______________:

dissolves or changes theminerals; new rocks are dif-ferent from original rocks

(6)________________:carbonic acid dissolves rock,creating caves

(8)________________:oxygen and water react with

minerals to break down intorust

(10)_________________from decaying plants weak-ens rocks

Ways Weathering Occurs

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The Nature of Soil

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. Study the diagram of a soil profile to answerquestions 15.

1. Which soil layer contains the most humus?

2. How far into the soil do plant roots grow?

3. Where in this soil profile is organic matter broken down?

4. Where in this soil profile is solid rock being weathered into soil?

5. What is the name of the process by which water carries dissolved minerals from the upper

horizons down to the lower levels?

6. What factors help determine the type of soil, such as the thickness of the layers and their

composition?

7. Choose a factor from Question 6 and explain how it can affect the soil in an area.



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Weathering and Soil 25

Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.

1.gonPliwmechanically turns and loosens the soil to grow crops.

2. When soil is moved from the place where it formed, the processis called sieroon.

3. There is no plowing and plant stalks are left in the field inli-toln gimnarf.

4. In artericeng, flat-topped areas are built into the sides of steephills and mountains to grow crops.

5. In dry regions where sheep and cattle eat the grasses,reggianvorzincreases soil erosion.

6. Each year, clearing thousands of square kilometers ofnair setrofdestroys soil in the tropics.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.7. What can be done to reduce erosion at construction sites?

8. What effect does overgrazing have on topsoil?

9. Why shouldnt more land be cleared for farming and grazing as old land is worn out?

10. Why do people need soil?

11. What can farmers do to reduce soil erosion?

Soil ErosionStudy Guide33 7Chapter


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Erosional Forces 27

Erosional ForcesStudy Guide11Directions: Using the word bank provided, complete the following statements.

creep deposition erosion gravity

landslide mass movement mudflow rockfalls

rock slide slump wins

1. The process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another is

called _________________.

2. The force of attraction that pulls all objects toward Earths center is _________________.

3. Blocks of rock break loose and tumble through the air in _________________.

4. A mass movement with sediments slowly shifting their positions down hill is called

_________________.

5. A combination of mass movements such as slump, rock slides and mudflow would be called

a(n)________________.

6. When agents of erosion lose energy and drop their sediments, it is referred to as

________________.

7. Layers of rock breaking loose and slipping downhill suddenly is a(n) ________________.

8. A mass of material slipping downhill along a curved surface creates a(n) ________________.

9. The general term used to describe erosion that happens as gravity moves materials down a

slope is ________________.

10. A thick mixture of sediment and water flowing down a slope is commonly called a(n)

________________.

11. The process of erosion may be slowed down, but mass movement cannot be eliminated

because gravity always ________________.

Directions: List three factors most mass movements have in common.12.

13.

14.

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Glaciers

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

1. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers similar?

2. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers different?

Directions: Use your answers above to identify the glaciers described below. You may need to use both types to

answer a question.

3. They form U-shaped valleys.

4. They covered much of Earth during ice ages.

5. They deposit till and outwash.

6. They weather rocks by plucking.

7. They form in areas that have cold temperatures all year.

8. They are now located only in the polar regions.

9. They are the kind of glaciers found in Montana today.

10. They can create cirques on the side of mountains.

Study Guide22 8

Chapter


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Erosional Forces 29


1. Wind erosion called __________________ pits and polishes rocks when blown sand grains

hit them.

2. ___________________ are a common form of wind deposit in desert regions and nearoceans and lakes.

3. Much of the midwestern United States is on fertile soil that developed from

____________________ deposits.

4. ______________________ is sediment that is as fine as talcum powder.

5. Erosion and ____________________ are part of a cycle that shapes and reshapes the land.

6. ____________________ is wind erosion that can be compared to sandblasting.

7. When windblown sediments pile up behind obstacles, ___________________ are formed.

8. Abrasion and deflation are forms of ___________________ erosion.

9. Loess and dunes are ___________________ of wind-eroded sediments.

10. ___________________ is wind erosion that picks up small particles and leaves heavierparticles behind.

11. The side of a sand dune away from the wind has a _________________ slope than the sidefacing the wind.

12. ____________________ erosion is common in deserts, beaches, and plowed fields.

