Science HSPE ReviewScience HSPE Review

Earth Science Earth Science

Content Standard: Earth and Space Content Standard: Earth and Space ScienceScience

Benchmarks:Benchmarks: Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide

information about the processes that cause changes in the information about the processes that cause changes in the composition and scale of the physical universe. composition and scale of the physical universe.

Earth ScienceEarth Science There are four areas of study that contribute to Earth There are four areas of study that contribute to Earth

ScienceScience GeologyGeology AstronomyAstronomy HydrologyHydrology MeteorologyMeteorology

The Big Bang TheoryThe Big Bang Theory

Explosion 13.7 billions Explosion 13.7 billions years agoyears ago

Galaxies are moving away Galaxies are moving away from central locationfrom central location

Red-shift- the light most Red-shift- the light most galaxies gives off is close galaxies gives off is close to the red end of the to the red end of the spectrum because energy spectrum because energy weakens as it is stretched weakens as it is stretched out. Stars moving toward out. Stars moving toward us will shift to the blue end us will shift to the blue end of the spectrumof the spectrum

How is a star formed?How is a star formed?

NebulaNebula- dust and gas get pulled together - dust and gas get pulled together by gravity in space.by gravity in space.

Extreme heat is produced, causing Extreme heat is produced, causing nuclear fusionnuclear fusion, which causes hydrogen , which causes hydrogen protons to join together producing the protons to join together producing the massive energy just as our sun does.massive energy just as our sun does.

The nebula depending on the size, The nebula depending on the size, becomes a massive star or a becomes a massive star or a low mass low mass starstar..

The Lifecycle of StarsThe Lifecycle of Stars

The Life Cycle of a StarThe Life Cycle of a Star

Main sequence stars convert hydrogen to Main sequence stars convert hydrogen to helium in their cores. When the star runs helium in their cores. When the star runs out of hydrogen, the helium can be out of hydrogen, the helium can be changed into heavier elements. The cores changed into heavier elements. The cores of the stars shrink and their surfaces of the stars shrink and their surfaces expand and become cooler. expand and become cooler.

GalaxiesGalaxies

Large group of stars; billions in the Large group of stars; billions in the universe.universe.

Our solar system- sun, Earth and 8 other Our solar system- sun, Earth and 8 other planets belong to the Milky Way Galaxy.planets belong to the Milky Way Galaxy.

Spiral, Elliptical & Irregular Spiral, Elliptical & Irregular GalaxiesGalaxies

The PlanetsThe Planets

Does the sun revolve around the earth, or does Does the sun revolve around the earth, or does the earth revolve around the sun?the earth revolve around the sun?

What causes all the planets, sun and the moon What causes all the planets, sun and the moon to not come crashing down on us?to not come crashing down on us?

No longer a planet

Law of Universal GravitationLaw of Universal Gravitation The planets revolve around the The planets revolve around the

sun due to gravity!sun due to gravity! Newton proposed between Newton proposed between

any two objects there is any two objects there is attraction that is proportional to attraction that is proportional to the masses of the objects and the masses of the objects and the distances between them.the distances between them.

In English: the more mass an In English: the more mass an object has, the stronger gravity object has, the stronger gravity pulls on the object with less pulls on the object with less mass than itself.mass than itself.

For example, Earth has more For example, Earth has more mass than our moon, this is mass than our moon, this is why the moon revolves around why the moon revolves around our Earth.our Earth.

The Reason We Have Night & DayThe Reason We Have Night & Day

The earth rotates on its axis The earth rotates on its axis which brings different parts of which brings different parts of the earth in contact with the the earth in contact with the sun at certain times.sun at certain times.

The reason the sun appears to The reason the sun appears to “rise in the east” is because “rise in the east” is because that’s the way our earth that’s the way our earth rotates, bringing the eastern rotates, bringing the eastern part of the U.S. in contact with part of the U.S. in contact with the sun first.the sun first.

FYIFYI- 1 day is 1 rotation of the - 1 day is 1 rotation of the Earth. 1 year is 1revolution of Earth. 1 year is 1revolution of the Earth around the sun.the Earth around the sun.

Tools Used By AstronomersTools Used By Astronomers

TelescopesTelescopes SpaceshipSpaceship SatellitesSatellites ProbesProbes Rover Rover

QuizQuiz

Answer the following questionsAnswer the following questions

QuizQuiz 1. Name 4 areas of study that contribute to Earth 1. Name 4 areas of study that contribute to Earth

Science.Science. What does red-shifting mean?What does red-shifting mean? How is a star formed?How is a star formed? What is the core of the sun made of?What is the core of the sun made of? Name 3 types of galaxies?Name 3 types of galaxies? What type of galaxy is Earth from?What type of galaxy is Earth from? How many planets are recognized?How many planets are recognized? Does the sun revolve around the earth or does the moon Does the sun revolve around the earth or does the moon

revolve around the earth?revolve around the earth? What causes night and day on earth?What causes night and day on earth? What are tools used by an astronomer?What are tools used by an astronomer?

SeasonsSeasons

Earth is tilted as it Earth is tilted as it revolves around the revolves around the sun which allows sun which allows various places to various places to have a certain have a certain weather during the weather during the seasons.seasons.

4 Seasons4 Seasons

Seasons Cont.Seasons Cont.

During winter for Cleveland and other places in the During winter for Cleveland and other places in the Northern Hemisphere, we are tilted out of contact with Northern Hemisphere, we are tilted out of contact with these hottest rays from the sun. This is why it is cold. these hottest rays from the sun. This is why it is cold.

Places along the equator are hot year round because they Places along the equator are hot year round because they are in direct contact with the sun’s hottest rays or very are in direct contact with the sun’s hottest rays or very close to themclose to them

When the Northern Hemisphere is having winter, the When the Northern Hemisphere is having winter, the Southern Hemisphere is having summer. This is Southern Hemisphere is having summer. This is because the Earth’s tilt brings the S. Hemishere in because the Earth’s tilt brings the S. Hemishere in contact with the hottest direct rays.contact with the hottest direct rays.

Places along the equator are warm year round because the Places along the equator are warm year round because the hot direct rays never move far from the equator.hot direct rays never move far from the equator.

Places close to the N. & S. Pole never get the sun’s direct Places close to the N. & S. Pole never get the sun’s direct hot rays. This is why its never warm in these areas.hot rays. This is why its never warm in these areas.

The MoonThe Moon

Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse

Occurs when the Occurs when the moon either partially moon either partially or completely blocks or completely blocks the sun from the the sun from the Earth’s view.Earth’s view.

The last total eclipse The last total eclipse was the solar eclipse was the solar eclipse of November 13, of November 13, 2012. 2012.

Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse