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Transcript of Science & Engineering in Government - University of Surrey and Engineering in... · Science &...
Science & Engineering in Government
Professor Jeremy Watson FREng FIET FICE
Chief Scientific Advisor
Tel. 030 3444 1228
Email: [email protected]
A Significant investment
Each year, government departments invest around £3.4 billion on
scientific research and development to support their work (£1.3
billion spend by civil departments and £2.1 billion by defence). The
breadth of issues is extensive: from facing environmental
challenges through improving health and wellbeing to preventing
and reducing crime
A further ~£6.2 billion is routed to UK universities via the Higher
Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) and the seven
Research Councils
What is Innovation?
Concept to Commercialisation?
Idea to Implementation?
• Displaces and replaces – products, processes
• Also augments, makes more effective
• Associated with entrepreneurial thinking
It‟s not just about invention or creativity (but creativity‟s pretty important)
Creating jobs which did not previously exist, and solving problems that people
assumed were part of the natural order of things (Economist, Feb 24 2011)
Schumpeter: ‘Creative destruction’ –
Disruptive technologies
Types of Innovation
Push
• Technology creates a market
Long gestation, success = high payoff
Pull
• Existing market drives development
Rapid deployment, standards help
Platform innovation
• Enhancement of market
Concurrent and continuous
• Collaboration across supply chains
Facilitated by industry associations
Where Innovation applies
Product development
• Consumer and industrial products, e.g. iPhone,
brushless motor in Dyson products
Service development
• E.g. Rolls Royce „Power by the Hour‟, web services
like Google, Shiply
Process improvement
• In-house innovation; important in public sector, e.g.
SBRI procurement
Where Innovation applies
Product development
• Consumer and industrial products, e.g. iPhone,
brushless motor in Dyson products
Service development
• E.g. Rolls Royce „Power by the Hour‟, web services
like Google, Shiply
Process improvement
• In-house innovation; important in public sector,
e.g. SBRI procurement
Overview of Science & Engineering in Govt
GCSA = Government Chief Scientific Adviser
CSA = Chief Scientific Adviser
SAC = Scientific Advisory Committee
DG = Director General
GO-Science = Govt Office for Science
PSRE = Public Sector Research Establishment
HSL = Health & Safety Labs
NNL = National Nuclear Labs
LGC = Lab of the Govt Chemist
EPSRC = Engineering & Physical Sciences RC
ESRC = Economic & Social RC
BBSRC = Biotechnology and Biological Sciences RC
MRC = Medical RC
NERC = Natural Environment RC
AHRC = Arts & Humanities RC
SFTC = Science and Technology Facilities Council
CST = Council for Science & Technology
GCSA (Sir John Beddington)
“As Government Chief Scientific Adviser a key part of
my responsibility to the Prime Minister and the Cabinet
is to ensure that the best science and engineering
advice is brought to bear effectively on Government
policy and decision-making”.
“I am supported in this by the Government Office for
Science and by the network of Chief Scientific
Advisers now in place in all major science-using
departments. I also work closely with the economic,
statistical, social research and operational research
professions”.
“Another crucial part of my role is to work with Ministers,
the scientific community and the media to ensure that
the scientific method, risk and uncertainty are
understood by the public. This is especially important
at present given the misunderstandings around climate
change”.
Government Chief Scientific Adviser: roles
Direct advice to the Prime Minister and Cabinet
• Awareness and context of STEM issues; briefings for PM
• SAGE - Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies
• Contingency advice as it relates to Science & Engineering
• Co-chair of the Council for Science & Technology
GO-Science
• Professional leadership of Government Science and Engineering (GSE)
• Foresight – recent reports: o International Dimensions of Climate Change
o Global Food and Farming Futures
o Technology and Innovation Futures
o Land Use Futures
CSAC
• Leading the cross-departmental team of CSA – weekly core meetings
• Guidelines & principles
• Extended CSAC includes CEOs of Research Councils
Departmental support
• Reports
• Professional support
Council for Science & Technology (CST)
Advises the Prime Minister on the strategic policies and framework for:
• Sustaining and developing science, engineering and technology (SET)
in the UK, and promoting international co-operation in SET
• Fostering the practice and perception of science, engineering and
technology as an integral part of the culture of the UK
• Promoting excellence in SET education.
• Making more effective use of research and scientific advice in the
development and delivery of policy and public services across
Government
• Promoting SET-based innovation in business and the public services
to promote the sustainable development of the UK economy, the
health and quality of life of UK citizens, and global sustainable
development
A Network of Chief Scientific Advisers
in all major science using departments
Prof Jeremy
Watson
CLG
VACANT
DCMS
Prof David
Mackay
DECC
Prof
Bob Watson
Defra
Prof
Chris Whitty
DFID
Prof Dame
Sally Davies
DH
Prof Peter
Freer Smith
Forestry C.