13. During a __________________, sand grains form a low cloud just above the ground.

14. _________________ blow topsoil from open fields, overgrazed areas, and places wherevegetation has disappeared.

15. People in many countries plant trees to act as _________________ to reduce wind erosion.

16. Along many seacoasts and deserts, _________________ is planted to reduce erosion.

17. Plants with fibrous _________________ systems, such as grasses, work best at stopping winderosion.

18. One common dune shape is a crescent-shaped dune known as a _________________.

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Water Erosion and Depostion 31

Water Erosion andDeposition

Study Guide11Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.

alluvial fan bed load delta drainage basinflood plain gully erosion meander rill erosion

sheet erosion silt stream erosion suspended load

1. light weight sediments that are picked up and moved

2. erosion caused by a thin, broad layer of water

3. area of land from which streams or rivers collect runoff

4. broad, flat valley floor formed by meandering stream dropping fertilesediment

5. flat, triangular land extending into the ocean, formed from droppedsediment

6. process by which stream channel becomes deeper and wider

7. small groove that continues to enlarge, forming a channel

8. larger, heavy particles that roll along the bottom of a stream

9. very fine sediment

10. sediment deposits onto valley floor at the base of a mountain stream

11. created by rill channel becoming broader and deeper

12. broad, curved arc in the path of a stream

Directions: Complete the study chart below on the life and characteristics of a stream. (Hint: Refer to Figure 8 inthe text book for additional help.)

Name Date Class

Type of Speed and Physical Location of Stream Location Characteristics Erosion

13. swiftly runs through waterfalls, rapids

steep valleys

14. Mature smooth flowing in

valley

15. flat floodplain, erodes sides and

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Groundwater

Directions: Study the following diagrams. Then label the parts using the correct terms from the list below.

artesian well aquifer stalactitestalagmite water table zone of saturation

Study Guide22

1.

3.

4.

6.

2.

5.

Cave

Saturated with

groundwater

Impermeable

Soil

Impermeablelayer

Saturatedpermeablelayer

Impermeablelayer

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Water Erosion and Deposition 33

Directions: For each item, write every other letter, beginning with the first letter, on line a. Next, beginning

with the second letter, write every other letter on line b.Add spaces between words in a and b. Then on line c,

write an explanation of the relationship between the terms in lines a and b.1. N B O A T R O R N I A E M R A I I S N L L A A N N D D S

a.

b.

c.

2. P L A O R N A G L S L H E O L R S E T C H U E R S R H E O N R T E

a.

b.

c.

3. S B E E D A I C M H E E N S T

a.

b.

c.

4. T S I U D R E F S A C C U E R W R A E V N E T S S

a.

b.

c.

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Plate Tectonics 35

Continental DriftStudy Guide11

Directions: In the space provided, briefly discuss Pangaea and continental drift and the scientific clues that sup-

port Alfred Wegeners theory.

1. Pangaea:

2. Continental drift:

3. Puzzle-like fit clues:

4. Fossil clues:

5. Plant clues:

6. Climate clues:

7. Rock clues:

8. New ideas about continental drift developed through advanced technology. One new explana-

tion for how the continents could drift is _________________________________________.

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Seafloor Spreading

Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.

1. During the 1940s and 1950s, scientists began using radar on moving ships to map large areas

of the ocean floor in detail.

2. The youngest rocks are found far from the mid-ocean ridges.

3. The scientist Henry Hess invented echo-sounding devices for mapping the ocean floor.

4. As the seafloor spreads apart, hot saltwater moves upward and flows from the cracks.

5. As the new seafloor moves away from the ridge and becomes hotter, it moves upward andforms still higher ridges.

6. The research ship Glomar Challengerwas equipped with a drilling rig that records magnetic data.

7. Rocks on the seafloor are much older than many continental rocks.

8. When plates collide, the denser plate will ride over the less-dense plate.

9. Earths magnetic field has always run from the north pole to the south pole.

10. The magnetic alignment in rocks on the ocean floor always runs from the north pole to thesouth pole.



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Plate Tectonics 37

Directions: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below.

asthenosphere lithosphere plate tectonicsconvection plates

1. The theory of ____________________ states that Earths crust and upper mantle are broken

into sections.

