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Science-industry Links and IPR Mechanisms: evidence for 4 Latin American Countries Seminario...
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Transcript of Science-industry Links and IPR Mechanisms: evidence for 4 Latin American Countries Seminario...
Science-industry Links and IPR Mechanisms: evidence for 4 Latin American Countries
Seminario Internacional sobre el uso Estratégico de la Propiedad Intelectual para el Desarrollo Económico y Social
Rio de Janeiro, 21 a 25 de mayo, 2007
Mario Cimoli
Scant cooperation in Latin American countries
Industry-Science Links Innovative Non-Innovative
Cooperation (%) (% of innoative firms
that coop)
(% of non-innoative firms that coop)
France 18
Germany 13
Spain 12
U.K 16
Argentina* 11.9 24 3.2
Brazil 1.2 2.7 0.05
Colombia 1.5 2.4 1.1
Uruguay 3.7 6.8 0.7
Souce: CIS3 and National Innovation Surveys of LAC
* Since there is no direct question regarding R&D science-industry link, we considere the firm is engage in R&D cooperation project with universities and research labs if the firm declared to spend in R&D and to be engaged in cooperation with unviersities, research labs or public innovation netowrk
Cooperative distribution according to Size and Origin of capital
Argentina Brazil Colombia Uruguay
Size
Small 2.90 0.33 1.15 2.75
Small-medium 9.09 0.35 1.87 4.38
medium 16.71 0.86 2.28 6.32
medium-large 19.30 1.59 2.81 3.45
Large 19.54 12.10 0.82 12.50
Origin of Capital
Domestic 11.10 1.49 1.68 3.39
Foreign 17.49 7.59 0.45 6.85
Source: National Innovation Survey of LAC
ARGENTINA
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Leat
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Prin
ting
Cok
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ds
Text
ile
Food
, B&T
Basi
c m
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t eq.
Oth
ers
Min
eral
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Mac
hine
ry
Che
mic
als
Elec
troni
cs
BRASIL
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4
Prin
ting
Text
ile
Leat
her
Oth
ers
Woo
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Bas
ic m
etha
ls
Cok
e
Food
, B&
T
Min
eral
s
Mac
hine
ry
Ele
ctro
nics
Tran
spor
t eq.
Che
mic
als
Pha
rma
COLOMBIA
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0.5
1
1.5
2
Coke
Textil
e
Chem
icals
Min
era
ls
Tra
nsport
eq.
Food, B
& T
Oth
ers
Printin
g
Machin
ery
Leath
er
Basic
meta
ls
Wood
Pharm
a
Ele
ctr
onic
s
URUGUAY
0
1
2
3
4
5
Leat
her
Woo
ds
Prin
ting
Min
eral
s
Mac
hine
ry
Elec
troni
cs
Oth
ers
Text
ile
Basi
cm
etha
ls
Food
, B&T
Tran
spor
teq
.
Chem
ical
s
Phar
ma
Soruce: Primi-Rovira 2007
An overview of Intellectual Property Rights in LA: the case of Brazil
Utilization of IPR by sectors
Appropriability Mechanisms Distribution by Sectors
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Food,
B&T
Textile
Leat
her
Woo
ds
Printin
gCok
e
Chem
icals
Pharm
a
Min
erals
Basic
met
hals
Mac
hine
ry
Electro
nics
Trans
port
eq.
Other
s
% o
f fir
ms
wh
ich
use
the
me
cha
nis
m:
All Approp Mech Legal Mechanisms Strategic Mechanisms Other Mech
Main IPR mechanisms according to sectors
Pat, Trademark and Secret
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
% o
f fir
ms w
hic
h u
se the m
echanis
m
Pat Trademark Secret
Different IPR Mechanisms (alternatives or complementarities)
Source: Own elaboration based on Brazilian Innovation Survey
A taxonomy of contemporary markets for knowledge Markets for knowledge
Markets for Technologies Markets for Science Secondary Markets for S&T
The rationale of the market
Specificity of technologies, asymmetries in routines and competences of agents, complementarities between technologies
Increasing “demand” for science due to new technological paradigms and changes in regulatory framework
Increasing cumulativeness and uncertainty in the nature of technological change (new tech. paradigms) and re-shaping of IP systems
Patent to protect, commercialize and diffuse
Patent to protect, commercialize and diffuse
Strategic, defensive, blocking and sleeping patenting.
Prevailing patenting behavior
The value of patents is related to the subjacent technology (present or future incorporation in production)
The value of patents is related to the subjacent technology (relevance for further research or present or future incorporation in production
- Patents acquire a value “per-se”, independently from that of the subjacent technology.
- The value of patents is, to a major extent, a function of expectations regarding future non-deterministically foreseeable technological scenarios.
- Patents enter into the asset portfolio of organizations as signal of (technological) reputation.
Technology transfer through licensing.
Technology transfer through licensing
Cross-licensing, M&A, patent pools, (Liquid market for knowledge)
Sleeping, blocking, defensive patenting. (Derivative market for knowledge)
Barriers to entry
Technological and production capacities (structural)
Scientific capabilities and technological capacities (structural)
Size of incumbents, risk-propensity, plus scientific, technological and production capacities
Implications for development (1)
i. technological capabilities of agents
ii. production capacities, which concern the stocks of resources, the nature of capital‑embodied technologies, labor skills, product and input specification and the organizational routines
iii. the sectoral specificities of the technology in question
iv. path-depended trajectories of firms (or countries), which shape the collective knowledge shared by agents in each socio-economic system and that define the entourage where firms (or countries) are likely to move in their search for innovation
v. the (non-rational) perception of innovative opportunities, irrespectively of whether relative prices change or not, which might lead to the discovery of intended and unintended new techniques.
Different factors shape the rate and direction of innovative and imitative search
Legal appropriability mechanisms, i.e. prevailing intellectual property norms, classify as second order effect factors in shaping innovative and imitative conducts in countries that still have to catch up in terms of production capacities and technological capabilities embodied in socio-institutional systems.
Implications for development (2)
• Behavioral microfoundations of innovative conducts and the role of IP rights
• Asymmetry in countries’ scientific, technological and production capacities
• Participation and exclusion in contemporary markets for knowledge