Prof David
Clary FCO
Dr Andrew
Wadge
FSA
Dave Bench
HSE
Prof Mark
Welland
MoD
MI5
Prof John
Harries
Wales
Prof Adrian Smith
DG Science &
Research (BIS)
Prof Bernard
Silverman
Home Office
Rebecca
Endean
MoJ
Rob Smith
DfT
John Perkins
BIS
Dr Bill
Gunnyeon
DWP
Carole Willis
DCFS
VACANT
Scotland
The role of a Chief Scientific Adviser
• Challenge
o Quality assurance of policies and processes
• Professional support
o Head of Profession for Scientists and Engineers
• Cross-departmental collaboration
o Member of „CSA College‟ under Sir John Beddington
o Regular meetings and cross-departmental projects
• Special projects
o Research
“The effective use of Science and Engineering advice (allied to
other evidence) in policy making is important. Decisions that
don't take into account science and engineering are not robust,
and policies that take account of sound evidence are more likely
to succeed than those that do not. The credibility of a
department's policy making will be undermined if it is perceived
to be based on poor, inadequate, or inaccurate evidence”
DG Science & Innovation (Sir Adrian Smith)
‘Making the UK world-class in enabling people, organisations
and systems to create, disseminate and exploit knowledge
for economic growth and benefit to society’
• Higher Education Student Funding Directorate
• Higher Education Policy Directorate
• Innovation Directorate
• Research Base Directorate
Knowledge and Innovation works towards a strong, innovative
economy through establishing a higher education, science and
research framework that promotes world class competitiveness in
teaching and research, and ensuring progression fair access and
better quality for students. It also strengthens links between
universities and industries and supports innovation and
technology development
Academies
Royal Society – Stewardship of science in the UK and beyond
• Investing in future scientific leaders and in innovation
• Influencing policymaking with the best scientific advice
• Invigorating science and mathematics education
• Increasing access to the best science internationally; and inspiring an interest in the joy,
wonder and excitement of scientific discovery.
Royal Academy of Engineering - The UK‟s national academy for engineering
• Bringing together the most successful and talented engineers to promote excellence
• Providing analysis and policy support to promote the economic UK‟s success
• Leading on engineering education and investing in the UK‟s research base for innovation
• Working to improve the public awareness and understanding of engineering.
British Academy – the UK‟s national body for the humanities and social sciences
• Representing the humanities and social sciences
• Facilitating international collaboration
• Providing an independent and authoritative source of advice, and contributing to public
policy and debate.
• Funding to support excellent ideas, individuals and intellectual resources in the humanities
and social sciences.
Funded through government grant-in-aid and subscriptions
National Measurement Office (NMO)
• NMO is the BIS Agency responsible for the National Measurement System. This is the
collective infrastructure of national facilities, expertise, knowledge, science, research
and legal framework in metrology that provides:
o Traceable measurement to Primary & National Standards
o A Regulatory system to control trade based on defined quantities
o Development of new measurement standards and techniques
o Help to users to improve measurements
o Representation of the UK in the Metre Convention
• NMO has a budget of around £60m pa spent primarily on research and capability
maintenance at 3 National Measurement Laboratories – the National Physical
Laboratory (NPL), LGC and NEL
• Prioritisation is based on the advice of independent expert advice judging the following
criteria – Economic impact, Quality of life impact, Innovation value, Science value and
National Metrology Institute capability.
Government Chemist
• Current Government Chemist is Dr Derek Craston, appointed by DIUS (BIS) in June
2008. Government Chemist is, or is appointed as, a Director of LGC Ltd
• Since 2003 the Government Chemist function has been provided through the NMS
Programmes managed by the NMO
• The two principal roles of the „Government Chemist function‟ are: o “an independent and impartial referee analyst, authorised analyst and analyst by reference
to or pursuant to certain legislation”: the statutory function;
o “a source of advice for HM Government and the wider analytical community on the analytical
chemistry implications on matters of policy and of standards and of regulations”, the
advisory function
• The legislation covered is primarily concerned with Food and Feed-stuffs but also
includes Medicines and Hydrocarbon oils
• The NMO programme is about £1 million p.a. which covers provision of the referee
and advisory function and some research in support of these.
National Physical Laboratory (NPL)
• NPL is the UK‟s National Measurement Institute (NMI), delivering about 80% of
the National Measurement System Programmes o NPL maintains the primary and national measurement standards, which support an
infrastructure of traceable measurement throughout the UK and the world, to ensure
accuracy and consistency
o Standards cover the seven SI units (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela
and mole) and also include some derived standards in areas such as acoustics and
ionising radiation.