2. These sections, called ____________________, are composed of the crust and a part of the

upper mantle.

3. The crust and upper mantle together are called the ____________________.

4. Beneath this layer is the plasticlike ____________________.

5. Scientists suggest that differences in density cause hot, plasticlike rock to be forced upward

toward the surface, cool, and sink. This cycle is called a ____________________ current.

Directions: Four diagrams are shown in the table below. Label and describe each diagram in the space providedin order to complete the table.

Theory of Plate TectonicsStudy Guide33

Type of boundary andmotion at boundary

Type of boundary andmotion at boundary

DiagramDiagram

6.

7.

8.

9.

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Earthquakes 39

Forces Inside EarthStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.

compression elastic limit reverse fault strike-slip faultearthquake fault plate movement tension

elastic deformation normal fault shear

Definition

1. force that squeezes rocks together

2. vibrations produced by the breaking of rock

3. rocks bent and stretched out of shape by force

4. constant motion of plates

5. surface along which rocks move when they pass their elastic limit andbreak

6. forces on either side of fault cause rocks to slide past each other

7. limit to how far rocks can bend and stretch

8. force that pulls rocks apart

9. rocks on either side of the fault move past each other without muchupward or downward movement

10. results from tension, pulling rock apart; where the rock above the faultsurface drops in relation to rock below the fault surface

11. results from compression forces squeezing rocks together; rock abovethe fault surface is forced up and over rock below the fault surface

Directions: Number the following events about seismic pressure in the order in which they happen. The first

step in the sequence has been numbered for you.

12. Seismic Pressure

an earthquake resultsrough edges catch due to friction, temporarily halting movement along a fault

stress causes the rocks to bend and change shape

rocks bend beyond their elastic limit, break, move along the fault, and return to theiroriginal shape

forces keep driving the rocks to move and pressure builds

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Features of Earthquakes

Directions: The graph below shows travel time in minutes and distance traveled for primary and secondary

waves. Primary and secondary waves start at the same time but do not travel at the same speed. Study the

graph. Use the graph to help answer the questions that follow.

Study Guide22

0

Traveltime(min)

Distance traveled (1,000 km units)

Secondary wave

Primary wave

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. How long does it take for a primary wave to travel 2,000 km?

2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2,000 km?

3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 min?

4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 min?

5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distancetraveled gets longer?

6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both travel a distance of 4,000 km before they arepicked up by a seismograph. Which wave will arrive first?

7. How much time lag at 4,000 km will there be between these two waves?

8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 min. Which wavewill travel farther?

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Earthquakes 41

Directions: In the space provided, write R if the description refers to the Richter scale and M if it refers to the

modified Mercalli scale.

1. based on the height of the lines traced by a seismograph

2. describes the strength of an earthquake

3. describes the amount of damage an earthquake causes

4. an earthquake with an intensity of VII

5. an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5

Directions: Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, rewrite the word or words in italics to

make the statement true.

6. The paper record of a seismic event is called a seismograph.

7. Far from shore, a large ship might ride over a seismic sea wavewithout anyone noticing it.

8. A seismogram consists of a rotating drum of paper and apendulum with an attached pen.

9. An intensity-XII earthquake would cause littledestruction.

10. For safetys sake, people who live in earthquake regions shouldbuild their houses on loose soils.

11. When liquefaction occurs, the soil becomes more liquidandbuildings can sink into it and collapse.

12. A seismic sea wave and a tsunami arethe same thing.

13. The water along a shoreline may flow towardthe sea just beforea tsunami crashes on shore.

14. In some new buildings made of steel plates and rubber parts,the steelacts like a cushion to absorb earthquakes.

15. One way to make your home earthquake-safe is to place heavy

objects on high shelves so they wont fall on you.

People and EarthquakesStudy Guide33 11Chapter


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Volcanoes 43

Volcanoes and EarthsMoving Plates

Study Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following summary paragraph.

acid rain lava flow pyroclastic flow volcanofalling ash magma rise volcanologists

igneous rock plates vent

Earths crust is formed from (1)____________________ that are constantly moving. Pressure

between these shifting plates causes rock deep within Earth to melt, forming liquid rock called

(2)____________________. Because it is less dense than the surrounding rock, this molten rock

begins to (3)____________________ to the surface and escape through a

(4)____________________. As the lava cools, it builds up in layers which become(5)____________________. Spewing gases, ash, and lava around the opening creates a

(6)____________________.

