Science Final Review Notes
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Transcript of Science Final Review Notes
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Science Final Review Notes
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Does it Float or Sink?
Density is less than 1.0 g/cm3
Density is more than 1.0 g/cm3FLOATS
SINKS
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Solids• Phase of matter in which matter has a
definite shape and volume
Molecules (small round objects)
are arranged and organized in
“tightly packed” order
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Liquids• Phase of matter in which matter takes
the shape of its container and has definite volume
Molecules are moving slowly; not fast enough to overcome the
attractions between them
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Gases• Phase in which matter changes in both
volume and shape
Molecules move very quickly and are able to break apart from one
another
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So How Do We Classify Them?
• How fast the molecules move!!!
Solids Liquids Gases Plasmas
Molecules move slow and vibrate
in place
Move faster than solids and overcome
some attraction
Move fast and
overcome all of
attraction
Move incredibly fast but
break apart
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• Potential Energy – Stored energy
• Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion
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Circuits• Complete, closed path through which
electric charges flow
Closed Open
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Two Types of Circuits• 1. Series: all parts are connected
in one loop
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Types Of Circuits
• 2. Parallel: different loads are located on separate branches
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Types Of Waves• 2 Types
1. Transverse Waves
2. Longitudinal Waves
These two waves can be identified by the direction in which the particles of the
medium vibrate compared with the direction in which the waves travel
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Transverse Waves• Transverse: waves that move across
Particles in a transverse wave move across or perpendicular to the direction of the wave
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Longitudinal Waves• Longitudinal: the particles of a medium
vibrate back and forth along the path that the wave travels
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Properties of Waves• Amplitude: the maximum distance
the wave vibrates from its rest position
Larger the amplitude = taller wave
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What Does Amplitude Mean? • Small Amplitude = low energy
• Large Amplitude = high energy
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Wavelength• Wavelength: the distance between
any two adjacent crests or compressions
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Frequency• Frequency: the number of waves
produced in a given amount of time
Expressed in Hertz
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Newton’s Laws1. An object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force2. Force = mass x acceleration3. For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction
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• The seven types of energy are:
Energy
Heat
Light
Electrical
MechanicalSound
Nuclear
Chemical
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What Makes An Object Move?• Force: a push or pull on an object
Characteristics of Forces
1. Have size
2. Direction
40.0 Newtons
3. Units = Newtons
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Law of Gravity
• What goes up must come down.
• Gravitational force increases with increased mass of the object or decreased distance between objects.
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Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only change form.
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Levers
• A simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point
Fulcrum: pivot point
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Inclined Planes
• Simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface
The longer an inclined plane is compared to its height, the greater the mechanical
advantage
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Wheel and Axle
• Consists of two circular objects of different sizes
The wheel allows the individual to spin the axle easier
1st Circular Object
2nd Circular Object
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Pulleys
• Consists of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a cable
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Compound Machines
• Machines that are made of two or more simple machines
The more moving parts, the more mechanical advantage
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What is Friction Then?o Friction: a force that
opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching
There is NO SUCH THING as a
completely smooth surface!!
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Efficiency In Machine
• Machines can be made to be more efficient
We do this by REDUCING…
Lubricants: substances that are applied to surfaces to reduce friction between them
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Physical Properties Can be observed without changing what the object originally was
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Hair
Chalk
Apple
WaterColor Shape Color Taste
Color Texture Liquid Clear
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Physical ChangesChanges in size, shape, or color (the object is still the same substance)
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES
Hair
Chalk
Apple
WaterHAIRCUT STILL HAIR! SLICED STILL AN APPLE!
BREAK STILL CHALK! COLORINGSTILL WATER!
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Chemical ChangesEvident when we make a NEW SUBSTANCE!!
EVIDENCE OF PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHANGESPHYSICAL CHANGES CHEMCIAL CHANGES
Size Bubbling
Shape Flammable
Color Dissolving/Dissolves
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Solubility Curves** A WAY TO FIGURE
OUT HOW MUCH SUBSTANCE
YOU CAN DISSOLVE AT DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURES**** Match the temperature at the
bottom with the grams of solute on the left
side…where they meet is the solubility for that
substance**
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Name for the range of electromagnetic waves when they are placed in order of
increasing frequency
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Electromagnetic Spectrum Continued
long Wavelength short
low Frequency high
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Refraction Bending of a wave as it passes at an
angle from one medium to another
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Reflection
Allows us to see objects that do not produce their own light
When light or any other waves bounces off an object
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Absorption and Scattering
Absorption: the transfer of energy carried by light waves to particles of matter
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Light and Color Color is produced by REFLECTION
and ABSORPTION!!!!
The colors that are REFLECTED are the colors that you can see!!!!!!
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What Are Our Basic Colors?
THE RAINBOW!!!Meet ROY G. BIV
ROYGBIV
= RED= ORANGE= YELLOW= GREEN= BLUE= INDIGO= VIOLET