• NPL represents the UK in the international measurement community and
provides independent support to UK firms and organisations
• Organisationally NPL is a PSRE operated as a GOCO, i.e. it is owned by BIS
but operated by NPL Management Ltd which is a subsidiary of Serco Group
Research councils
• AHRC = Arts & Humanities RC
• BBSRC = Biotechnology and Biological Sciences RC
• EPSRC = Engineering & Physical Sciences RC
• ESRC = Economic & Social RC
• MRC = Medical RC
• NERC = Natural Environment RC
• SFTC = Science and Technology Facilities Council
Engineering & Physical Sciences
Research Council
• EPSRC is the main UK government agency for funding research
and training in engineering and the physical sciences
• Invests more than £850 million a year in a broad range of
subjects – from mathematics to materials science, and from
information technology to structural engineering
• Themes • Digital economy
• Energy
• Engineering
• Global uncertainties
• Healthcare technologies
• Information and communication technologies (ICT)
• Living with environmental change
• Manufacturing the future
• Support for core STEM disciplines
Economic & Social Research Council
• The UK's largest organisation for funding research on economic
and social issues
• Supports independent, high quality research which has an impact
on business, the public sector and the third sector
• Total budget for 2011/12 £203 million
• At any one time over 4,000 researchers and postgraduate
students in academic institutions and independent research
institutes.
TSB
• Goal to accelerate economic growth by stimulating and supporting business-led
innovation
• Since formation: o Invested over £2bn in over 3,000 businesses to stimultate UK innovation in partnership with
RCUK, RDAs, DAs and with business
o Brought more than 110 universities to engage in business innovation projects
o Worked with businesses to create large-scale technology demonstrators in low carbon
vehicles, low impact buildings and digital services
• Funding interventions o Innovation Platforms : programmes around challenges that will shape future markets- such
as stratified medicine, sustainable agriculture and food, and the environmental impact of
buildings
o Collaborative R&D
o Knowledge Transfer Networks : promoting open innovation - 30,000 members
o Knowledge Transfer Partners
o SBRI : £35m of contracts awarded to more than 500 SMEs
The UK’s national innovation agency
CSA DCLG
Professor Jeremy Watson Departmental mission • Decentralising power as far as possible • Meeting people's housing aspirations • Putting communities in charge of planning • Increasing accountability • Letting people see how their money is being spent
CSA role spans four broad categories: • Quality assurance of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) content and process in policy • Cross-departmental science and technology collaboration • Head of Profession for ~20 STEM staff • Special projects and initiatives
24
Part L 2013
• New homes: exploring „uplift‟ ambition and metrics for targets for
different dwelling types to deliver the next step towards Zero
Carbon, including a Fabric Energy Efficiency Standard, and to
improve compliance and performance.
• New non-domestic buildings: exploring „uplift‟ ambition and
metrics for targets for different building types to deliver the next
step towards Zero Carbon
• Existing buildings: taking regulatory steps where these are
justified and support the broader aims of wider retrofit policy
particularly the Green Deal
Improving energy performance in:
Research to inform policy options
Value in creating reasoned, worked-through policy options to
address ministers’ objectives
Majority of specialists in DCLG are economists; outnumber
scientists and engineers by around 3 to 1
Budget for research
Research Gateway process
Innovations • Concordat with Research Councils
• Research Networks of academics
Current policy interests
Behaviour change • For localism
• Energy efficiency
Adaptation to climate change • Ensuring building regs have no negative impact
Toolkits for localism
Systems view of infrastructure
Innovation through local authority initiatives • LARCI, LEPs and SBRI
Collaboration across Whitehall with
Other Government Departments
• Construction Innovation Growth Team (CIGT) – Paul
Morrell, Chief Construction Adviser at BIS
• 2050 Pathways and Calculator tool, Green Deal – David
MacKay and colleagues, BIS
• Infrastructure UK Interdependencies Advisory Group –
Brian Collins and Alice Raine, HM Treasury
Construction Innovation & Growth Team
Housing
Buildings
Infrastructure
Major Projects
Paul Morrell Chief Construction Adviser
Key outcomes:
• Responses from Departments
• Green Construction Council
• Procurement Guidelines (BIM)
Infrastructure UK
IUK aims:
• To provide greater clarity and coordination over the planning,
prioritisation and enabling of investment in UK infrastructure;
• To improve delivery of UK infrastructure through achieving greater
value for money
Some £200 billion of investment planned over
the next five years, across the economic
infrastructure sectors (energy, transport,
waste, flood, science, water and telecoms)
IUK has been set up as a separate unit within HM Treasury, providing advice to the
Commercial Secretary to the Treasury who leads on infrastructure issues and who
reports to the Chancellor of the Exchequer
An expert advisory group (EIEG) is working to identify technical
interdependencies and opportunities
Drivers and Trends: CO2
CO2 rise derived from
Antarctic ice core
measurements and readings
from Mauna Loa, Hawaii.