Volcanoes can have dramatic effects on peoples lives and their property. Volcanic ash and

debris may pour down a mountain side as (7)____________________ crushing crops, villages,

forests, and wildlife.(8)____________________ forms when gases mix with water vapor raining

down and killing plants. Entire villages may be buried below (9)____________________ as in

Herculaneum. A (10)____________________ destroys everything in its path. These eruptions can

be violent and unpredictable, but volcano scientists, also known as (11)____________________,

still find them beautiful, exciting, and intriguing to study.

Directions: Complete the summary chart of volcanoes characteristics. (Hint: Refer to Figure 6-8 for additionalhelp.)

Name Date Class

Cause of Activity Taking Place Characteristics Real-WorldVolcano Example

12.divergent plate riftslong,boundary deep cracks

13. convergent one plate moves Soufriere Hills,

plate boundary under another Montserrat

14. occurs in the

middle of plate

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Types of Volcanoes

Directions: Identify each form of volcano and then fill in the chart with the appropriate information abouteach form.

Study Guide22

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.4. What is the relationship between the amount of gases in magma and the explosiveness of a

volcanic eruption?

5. What is the relationship between the silica content of magma and the explosiveness of avolcanic eruption?

Lava flowsTephra TephraLava flows

Figure 2 Figure 3

1.

Form of volcano Type of Magma Shape of Volcano Materials in Volcano

2.

3.

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Volcanoes 45

Directions: Identify each volcanic feature shown in the figure. Describe how it is formed.

Igneous Rock FeaturesStudy Guide33

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Clues to Earths Past 47

FossilsStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.

carbon films index fossils permineralized remainscast mineral replacement trace fossils

coal mold

fossils original remains

1. thin film of carbon residue forming a silhouette of the originalorganism

2. soft spaces inside an organism are filled with minerals fromgroundwater

3. hard, outer cavity in the rock where fossil has been dissolved

4. fossilized tracks and evidence of activity of organisms

5. traces of species that existed on Earth, used to judge climate,environment, and geologic time

6. minerals or sediments fill a fossil mold

7. totally carbonized remains, now used as fuel source

8. the replacement of hard and soft parts of an organism

9. remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms

10. entire, complete organism found in amber, ice, or natural tar pit

Directions: List three requirements for a fossil to be considered an index fossil.

11.

12.

13.

Directions: Discuss three things scientists studying fossils might learn about the environment.

14.

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Study Guide22

48 Clues to Earths Past

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Relative Ages of Rocks

Directions: In the blank at the left, write the term that completes each statement.

1. Natural laws govern the way geologists determine the age ofrock deposits. This technique is called _____.

2. The principle of _____ states that an older rock layer and thingsburied in it occur beneath younger layers unless the layers havebeen disturbed.

3. Some rock layers are incomplete. The gaps are called _____.

4. A common cause of gaps in rock layers is _____.

Directions: Look at the cross-sectional view of the rock layers shown in Figure 1. For each question, decidewhich of the two named materials is older. Assume the layers have not been overturned. Write the name of the

older material on the line provided.

5. tan sandstone andbrown sandstone

6. brown sandstone andgray limestone

7. gabbro dike andbrown sandstone

8. gabbro dike and

gray shale

9. snail fossil andtrilobite fossil

10. snail fossil anddinosaur bone

11. snail fossil and green shale

12. dinosaur bone and red sandstone

13. red sandstone and gray limestone

14. tan limestone and tan sandstone

15. tan limestone and gray limestone

16. The type of unconformity shown in Figure 1 is a(n) ____________.

Red sandstone

Tan limestone

Gray limestone

Tan sandstone

Brownsandstone

BrownsandstoneBlack shale

Green shale

Gray shale

Dinosaur bone

Snail fossil

Trilobite fossilG

abb

ro

dik

e

Figure 1

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Name Date Class

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Clues to Earths Past 49

Directions: Match the terms in Column I with their definitions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct phrasein the blank at the left.

Column I

1. absolute dating

2. half-life

3. radioactive decay

4. radiometric dating

5. uniformitarianism

Absolute Ages of Rocks

Column II

a. time it takes for half of the atoms in an isotope todecay

b. breaking down of a neutron into a proton and anelectron

c. principle that Earth processes occurring today aresimilar to those that occurred in the past

d. process that uses the properties of atoms in rocksand other objects to determine their ages

e. calculating the absolute age of a rock by measuring theamounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock andby knowing the half-life of the parent material

Directions: Follow the steps below to demonstrate the radioactive decay of carbon-14. Then answer the questions.

1. Cut a strip of paper 8 cm long. Think of the paper as all of the carbon-14 in an animal when it died.

2. The idea is to show how you find the age of a rock that contains an animal fossil by using thehalf-lives of isotopes. Cut the strip of paper in half.

3. Discard one half of the paper. This represents the decayed material. Record the cut in Item 6below with an X.

4. Continue by cutting the second half of the paper in half. Record the cut below with an X.

5. Continue Steps 3 and 4 until the paper is so small you cannot make another cut. Record eachcut you make with an X.

6. Number of cuts:

7. What is the total number of times you were able (practically) to cut the sample in half?

8. Each cut represents the half-life of carbon-14. What is the total amount of time represented

by each cut?

9. Multiply the number of cuts by the half-life of carbon-14. What is the total amount of timerepresented by the cuts?

10. Could using the half-life of carbon-14 determine when dinosaurs died? Explain.

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Geologic Time 51

Life and Geologic TimeStudy Guide11Directions: Use the following word bank to complete the summary statements below.

artificial selection era natural selectioneon evolution period

epoch geologic time scale species

trilobitesDefinition

1. theory that species have changed over time

2. longest geologic time unit; based on abundance of fossils

3.shortest geologic time unit; based on difference in life forms that varyregionally, such as from continent to continent

4. time unit based on major, striking, and world-wide changes in types offossils present

5. division of Earths history into time units based on the lifeforms thatlived only during certain periods; consists of periods, epochs, eras, andeons

6. theory proposed by Charles Darwin to explain how species change overtime

7. breeding of certain species by humans for desired traits8. time unit characterized by types of life existing world-wide at the time

9. group of organisms that normally reproduces only with other membersof their group

10. three-segment-bodied organisms used as index fossils

Directions: Define natural selection and then give a real-world example of an organism that is well adapted toits environment and has a good chance of survival.

11. Natural selection:

Example:

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Name Date Class

52 Geologic Time

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Early Earth History

Directions: List the events and types of organisms below in the order in which they happened or appeared onEarth. The oldest one is Number 1.

amphibians complex organisms cyanobacteria fish invertebrates

organisms with hard parts shielding of Earth from ultraviolet rays

Pangaea reptiles oxygen is major atmospheric gas

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

11. Which of the events in your list above occurred in the Precambrian time? Which occurred inthe Paleozoic Era?

12. Why is so little known about the Precambrian time?

13. Where did most life-forms of the Paleozoic Era live?

14. What might have caused the mass extinctions at the end of the Paleozoic Era?



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Geologic Time 53

Directions: Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the letter of the correct termin the space provided in the left-hand column.

Column I

1. seed plants which first appeared in the Paleozoic Era

2. era of middle life

3. most recent period in the Mesozoic Era

4. oldest period in the Mesozoic Era

5. northern part of Pangaea

6.southern part of Pangaea

7. fast-moving dinosaur

8. dinosaur thought to nurture hatchlings

9. winged animal resembling both dinosaurs and birds

10. milk-producing animals; first appeared in the Triassic Period

11. flowering plants

12. most recent era

13. most recent period in the Cenozoic Era

14. climate change that allowed flowering plants to increase

15. where most marsupials live

16. animals with pouches

Middle and RecentEarth History

Study Guide33

Column II

a. Gondwanaland

b. mammals

c. Australia

d. Laurasia

e. Cretaceous

f. gymnosperms

g. angiosperms

h. Mesozoic

i. Quaternary

j. Maiasaura

k. Triassic

l. Cenozoic

m. marsupials

n. tyrannosaurs

o. cooling

p. Archaeopteryx

q. Gallimimus

Directions: Complete the following statements.

