SCIENCE
-
Upload
shaine-edwards -
Category
Documents
-
view
27 -
download
0
description
Transcript of SCIENCE
![Page 1: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SCIENCE
The goal of science is to understand the world around us. This involves curiosity. Asking questions is a start:
![Page 2: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Goals of Science to investigate and understand nature to explain events in nature to use those explanations to make useful
predictions
![Page 3: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Understanding Fossil Butte 50 million year old
fish found at the top of Fossil Butte in Wyoming
Pacific Ocean over 1000 km away
How did they get there???
![Page 4: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Before starting an experiment you can form an inference. Inference is the ability to use the information you have already obtained to help you form a hypothesis.
For example: Guess what five items are in the shoebox. Use your senses.
![Page 5: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Observation between you an your partner may vary. It can be unreliable.
For example: If there were a car accident with 10 witnesses, chances are not all will agree on what happened.
Do demonstration.
![Page 6: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Observation Based on five senses: sight, hearing, taste,
smell, touch Quantitative – numerical
Ex- how many, how big, how fast Qualitative – descriptive
Ex – color, texture, smell, behavior
![Page 7: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
If an experiment is done enough times it may become worthy of becoming a theory. A theory is a powerful, time tested concept that make useful and predictable predictions about the natural world.
Example: The Big Bang Theory
![Page 8: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A Theory in Science A very well supported hypothesis When a hypothesis has been verified many
times by different scientists, it becomes a theory
Redi’s, Spallanzani’s, and Pasteur’s experiments led to the theory of biogenesis (life comes from life)
Theories explain phenomena in nature
![Page 9: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Spontaneous Generation In the past, people
thought life could just appear from non living matter
Ex – maggots just appear on meat
![Page 10: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Redi’s Experiment 1668 – proposed hypothesis that the maggots came from flies
Tested hypothesis by placing meat in jars and covering some of the jars
Everything was controlled (kept the same) except the variable (covering jars)
![Page 11: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Redi’s ExperimentUncovered jars Covered jars
Several days pass
Maggots appear No maggots appear
![Page 12: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of Variables Independent: the variable being
manipulated Redi controlled the covering of the jars
Dependent: the variable that changes in response to the independent variable The presence of maggots in Redi’s
experiment
![Page 13: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Spallanzani’s Experiment Tested Redi’s
results Boiled to kill
microorganisms What are the
independent and dependent variables??
Gravy is boiled.Flask isopen.
Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled.
Flask issealed.
Gravy is free of microorganisms.
![Page 14: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pasteur's Experiment Provided final proof that
spontaneous generation did not occur
![Page 15: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.
Curved neckis removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Section 1-2
Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Go to Section:
Pasteur's Experiment
![Page 16: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pasteur's Experiment What was Pasteur’s hypothesis?
Microorganisms would not just appear Independent variable?
Curved neck of flask Dependent variable?
Presence of microorganisms
![Page 17: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Scientific facts are known to absolutely true after hundreds of repetitive trials of an experiment.
Fact: The world is round.
![Page 18: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Myths: legends that express basic beliefs(made up stories that may be believed)
There are sewer fairies in the sewers of Las Vegas.
![Page 19: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF A LAB WRITE-UP
1. Define problem: Why do leaves change color?
2. Research: (Collect 5 sentences about the subject
being studied. These must be in complete sentences, in your own words, and from an outside source).
![Page 20: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
3. Hypothesis: (Form an educated guess)
![Page 21: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hypothesis (Form an educated guess) Logical, testable, tentative explanation for
a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question
Arise from prior knowledge, logical inferences, or imaginative guesses
![Page 22: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Testing hypotheses Can be done through further observation Usually done through controlled
experiments A hypothesis proven to be wrong still adds
to the body of scientific knowledge
![Page 23: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
4. Experiment: (Also known as the procedure) a. Place four different trees into four separate
environments. 1. Cold with daily decreasing light. 2. Room temperature with uniform light
from day to day. 3. Cold with uniform light. 4. Room temperature with daily decreasing
light.
![Page 24: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Types of Variables Independent: the variable being
manipulated
Dependent: the variable that changes in response to the independent variable
![Page 25: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Variables: LIGHT TEMPERATURE (Those factors actually causing there to be
change)
![Page 26: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Experimental setup: The part that will actually change. In this case the tree that loses color in its leaves.
![Page 27: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Control setup: The part that does not do any changing at all because it is present to use as a comparison of what is “normal”.
![Page 28: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
5. Results: Data recorded on a graph(collection of info from lab)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4
cold/dec.rm tem/unicold/unirm temp/dec
![Page 29: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
6. Conclusion: (Explain results). Temperature alone does not determine
how many leaves don’t stay green. Decreasing day light also affected the variables.
![Page 30: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
https://glacier.qc.maricopa.edu/biology/scientific_method/index.cfm
This will take you through the steps of the scientific method, set by step.
![Page 31: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
List of Equipment:A. Hand lens or magnifying glass
![Page 32: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
B. Dissecting pan
![Page 33: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
C. Dissecting pins
![Page 34: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
D. Forceps (tweezers)
![Page 35: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
E. Dissecting scissors
![Page 36: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
F. Probe
![Page 37: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
G. scalpel
![Page 38: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
H. Safety goggles
![Page 39: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
I. Triple beam balance
![Page 40: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
J. Graduated cylinder
![Page 41: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
K. Test tube
![Page 42: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
L. Beaker
![Page 43: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
M. Test tube holder
![Page 44: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
N. Bunsen burner
![Page 45: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
O. Medicine dropper
![Page 46: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
P. Pipette
![Page 47: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Q. Microscope
![Page 48: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
R. Glass slide
![Page 49: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
S. Cover slip
![Page 50: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
T. Petri dish
![Page 51: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
U. Thermometer
![Page 52: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
V. Funnel
![Page 53: SCIENCE](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062521/568138fc550346895da0b1fc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
W. Metric ruler