James Watt’s steam engine
developments took place in
the 1750s
IT responsible for 3% of
CO2 emission, similar to
aviation
• Tipping point – 500ppm? Ice caps melt, more sunlight absorbed, trapped CH4 & CO2 released
Keeling curve
Priorities for the Built Environment
Adaptation (time-frame 0 to 50+ years) • Global temperature increase has already led to seasonal extremes in Europe
• 23,000 died in 2003, ~900 in UK
• Need to design buildings with passive cooling (and ensure that compliance with
high code levels does not make things worse)
Energy shortages (time frame 5 to indefinite years) • Global depletion of fossil fuels and exhaustion of indigenous fossil fuels
• Drive to de-carbonise central energy resources – need to „go nuclear‟
• Need to minimise energy consumption in buildings (2016 – zero-carbon new
build)
Mitigation (time frame 0 – 200+ years) • We have to live with effects of already-emitted carbon for 200+ years
• Ultimately must bring carbon emissions to an equilibrium point
• Possible active sequestration – CCS plus atmospheric abatement
• Buildings viewed at district-level should be carbon neutral or negative
Regulatory obligations
HMG is committed to an 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050 and
45% of all present carbon emissions come from existing buildings, with
27% from homes
80%+ of existing buildings will still be here in 2050
Building regulations – review in 2013
Obligations – e.g. mandatory emissions reduction targets
2016 – Residential new build zero carbon
2019 – Commercial new build zero carbon
2050 – 80% carbon impact reduction: legacy and new build
Energy Act 2011 – First Green Deal Q4 2012
Retrofit case study: Drum Housing
Measures:
• Energy efficiency: • Cavity wall insulation
• Loft insulation 300mm
• Double glazed windows
• Low-energy light bulbs
• Draught proofing & ventilation
• Waste water heat recovery
• Renewables: • Ground source heat pumps
• Solar Photovoltaics
Savings: • 50% on bills (~£600pa)
• 75% C-saving
Part of „Generation Homes‟ initiative
www.generationhomes.org.uk
Cost per home £22,750 ► £10,000
( 38 ► 17 year payback)
6 semi-detached homes
36
Refurb cost vs. CO2 reduction
Source: National Refurb Centre 2011
Uses complete Refurbishment Portal dataset
Retrofit challenges in brief
Issues
~22m homes to be retrofitted by 2050 1500 per day from
now „till 2050
£10,000 - £20,000 cost per home
Impact of £220bn - £440bn
Inhomogeneity of stock implies challenge in achieving
„standard solutions‟
Lack of standard solutions implies difficulty in obtaining cost-
down through scale
Needs
Cooperation across the supply chain – industry association as
collaborative and single-minded as SEMI
Deployment at scale of relevant materials, components and
systems
Skills to install
Drivers and Trends: Social & Behavioural
Resistance to change
• “I won‟t reduce my water use until London Water repairs all the
leaks”
• “No-one will tell me how to behave in my own life/ home/ territory”
Green energy tariffs – e.g. FITS was introduced April 2010, RHI;
April 2012? Green Deal Q4 2012
• Social norms are weak
• Institutional support is at an early stage
• Information is not widely available
Need to make it part of personal identity
• Social obligation: c.f. drinking and driving
• Fashion: „doing the cool thing‟
• Social comparisons & role models
Behaviour
Change
Social
responsibility
Design &
Technology Regulation
Behavioural research challenges
• Building and product design influences sensitivity to behaviour
• Rebound and contrary behaviours
• How to engineer design from objective outcomes?
• Transition dynamics – adoption curves
• Role of regulation and fashion alongside technology
• Need for multi-disciplinary research to guide engineering and
policy
• Systems which learn (and maybe question) occupant choices
and behaviour
Behaviour is a dominant effect compared with physical interventions
Built environment in the 22nd century
Designed as an integrated and organic system
High density, low rise, mixed use, ‘walkable’
District-level thermal and electrical energy from waste and renewables
De-carbonised electricity grid – nuclear and large-scale renewables, with
distributed energy storage
Water recycling and re-use; local high-intensity horticulture
Local, hyper-automated manufacture of consumables, including food
Service provision in place of capital consumer goods
Adapted dietary habits and food requirements
Reduced population, post demographic bulge, pervasive behaviour change
New work styles enabled by ultra-high bandwidth ICT