17. The bones of cold-blooded animals have _________________________________________.

18. The bones of dinosaurs resemble those of ____________________-blooded animals.19. Some dinosaurs may have ____________________ their young.

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Atmosphere 55

Earths AtmosphereStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about Earths atmosphere.

atmosphere heat absorbed nitrogen raysbalance heat that escapes oxygen salt

dust life-forms ozone layer

gases liquids protective covering

Earths (1)____________________ is defined as a thin layer of air that forms a

(2)____________________ around the planet. It maintains a crucial (3)____________________

between the amount of(4)____________________ from the Sun and the amount of

(5)____________________ back into space. Earths atmosphere also protects

(6)____________________ from the Suns harmful (7)____________________. The atmosphere

is made up of a mixture of(8)____________________, solids, and (9)____________________ .

When Earth was young, there was little (10)____________________ in the atmosphere. It con-

tained mostly (11)____________________ and carbon dioxide. As more plants grew, releasing

oxygen through photosynthesis, Earths atmosphere changed. Today, the atmosphere contains bits

of(12)____________________,(13)____________________, and pollen, as well as liquid

droplets. It is important to protect the (14)____________________ in Earths atmosphere so thatit will continue to protect life on Earth from the Suns harmful rays.

Directions: Arrange the four most common gases in Earths atmosphere from most common to least common.(Hint: refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additional help.)

Most common Least common

Name Date Class

15.16.

17.18.

Othergases

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Energy Transfer in theAtmosphere

Directions: Answer the following questions on thelines provided using information from the graph.

1. Why doesnt all radiation directed at Earth

reach the surface?

2. What percent of radiation is lost beforereaching Earths surface?

3. What percent of radiation is lost after

reaching Earths surface?

4. What factors in the atmosphere seem to have the greatest effect on the amount of radiation receivedfrom the Sun?

Directions: Complete the chart using the correct terms and phrases from the chapter. Then answer the following

questions on the lines provided.

Study Guide22

8. If you put a frying pan on a burner on a stove and turn the burner on, the bottom of thefrying pan gets hot. What type of heat transfer has occurred?

9. When you get in a closed car on a sunny day and the temperature inside is much warmer thanoutside, what type of heat transfer has taken place?

10. In some home heating systems, warm air is blown by a furnace fan into one side of a room.On the other side of the room cold air sinks to the floor. What type of heat transfer is this?

Absorbed by cloudsand atmosphere

Absorbed byEarth's surface

Reflected by Earth'ssurface

5%

50%

25%

20%

What happens to radiation coming

to Earth from the sun?

Scattered by cloudsand air

5. Radiation

6. Conduction

7. Convection

Types of heat transfer How they are produced

produced by

produced by

produced by

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Atmosphere 57

Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Unscramble the letters

in the boxes to write a phrase related to the lesson. Use your textbook as a reference.

1. Caused by the uneven heating of Earth and its atmosphere

___ ___ ___

2. Imaginary line around the middle of Earth

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. Windless zone at the equator which sailing vessels try to avoid

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. Winds generally responsible for the movement of weather across the United States and Canada

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. Winds that provide a dependable route for trade

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

6. Cool breezes during the day caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

7. Narrow belts of strong winds at high altitudes which blow near the top of the troposphere

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. Cool breezes at night caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. Heat from the Sun

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

10. The deflection of air masses resulting from Earths eastward rotation

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. Winds that blow from the North and South Poles

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

12. The phrase is:

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Weather 59

What is weather?Study Guide11Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.

air dew point precipitation weatheranemometer fog relative humidity wind

condensation humidity temperature wind vane

1. air moving in a specific direction

2. formation of liquid water from water vapor

3. cloud droplets combine and grow large enough to fall to Earth

4. measurement of average amount of motion of molecules

5. instrument for testing wind direction6. amount of water vapor present in the air

7. the temperature at which air is saturated and condensation forms

8. made up of molecules that are always moving randomly

9. amount of water vapor present in air compared to the amount neededfor saturation at a specific temperature

10. state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place

11. a stratus cloud on the ground, forms when warm, moist air cools at

ground level

12. instrument for measuring wind speed

Directions: Describe how each of the four types of precipitation forms.

