Science Biodiversity Research (2)

Science~Biodiversity 1

Name: MOHAMAD ADIB BIN RAHMAT MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN AZMAN SIVARAJ A/L RAVICHANDRAN

Class: 2 CEMERLANG

Teacher: PN. JUNAIDAH BT. HASSAN


What is Biodiversity?

•The wide variety of organisms on Earth in known as biodiversity or biological diversity.•The Variety of organisms can be classified using an appropriate classification method.

Classification of Organisms

•A classification system is required to group living things methodically because of their large number and types.•Although they possess common characteristic, organisms from the same species still have distinctive characteristics which differentiate them from other species.•Classification is important to enable more in-depth scientific studies to be carried out for the improvement of the species themselves.

Classification of Animals

•Groups of animals can be classified according to similarities in characteristics, features and structures.•Common characteristics are characteristics that are possessed by two or more types of species.•Common characteristics in animals include methods of reproduction, types of food habitats and physical features.•Classification of animals by common characteristics:


Characteristics of animal Examples

Live in water crab, fish, shrimp, oyster, squid, cockle, jellyfish

Live on land dog, chicken, cat, squirrel, mouse, elephant, tiger, deer

Live in water & on land Crocodile, frog, turtle, seal, otter

Reproduces by laying eggs Hen, fish, bird, crab, duck, goose, cockroach

Reproduces by giving birth Whale, dolphin, porcupine, pangolin, bat, rabbit, cow

Herbivorous Rabbit, cow, goat, giraffe, squirrel, snail, grasshopper

Carnivorous Lion, tiger, piranha, crocodile, snake, frog

Omnivorous Chicken, duck, cat, cockroach, mouse, bear

Body covered with hair Cat, dog, cow, rabbit, bear, bat

Body covered with feathers Bird, penguin, chicken, duck

Body covered with scales Fish, pangolin, lizard, snake, monitor lizard

Animals

Invertebrates Vertebrates

Fish

(with backbones) (without backbones)

Mammals

Amphibians ReptilesBirds


Presence ofbackbones

Body Support

With backbones

Main support isendoskeleton

which consists of bones

Main support isexoskeleton

such as hard skin and fluid pressure

Without backbones

Vertebrates Invertebratesaspects

Animal Kingdom

•Animal can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.•Differences between vertebrates and invertebrates are as follows:

Vertebrates

•Vertebrates can be divided into five groups, namely fish, amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals.•The characteristics of vertebrates as follows:


Fish ( Pisces )

Characteristics:1. Live in the water2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic) 3. Streamlined body, covered with slimy scales4. Breathe with gills5. Most lay eggs. A few such as sharks and seahorses give birth to

young6. Move using fins and tail

backbone

Dorsal finscales Tail fin

Pectoral fineye

nostril

Sensory lineAnal fin

Gill cover

Ventral fin


Characteristics:1. Can live on land and in the water the young live in water2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic) 3. Body is covered with moist skin4. Breathe with lungs5. Lay eggs6. Move using limbs and tail

Amphibians

backbone

tympaniceyenostrilmouth

Soft, moist and exposed skinFront leg

Rear leg


Reptiles

Characteristics:1. Live on land and in the water2. Cold-blooded

(poikilothermic) 3. Have dry, hard scaly skin4. Breathe with lungs5. Lay eggs6. Move using limbs and tail

backbone

taileardrum

eye

mouth

Front leg

Rear leg


Birds

Characteristics:1. Live on land 2. Warm-blooded

(homoeothermic) 3. Body is covered with feathers4. Breathe with lungs5. Lay eggs6. Move using wigs and legs7. Have beaks

wing

tail

Hard scaly legs

eye

beak

Sharp claw


Mammals

Characteristics:1. Some live on land and some live in water2. Warm-blooded (homoeothermic) 3. Body is covered with hair or fur4. Breathe with lungs5. Give birth to young except platypuses and

anteaters6. Move using limbs7. Young feed milk from the mother’s mammary

glands

leg

tail

nail

ear

eye


Invertebrates

•Invertebrates are animals without backbones.•The support system of invertebrates consists of:

Exoskeleton such as hard shell. Examples are crabs, prawns and centipedes.Hydrostatic frame. Examples are earthworms, caterpillars and planarians.

•Generally, the physical characteristics of invertebrates are simpler than vertebrates•Most microorganisms are invertebrates. For examples, coelenterates (Hydra and jellyfish) and protozoa (Paramecium and Amoeba).

Classification of Plants

•Plants too can be classified according to their common characteristics.•Common characteristics of plants include propagation method, habitat and physical features.•Classification of plants by common characteristics:

Characteristics of plant Examples

Grow in water Water lettuce, lemna, water lily, algae

Grow on land Banana tree, durian tree, angsana tree, orchid, maize

Woody stem Casuarinas tree, pine tree, angsana tree, rambutan tree.

Shrub Crotons, rose, orchid, chilly, screw-pine.

Flowering Maize, grass, wild grass, sunflower

Non-Flowering Fern, moss, algae

Have seeds Papaya, orchid, maize, watermelon, hibiscus

Have spores Fern, moss

Net-Veined leaves Hibiscus tree, yam, sweet potato, African violet, rose

Parallel-Veined leaves Wild grass, sugar cane, maize, paddy


Plant Kingdom

•Different scientists classify plants by different characteristics.•Plants can also be grouped by the presence or absence of seeds as follows:

Plants

Without seeds With seeds

Flowering Non-Flowering

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

(Conifers)

(ferns, mosses, algae)

•Plants can also be divided into flowering and non-flowering plants.

Flowering Plants

•Flowering plants are plants that can produce flowers.•Flowers are reproductive organs of flowering plants.•Flowering plants can be divided into groups, the monocotyledons and the dicotyledons, depending on the number of cotyledons in the seeds.•Cotyledons is the main seed leaf for the germination of new seedlings.•Cotyledons contains starch as food for the seeds that are unable to make their own food.


Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

Characteristics:•Seed has one cotyledon•fibrous root system, which consists of many roots of equal size.•Leaves have parallel veins.•Stem is non-woody and soft.•Examples: wild grass, orchid plant, maize, sugar cane, palm trees, paddy.

Characteristics:•Seed has two cotyledons•Tap root system, which consists of small roots that branch out of one main root.•Leaves have net veins•Stem is woody and hard.•Examples: rose tree, bougainvillea, angsana tree, balsam plant, guava tree.

One CotyledonTwo

Cotyledons

A maize grain cut in half A green bean (split into two)

Example: Maize Example: Balsam plant


Non-Flowering Plants

•Non-flowering plants are plants that do not produce flowers.•Non-flowers plants need to reproduce by other means, for example, through spores•Non-flowering plants can be divided into four groups, namely algae, mosses, conifers, and ferns.

Benefits of Biodiversity

•Source of food •Source of materials•Source of medicine•Clean water•Air to breathe

Human Activities That Cause Animals & Plants Become Endangered

•African elephants are hunted for their ivory tusks to make jewellery and ornaments.•Sharks are killed for their fins to make special delicacies.•Seabirds have been killed by oil spills.•Gorillas are killed and served as food. Their palms are used to make ashtrays.

Ways to Protect Endangered Wildlife

•Setting up natural reserves.•Enforcing legislation: banning hunting, collecting or trading of these wildlife.•Protecting their habitats.•Breeding them in zoos to increase their number .•Increase awareness regarding the importance of biodiversity to the environment through education and campaigns.

Science Biodiversity Research (2)

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