13. Rain:

14. Snow:

15. Sleet:

16. Hail:

Directions: Describe each cloud type listed below, and describe the weather associated with that cloud type.

17. Stratus:

18. Cumulus:

19. Cirrus:

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60 Weather

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Weather Patterns

Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the following questions.

1. What kinds of clouds form along the front in Figure 1?

2. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?

3. What kind of clouds form along the front in Figure 2?

4. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?

5. Figure 1 represents a ____________________________________________.

6. Figure 2 represents a ____________________________________________.

7. What will happen to the temperature in Columbus, Ohio, when the front passes?

8. Compare the temperatures in Topeka and Kansas City, Kansas.

9. Fill in the chart about the elements of thunderstorms.

Study Guide22

Warm air

Topeka, KS Kansas City, KS

Cold air

Indianapolis, IN Columbus, OH

Cold airWarm air

Figure 1 Figure 2

a. heavy rain

b. strong winds

c. lightning

d. thunder

e. tornado

Element ofThunderstorms

Caused by

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Weather 61

Directions: Use the weather map and Weather Map Symbols Reference Handbook to answer the following

questions.1. Which station has the lowest pressure?

2. How would you describe the wind at Station B?

3. Which station is recording the highest wind speed?

4. Which station has the highest pressure?

5. What kind of front is south of Station A?

6. Which station has the most cloud cover?

7. How might the temperature change at station C over the next few hours? Why?

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. What is the difference between an isobar and an isotherm?

9. On a weather map for county A, the isobars are far apart. On a map for county B, about 100miles away, the isobars are close together. Which map shows high winds? How can you tell?

Weather Forecasts33Study Guide

33

2

D

A

C B

H10

163

20

17 103

21

15

127

10917

16LH L

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Climate 63

What is climate?Study Guide11

Directions: Answer the question below.

1.Define climate and explain how climate differs from weather.

Directions: Explain how each of the following factors affects the climate of the surrounding area.

2. Large bodies of water:

3. Ocean currents:

4. Mountains:

5. Rain shadows:

a. Windward side of mountain:

b. Leeward side of mountain:

6. Cities:

Directions: List the five factors used to determine climate.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

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64 Climate

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Climate Types


1. The type of plants found in a region depends on the regions ____________________.

2. The fur of mammals ____________________ them from the cold.

3. A(n) ____________________ is a characteristic that helps an organism survive.

4. Desert turtles and lizards obtain the moisture they need from their ____________________.

5. Some mammals survive cold winters in a state of reduced activity called

____________________.

6. Lungfish survive intense heat in an inactive state called ____________________.

7. A body structure that helps an organism survive in its environment is

a(n) ____________________ adaptation.

8. In the Kppen System, climate groups are classified according to temperature and

____________________.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.9. What is an adaptation?

10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?

11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry climates?

12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants survive in dry climates?

13. Name the six groups of climates in the Kppen classification system.



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Climate 65

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. In the illustration, what season is it in the

northern hemispheres? In the southernhemisphere?

2. Where on Earth are the seasonal variations oftemperature and day length greatest? Least?

3.What are the effects of El Nio?

4. What is global warming?

5. How might global warming affect Earth?

6. What are some possible causes for climatic changes in the past?

7. What is the greenhouse effect?

8. How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth?

9. How do scientists know what Earths climate was like in earlier geologic eras?

Climatic Changes

To

Sun



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Ocean Motion 67

Ocean WaterStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following ocean summary.

desalination halite salinitydissolved gases nitrogen steady state

fish oxygen volcanoes

groundwater photosynthesize water

Ocean water contains many (1)____________________. The greatest portion of natural ele-

ments in the ocean, 96.5%, is oxygen and hydrogen combined in pure

(2)____________________. Other gases dissolved in ocean water are carbon dioxide,

(3)____________________, and oxygen.

(4)____________________ comes directly from the

atmosphere, as well as from ocean plants that (5)____________________. Chloride and sulfate

ions are deposited into the ocean from (6)____________________, while sodium, magnesium,

and calcium are deposited from rocks dissolved slowly in rivers and (7)____________________.

Scientists measuring the (8)____________________, the amount of salts dissolved in seawater,

have discovered that the oceans are not growing saltier.(9)____________________ and other

ocean creatures use the gases and salts to make bones and shells. Elements naturally are being

added back to the oceans at the same rate that they are removeda concept called(10)____________________. Scientists continue to experiment with methods of

(11)____________________, where salts are separated from pure water through evaporation, use

of straining membranes, or melting frozen ice. This process leaves behind the natural salt,

(12)____________________, also known as sodium chloride, or table salt.

Directions: Give an example of how humans use ocean resources in each of the following ways.

13. Food from the ocean:

14. Ocean transportation:

15. Energy and minerals from the ocean:

16. Oceans affect weather and climate:

17. Ocean currents:

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Ocean Currents

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What kind of current forms when more dense seawater moves toward less dense seawater?

2. What causes an upwelling?

Directions: Use the information from the figures below to help answer the following questions.

Study Guide22

NorthP

acificCurrent

Kuro

shio

Curre

nt

CaliforniaCurrent

N. Equatorial Current

Equatorial Counter Current

S. Equatorial Current

E.

Aust

ra

lianCu

rren

t

Gulf

Stream

Labrad

orC.

Sargasso Sea

N. EquatorialC

.

EquatorialCounter CurrentS. EquatorialC.

Brazi

lC

.

BenguelaCurren

t

AgulhasC.

Anta

rcticCircumpolar C.

PeruCu

rrent

3. What is the name of the current that flows southerly along the west coast of the United States?

Is this current warm or cold?

4. In what direction do cold currents generally flow in the northern hemisphere?

5. Because of the influence of the Coriolis effect, what is the general motion of surface currents

north of the equator?

south of the equator?

68 Ocean Motion

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Ocean Motion 69

Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed

letters to answer question 11.

1. collapsing wave ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2. kind of tide that occurs when theSun, Earth, and the Moon form a rightangle ___ ___ ___

3. horizontal distance betweentwo waves or two crests ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. lowest point of a wave ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. rise and fall in sea level ___ ___ ___

6. rhythmic movement that carriesenergy through matter or space ___ ___ ___

7. kind of tide that occurs when theSun, Earth, and the Moon line uptogether ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. pulls the water back into thesea after a wave breaks ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. highest point of a wave ___ ___ ___ ___

10. vertical distance betweena waves crest and trough ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. What is the difference between the level of the ocean at high tide and low tide?

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Name Date Class

72 Oceanography

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Life in the Ocean

Directions: For each item below, explain what the terms have in common with one another.1. beaches, rocky shores, estuaries

2. fish, manatees, whales

3. carbon dioxide, light energy, water

4. bottom-dwelling fish, sponges, corals

5. plankton, nekton, benthos

6. photosynthesis, chemosynthesis

7. jellyfish, diatoms, copepods

8. salt-tolerant grasses, nutrients from rivers, newly hatched fish

Directions: Rewrite each statement to make it true.9. Energy is transferred through the food chain from plant-eating animals to plants to

animal-eating animals.

10. One-celled diatoms are forms of zooplankton.

11. Sea urchin capsules cement together to form a reef.

12. Sea anemones, barnacles, and octopuses are most likely to be found on sandy beaches.



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Oceanography 73

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms below.

sewage rain educatepollutant roadways plankton

silt solid waste recycle

insecticides fish kill food chain

1. One major source of oil pollution is runoff from ____________________.

2. Plastic bags and styrofoam are examples of ____________________.

3. Acting like a fertilizer, ____________________ is rich in nutrients that cause some algaeto reproduce rapidly.

4. A substance that causes damage to organisms by interfering with life processes is called

a____________________.

5. Toxic blooms ofPfiesteria, a type of ____________________, can cause rashes, nausea, andmemory loss.

6. Pollutants in the air can enter the ocean through ____________________.

7. Human activities that tear up the soil cause ____________________ to wash into streamsand eventually into the ocean.

8. To prevent pollution, people must ____________________ themselves about the ways inwhich the things they do can affect the ocean.

9. One of the ways to reduce pollution is to ____________________ materials.

10. ____________________ used by farmers can eventually reach the ocean and cause the deathof organisms.

11. A ____________________ can result when oxygen in the water is depleted as bacteriadecompose algae.

12. Biological amplification means that chemicals

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